荒漠草原4种典型植物群落枯落物分解速率及影响因素

测定荒漠草原甘草、赖草、蒙古冰草以及黑沙蒿等植物群落枯落物分解过程中质量损失量分析荒漠草原枯落物分解速,同时通过枯落物自身化学成份、含水率的测定,结合气候因子进行偏相关分析,探讨荒漠草原枯落物分解的影响因素。结果表明:荒漠草原4种植物群落枯落物的质量累积损失率随分解时间的延长而增加,但枯落物分解的质量损失量与时间并不呈线性相关;4种群落枯落物质量损失量大小依次均为:甘草群落赖草群落蒙古冰草群落黑沙蒿群落;荒漠草原枯落物分解采用单指数衰减的Olson模型拟合效果较好,4种植物群落中甘草群落枯落物分解最快,黑沙蒿群落分解最慢;蒙古冰草、赖草和甘草群落枯落物中N、P、K的含量显著高于黑沙蒿群落,但是C、木质素、纤维素、C/N、木质素/N和纤维素/N值则显著低于黑沙蒿群落枯落物,蒙古冰草群落、甘草群落、赖草群落和黑沙蒿群落4种群落枯落物分解速率(k)与枯落物初始N、P、K含量均呈显著正相关;偏相关分析表明,4种植物群落枯落物分解速率与降雨量、枯落物自身含水量的偏相关系数达显著水平,其余因子偏相关系数均未达显著水平。结合上述研究可以确定荒漠草原枯落物分解50%所需时间为2—5a,分解95%需8—24a。     

内蒙古围封草原枯落物累积对大针茅和羊草生长发育的影响

围封草原枯落物累积通过改变水分和热量的再分配影响植物的生长发育。为探究不同植物种群对枯落物累积的适应性,2015-2017年在内蒙古围封典型草原设置了枯落物去除实验,对土壤温度和水分进行了原位监测,也对群落优势物种大针茅(Stipa grandis)和亚优势物种羊草(Leymus chinensis)种群的生长发育过程及种群数量特征进行了测定。结果表明:枯落物累积显著降低生长季表层和深层土壤温度(1.3-4.6℃和1.5-3.2℃),并提高表层和深层土壤水分(1.4%-10.4%和1.0%-5.0%)。枯落物累积对大针茅种群返青时间的延迟(16.9-24.2 d)显著高于羊草种群的(5.2-6.7 d),但对大针茅和羊草种群的营养生长期无显著影响。枯落物累积显著提高大针茅种群的高度但显著降低其盖度和地上生物量,引起大针茅种群的重要值显著降低(0.38→0.22)。枯落物累积显著提高羊草种群的高度、盖度和地上生物量,进而显著提高其重要值(0.16→0.28)。大针茅和羊草种群重要值排序的更替驱动围封草原植物群落演替。本研究从植物种群的角度为阐明围封草原群落结构与功能改变提供新视角,也为科学合理制定围封政策提供理论依据。     

松嫩草原三种主要植物群落枯落物层生态水文功能

分析了松嫩草原主要植物群落羊草群落、虎尾草群落、碱茅群落枯落物层的蓄积量及持水能力、枯落物层对降水的截留以及枯落物层抑制土壤水分蒸发的效应.结果表明,羊草群落枯落物蓄积量最大为4.7t·hm-2,最大持水量为9.6t·hm-2,最大持水率为208.4%;虎尾草群落枯落物层蓄积量、最大持水量和最大持水率分别为3.0t·hm-2、7.4t·hm-2和262.8%;碱茅群落分别为2.6t·hm-2、5.0t·hm-2和202.2%;3种群落枯落物层对降水的截留量分别为6.57、5.79和5.26t·hm-2,随着降雨量的增加,截留量增加,截留率减小;0.5~2mm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少7.95%~56.79%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加.     

围封对内蒙古锡林河流域羊草草原主要构成植物个体、枯落物及群落热值的影响

2010年8月,对中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位站1979、1999和2004年围封的羊草样地进行取样,测定植物个体、枯落物及群落的热值,探讨不同围封时间对羊草草原主要构成植物、枯落物、群落热值及单位面积能量积累量的影响.结果表明:围封对羊草草原主要植物个体、枯落物、群落热值及单位面积能量积累量均具有显著影响.1979和1999年围封的羊草草原单位面积能量积累量显著高于2004年围封,2004年围封群落和枯落物的热值均显著高于1979和1999年围封,而1979和1999年之间无显著差异.在不同围封时间下,同种植物的热值差异显著,而不同种植物的热值则表现出一定差异;群落热值高低取决于构成植物,而单位面积能量积累量主要由草地的生物产量决定,二者的变化趋势均为短期内有一定波动,长期围封之后基本维持在一个较稳定的水平,最终达到生态能量平衡.     

荒漠草原土壤氨氧化细菌群落结构对氮添加和枯落物输入的响应

为了解荒漠草原表层土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)对枯落物输入及氮添加的响应,该研究以宁夏回族自治区盐池县荒漠草原为实验平台,选择4种常见植物——苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)、猪毛蒿(Artemisia scoparia)、短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)和沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)的枯落物设置枯落物输入处理,设置对照(0 g·m^–2·a^–1)、氮添加(9.2 g·m^–2·a^–1) 2个处理,运用荧光定量PCR、高通量测序等分子生物学技术,探究了荒漠草原0–5 cm表层土壤AOB对氮添加和不同枯落物输入的响应。研究结果显示,在氮添加和枯落物输入条件下,荒漠草原土壤表层AOB共有3门4纲6目7科8属17种。实验所测AOB群落物种主要来源于β-变形菌纲(beta-Proteobacteria)中的亚硝基单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)和亚硝基螺旋菌属(Nitrosospira),且以亚硝基单胞菌属为优势种群。与对照相比,氮添加显著降低了AOB-氨单...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区主要草种枯落物的持水能力与养分潜在归还能力

黄土丘陵沟壑区由于土壤侵蚀严重,天然植被恢复缓慢,植被稀疏,枯枝落叶层的生态效应就显得尤为重要。对该区坡沟不同立地条件下草本群落主要物种的枯落物蓄积量、持水与养分潜在归还能力进行了分析,探讨主要物种枯落物对土壤的改善作用。结果表明:1)坡沟不同立地条件下枯落物蓄积量差异显著(P0.05),在73.74—175.26 g/m2之间变化,表现为阴沟坡峁顶阳沟坡阴梁峁坡阳梁峁坡;在坡面不同微地形下也差异显著(P0.05),在阳坡表现为株丛浅沟鱼鳞坑裸地,在阴坡为浅沟鱼鳞坑株丛裸地,在峁顶为株丛裸地。2)主要物种枯落物最大持水量可达自身干重的1.22—4.34倍;不同物种枯落物间的持水能力差异极显著(P0.01),表现为白羊草叶铁杆蒿叶白羊草茎达乌里胡枝子叶长芒草达乌里胡枝子枝铁杆蒿枝。3)枯落物C、N含量分别在7.35%—40.33%和0.61%—1.60%之间,不同物种间差异极显著(P0.01),同一物种枯落物C、N含量在坡沟不同立地条件下差异不显著。4)影响枯落物分解的木质素含量(1.00%—8.20%)、纤维素含量(3.16%—14.06%)、木质素/N值(0.78—12.48)、C/N值(5.61—57.41)在不同物种间差异极显著(P0.01);同一物种木质素含量、纤维素含量和木质素/N值在坡沟不同立地条件下差异显著(P0.05),而C/N值不显著。5)铁杆蒿叶的枯落物养分潜在归还能力最大,达乌里胡枝子和白羊草的枯落物次之,长芒草的枯落物养分潜在归还能力最小。     

马占相思 (Acacia mangium)与湿地松 (Pinus elliotii)人工林枯落物层的水文生态功能

分析了马占相思与湿地松人工林枯落物的蓄积量、年凋落量及凋落动态、枯落物层对大气降水的截留、以及枯落物抑制土壤水分蒸发和阻滞径流的效应.结果表明①15龄的马占相思林枯落物蓄积量32.3t/hm2,年凋落量11.14t/hm2,最大持水率253.7%,最大持水量28.26t/hm2;15龄的湿地松林枯落物蓄积量18.7t/hm2,年凋落量7.30t/hm2,最大持水率216.7%,最大持水量15.82hm2;②2种林分对大气降水的截留率分别为15.9%和11.7%,截留率随1次降水降水量(>10mm)的增加而减少;③2～4cm枯落物覆盖下不同含水量的土壤水分蒸发比无覆盖的土壤减少18.2%～78.3%,枯落物层减少土壤水分蒸发的效应随枯落物层厚度和土壤含水量的增大而增加;④2种枯落物对径流流出时间的阻滞效应随径流深(<3mm)和坡度的增加而减小,随枯落物层厚度的增加呈直线增加.通过与部分其它森林类型枯落物层水文生态功能比较,认为马占相思与湿地松林枯落物层具有较为优越的水文生态功能.     

黄土丘陵区典型植物枯落物凋落动态及其持水性

枯落物具有重要的径流拦蓄功能,研究枯落物的凋落动态和其持水性对认识枯落物初级生产力及其水土保持功能具有重要意义。通过对黄土丘陵区6种典型植物样地SymbolA@为期一年的凋落物动态监测及其持水性的测定。结果表明:(1)6种植物全年凋落物量为70.65—455.57 g/m~2,落叶占凋落物总量的48.17%—91.09%;逐月凋落物量为1.86—160.21 g/m~2,包含了单峰型、双峰型及不规则型的年动态变化。(2)凋落物持水量与浸水时间呈极显著对数函数关系(P0.01),浸水5 min、24 h和48 h时的持水量分别是其最大持水量的48.41%、93.96%和97.70%;逐月凋落物最大持水量变化范围为1.19—3.95 g/g。(3)6种植物全年凋落物拦蓄量为1.33—13.33 t/hm~2,落叶占凋落物拦蓄总量的57.19%—86.12%。综合可知:落叶是凋落物最主要成分并提供最多的径流拦蓄;密度对凋落物持水性有显著影响(P0.01),比表面积和结构特征的差异导致凋落物持水性不同;植物是通过影响枯落物的凋落继而对该植物样地枯落物的水土保持功能产生影响。研究结果旨在为评价该地区不同植物恢复模式的枯落物水土保持功能和维持提供科学依据。     

荒漠草原4种典型植物枯落物分解过程中土壤呼吸对短期氮、水变化的响应

土壤呼吸作为陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,对研究干旱半干旱区荒漠草原碳平衡具有重要意义。选取荒漠草原4种典型植物枯落物进行裂区实验,设置氮、水添加实验处理,探讨不同的枯落物地表,短期氮、水处理对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明,土壤呼吸日动态呈单峰曲线,最大值出现在10:00—12:00。相同处理间不同枯落物地表和相同枯落物地表不同处理间土壤呼吸在白天和夜间均有差异(P<0.05)。枯落物对土壤呼吸贡献表明,短期不做任何处理的枯落物对土壤呼吸的贡献最大,贡献率高达68%—89%。多因素方差分析显示,氮及氮和水交互作用对土壤呼吸的影响显著。呼吸在降水处理间存在显著差异(P<0.05),表现为减雨(P3)>增雨(P2)>正常(P1);呼吸在氮素处理间存在极显著差异(P<0.001),表现为添氮(N1)>不添氮(N0)。土壤呼吸与土壤温度、土壤湿度拟合发现,短期的氮、水处理下土壤温度与土壤呼吸显著相关(P<0.05),可解释呼吸变化的50.3%—69.9%;土壤湿度对呼吸影响不显著(P>0.05),温度、湿度的交互作用对土壤呼吸的影响显著(...     

胶州湾滨海湿地枯落物分解过程中枯落物-土壤养分动态

通过为期52 d的室内实验模拟胶州湾滨海湿地米草、碱蓬、芦苇枯落物的分解过程,测定枯落物及土壤中有机碳(TOC)、氮(N)和磷(P)含量,研究枯落物分解过程中枯落物-土壤养分的动态变化。结果表明:52 d的分解过程中,米草、碱蓬和芦苇枯落物碳损失分别占初始总碳含量的24.44%、74.20%和49.75%;土壤中碳发生净积累;米草枯落物中氮发生净积累,碱蓬枯落物中氮发生净释放,芦苇枯落物中氮先积累后释放,后两者枯落物氮损失分别占初始总氮含量的37.93%和4.81%;土壤中氮发生净积累;枯落物和土壤中磷均表现为净释放,米草、碱蓬和芦苇枯落物磷损失分别占初始总磷含量的42.37%、59.27%和28.48%;枯落物-土壤系统中C、N、P的动态变化与枯落物和土壤性质密切相关,这主要是由微生物的活性和养分需求决定的。     

不同放牧强度下短花针茅荒漠草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量特征

草地生态系统作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用。以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原不同放牧强度样地为研究对象,通过分析地上植物、凋落物、根系、土壤中有机碳和土壤轻组有机碳,研究草原植被-土壤系统有机碳组分储量的变化特征,从碳储量角度为合理利用草原提供指导。研究结果表明:(1)不同放牧强度荒漠草原地上植物碳储量为11.98—44.51 g/m~2,凋落物碳储量10.43—36.12 g/m~2,根系(0—40cm)碳储量502.30—804.31 g/m~2,且对照区(CK)均显著高于中度放牧区(MG)、重度放牧区(HG);(2)0—40cm土壤碳储量为7817.43—9694.16 g/m~2,其中轻度放牧区(LG)碳储量为9694.16 g/m~2,显著高于CK、HG(P0.05);(3)植被—土壤系统的碳储量为8342.14—10494.80 g/m~2,LGMGCKHG,有机碳主要储存于土壤当中,占比约90.54%—93.71%,适度放牧利用有利于发挥草地生态系统的碳汇功能;(4)土壤轻组有机碳储量为484.20—654.62 g/m~2,LG储量最高,表明适度放牧有助于草原土壤营养物质的循环和积累。     

亚热带4种森林凋落物量及其动态特征

通过对枫香林、樟树林、马尾松林、樟树—马尾松混交林4种森林生态系统的凋落物数量及组成进行为期1a的定位研究。结果表明,樟树—马尾松混交林的年凋落总量(4.30 t.hm^-2)＞枫香林(3.66 t.hm^-2)＞马尾松林(3.41 t.hm^-2)＞樟树林(3.26 t.hm^-2)。各组分凋落物中,凋落叶占绝对优势(70%以上),表现为樟树—马尾松混交林(3.09 t.hm^-2)＞枫香林(2.78 t.hm^-2)＞马尾松林(2.46 t.hm^-2)＞樟树林(2.32 t.hm^-2);凋落枝表现为樟树—马尾松混交林(0.73 t.hm^-2)＞樟树林(0.53 t.hm^-2)＞马尾松林(0.30 t.hm^-2)＞枫香林(0.22 t.hm^-2);凋落果表现为马尾松林(0.37 t.hm^-2)＞樟树—马尾松混交林(0.17 t.hm^-2)＞枫香林(0.12 t.hm^-2)＞樟树林(0.09 t.hm^-2);碎屑表现为枫香林(0.55 t.hm^-2)＞樟树林(0.33 t.hm^-2)＞樟树—马尾松混交林(0.31 t.hm^-2)＞马尾松林(0.27 t.hm^-2)。枫香和樟树林年凋落量的最大值分别在10月(1.22 t.hm^-2)和8月(0.58 t.hm^-2),而马尾松林和混交林年凋落量的最大值都在11月(分别为0.77 t.hm^-2和1.23 t.hm^-2)。     

氮磷添加对荒漠草原植物群落多样性和土壤C:N:P生态化学计量特征的影响

为了深入了解P添加是否有助于缓解N沉降增加引起的植物群落多样性降低等问题,以宁夏盐池县长期围封的荒漠草原为研究对象,探讨了连续两年(2015—2016年) 5 g/m~2/a的N水平下,P添加对植物生物量、群落多样性和土壤C∶N∶P生态化学计量特征的影响,分析了植物群落多样性与土壤C∶N∶P比及其他关键因子的关系。结果表明:少量N添加下,增施P肥促进了植物生物量积累,但中高量P添加抑制了多数植物生长,使牛枝子(Lespedeza potaninii)、草木樨状黄芪(Astragalus melilotoides)和苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)等物种重要值降低;随着P添加量增加,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Patrick丰富度指数先增加后降低,Simpson优势度指数逐渐增加,Pielou均匀度指数变化幅度较小;随着P添加量增加,土壤C∶P和N∶P比逐渐降低;土壤N∶P比、C∶P比、全P含量、速效P浓度以及微生物量C∶P比与植物群落多样性关系密切,意味着N沉降增加下趋于解耦的土壤元素平衡关系可能会影响到植物群落组成。综合以上结果,适量P添加可以通过提高土壤P有效性、增加凋落物归还量和刺激微生物P释放等途径,调节土壤P供给和植物P需求间的压力,从而缓解N添加引起的植物群落多样性降低。     

草原化荒漠草本植物对人工施加磷素的响应

荒漠地区因土壤水分和养分含量较低而限制了植被的生长,且磷素对于植物的生长具有重要的作用。利用人工施加磷素的控制实验研究了不同磷肥处理对荒漠区草本植物物种丰富度、多度、盖度、生物量、植物株高等群落学特征的影响。实验表明：物种丰富度和多度在施肥量分别为12.5,25和50 g?m-2的梯度下,施肥当年和第二年相较于对照均有所降低,且施肥梯度越高,降低越明显;植被盖度和地上部生物量则在两年的实验中表现出相似的规律,在不同的施肥梯度下均有所提高,高肥处理对其促进作用更大,且在降水充足的07年高于降水较少的08年,说明水肥耦合更有助于群落生产力的提高;优势种株高则对磷素的响应存在种间差异,年际间的差异也较大,这或许与荒漠植物本身特有的生物学特性有关。     

Relationship of plant diversity with litter and soil available nitrogen in an alpine meadow under a 9-year grazing exclusion

Grazing exclusion is widely used globally to restore degraded grasslands. Plant diversity has important impacts on grassland ecosystem functions, including grassland productivity and carbon storage. In this study, we selected a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau to investigate how grazing exclusion affects plant diversity. Inorganic nitrogen (NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^?) was also measured because its availability impacts plant growth. We found that plant diversity in the meadow was significantly lower under grazing exclusion (fenced meadow) for 9 years compared with moderate grazing. Accumulated litter was significantly higher under grazing exclusion (386.41 g m^?2) compared with grazing (58.77 g m^?2). Soil inorganic nitrogen at 0–5 cm depth was significantly higher under grazing exclusion (13.60 × 10^?2 g kg^?1) than under grazing (9.40 × 10^?2 g kg^?1). The composition of the four functional groups (grasses, sedges, legumes, and forbs) might alter in response to significant changes in the amount of litter and soil available nitrogen content under grazing exclusion compared with grazing. However, the enhanced soil available nitrogen content showed weak feedbacks on plant diversity. In conclusion, light limitation induced by increased amounts of litter may be the main factor causing decreased plant diversity in grazing-excluded meadows compared with moderately grazed meadows.     

Spatial and temporal litterfall heterogeneity generated by woody species in the Central Monte desert

In arid and semiarid environments, the presence of woody species generates a series of environmental gradients that increase spatial heterogeneity and modify the pattern of distribution of the other species. We postulate that the temporal and spatial variability in litter input generated by woody species is a relevant factor in the generation of edaphic heterogeneity by redistribution of nutrients and the physical effects of litter. The objective of this study was to determine the temporal and spatial variability in the amount of litter input under the canopy of dominant woody plants (Prosopis flexuosa and Larrea divaricata) and in exposed areas at the Ñacuñán Reserve, in the central zone of the Monte desert. Litterfall was collected during 2 years from 30-cm-diameter litter traps distributed at three microsites: under P. flexuosa canopy, under L. divaricata canopy, and in exposed areas. Microhabitats beneath Prosopis showed the highest litter input per m² (between 320 and 527 g/m²), and, consequently, more than 50% of it fell to the soil beneath the canopy of P. flexuosa. Only 10% fell on exposed areas, which exhibited an annual input rate per m² of a lower order of magnitude than the sites under Prosopis. Litterfall presented a peak in summer as a consequence of convective storms, and a second one in autumn due to phenological shedding. Our results suggest that woody species have a central importance in the dynamics of nutrients in arid lands by both the increase of total productivity and litterfall, and the spatial and temporal regulation of litter input.     

The relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of northern China

The relationship between plant species richness and primary productivity has long been a central topic in biodiversity research. In this paper, we examine the relationship between species richness and productivity in four typical grasslands of Northern China at different spatial scales. At the community scale, a positive correlation was found for six of seven communities. A unimodal pattern was found only for one community (Stipa glareosa community), while at a large scale (vegetation type or landscape/region), the relationship was also found significantly positive. Species richness ranged from 4 to 35 species, and community aboveground productivity from 13 to 368 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹. The highest species richness and aboveground productivity were found in alpine meadow, followed by meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe. Translated from Biodiversity Science, 2006, 14(1): 21–28 [译自: 生物多样性]     

Plant Functional Diversity and Species Diversity in the Mongolian Steppe

Background

The Mongolian steppe is one of the most important grasslands in the world but suffers from aridization and damage from anthropogenic activities. Understanding structure and function of this community is important for the ecological conservation, but has seldom been investigated.

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this study, a total of 324 quadrats located on the three main types of Mongolian steppes were surveyed. Early-season perennial forbs (37% of total importance value), late-season annual forbs (33%) and late-season perennial forbs (44%) were dominant in meadow, typical and desert steppes, respectively. Species richness, diversity and plant functional type (PFT) richness decreased from the meadow, via typical to desert steppes, but evenness increased; PFT diversity in the desert and meadow steppes was higher than that in typical steppe. However, above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP) was far lower in desert steppe than in the other two steppes. In addition, the slope of the relationship between species richness and PFT richness increased from the meadow, via typical to desert steppes. Similarly, with an increase in species diversity, PFT diversity increased more quickly in both the desert and typical steppes than that in meadow steppe. Random resampling suggested that this coordination was partly due to a sampling effect of diversity.

Conclusions/Significance

These results indicate that desert steppe should be strictly protected because of its limited functional redundancy, which its ecological functioning is sensitive to species loss. In contrast, despite high potential forage production shared by the meadow and typical steppes, management of these two types of steppes should be different: meadow steppe should be preserved due to its higher conservation value characterized by more species redundancy and higher spatial heterogeneity, while typical steppe could be utilized moderately because its dominant grass genus Stipa is resistant to herbivory and drought.     

The role of litter in an old-field community: impact of litter quantity in different seasons on plant species richness and abundance

Summary We studied the effect of removing and adding plant litter in different seasons on biomass, density, and species richness in a Solidago dominated old-field community in New Jersey, USA. We removed all the naturally accumulated plant litter in November (658 g/m²) and in May (856 g/m²) and doubled the amount of litter in November and May in replicated plots (1 m²). An equal number of plots were left as controls. Litter removal and addition had little impact on total plant biomass or individual species biomass in the growing season following the manipulations. Litter removal, however, significantly increased plant densities but this varied depending upon the season of litter removal, species, and life history type. Specifically, the fall litter removal had a much greater impact than the spring litter removal suggesting that litter has its greatest impact after plant senescence in the fall and prior to major periods of early plant growth in spring. Annual species showed the greatest response, especially early in the growing season. Both spring and fall litter removal significantly increased species richness throughout the study. Litter additions in both spring and fall reduced both plant densities and species richness in June, but these differences disappeared near the end of the growing season in September. We concluded than in productive communities where litter accumulation may be substantial, litter may promote low species richness and plant density. This explanation does not invoke resource competition for the decline in species richness. Finally, we hypothesize that there may be broad thresholds of litter accumulation in different community types that may act to either increase or decrease plant yield and diversity.