茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。     

麦田捕食性昆虫群落、结构与动态研究

【目的】探究小麦捕食性昆虫群落结构以及动态规律,为小麦害虫的生物防治提供科学依据。【方法】试验采用了网捕法、陷阱法、黄盘法和马氏网法定期采集地表、小麦植株上的捕食性昆虫,并将其带回实验室进行鉴定、计数和数据分析。【结果】两年共采集捕食性昆虫1 479头,属于4目7科22种,其中龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica(Thunberg,1781)为优势种;小麦拔节期之前几乎没有捕食性昆虫,抽穗期和扬花期捕食性昆虫个体数和物种数逐渐增加,灌浆期和乳熟期物种数继续增加、个体数则迅速增多;捕食性昆虫群落的Shannon-wiener多样性指数H′、均匀度指数E,均随时间整体呈现低-高-低-高的变化趋势,而优势集中性指数C和优势度B则整体呈现高-低-高-低的变化趋势。【结论】该研究结果对小麦害虫的生物防治具有指导意义。     

入闽台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性

【背景】台湾芒果是我国南方种植的最重要的热带水果之一,其分布广、产量高,极具经济价值。福建地处台湾海峡西岸,与台湾隔海相望,气候条件与台湾相仿,所以台湾芒果很容易在福建定植。然而,台湾芒果在福建的大面积种植,带来了新的虫害问题。因此,掌握台湾芒果园害虫发生的动态及规律对其防治具有重要意义。【方法】2006年8月～2007年8月对福建省惠安县台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落进行系统调查。【结果】共采集到28247头节肢动物,隶属于2纲15目79科145种。其中,害虫76种（占总群落物种数的52.[KG-*8]41%）、天敌42种（占28.[KG-*8]97%）、中性昆虫27种（占18.[KG-*8]62%）。芒果园节肢动物的物种丰富度、个体数、群落多样性、均匀性和优势集中性等都呈明显的季节消长规律。多样性指数表现为总群落>天敌亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>害虫亚群落;均匀度表现为天敌亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>总群落>害虫亚群落;优势集中性指数表现为害虫亚群落>中性昆虫亚群落>总群落>天敌亚群落。生态优势度测定显示：芒果小爪螨和茶黄蓟马是害虫中的优势种;主要天敌有腹管食螨瓢虫和园蛛科等,优势种是腹管食螨瓢虫;中性昆虫主要以双翅目的花翅摇蚊、啮虫目的凹翅单啮及膜翅目的中国小黑家蚁和红蚂蚁为主。【结论与意义】本研究为芒果园生物资源及天敌的保护与利用、芒果害虫的预测预报和持续控制提供了理论依据。     

入闽台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落组成结构和多样性

【背景】台湾芒果是我国南方种植的最重要的热带水果之一,其分布广、产量高,极具经济价值。福建地处台湾海峡西岸,与台湾隔海相望,气候条件与台湾相仿,所以台湾芒果很容易在福建定植。然而,台湾芒果在福建的大面积种植,带来了新的虫害问题。因此,掌握台湾芒果园害虫发生的动态及规律对其防治具有重要意义。【方法】2006年8月～2007年8月对福建省惠安县台湾芒果树冠层节肢动物群落进行系统调查。【结果】共采集到28247头节肢动物,隶属于2纲15目79科145种。其中,害虫76种（占总群落物种数的52.41%）、天敌42种（占28.97%）、中性昆虫27种（占18.62%）。芒果园节肢动物的物种丰富度、个体数、群落多样性、均匀性和优势集中性等都呈明显的季节消长规律。多样性指数表现为总群落〉天敌亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉害虫亚群落;均匀度表现为天敌亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉总群落〉害虫亚群落;优势集中性指数表现为害虫亚群落〉中性昆虫亚群落〉总群落〉天敌亚群落。生态优势度测定显示：芒果小爪螨和茶黄蓟马是害虫中的优势种;主要天敌有腹管食螨瓢虫和园蛛科等,优势种是腹管食螨瓢虫;中性昆虫主要以双翅目的花翅摇蚊、啮虫目的凹翅单啮及膜翅目的中国小黑家蚁和红蚂蚁为主。【结论与意义】本研究为芒果园生物资源及天敌的保护与利用、芒果害虫的预测预报和持续控制提供了理论依据。     

不同果园绿肥种植模式下昆虫功能团多样性分析

【目的】为明确苹果园种植绿肥后天敌昆虫与植食性害虫的发生动态。【方法】于2020年3-4月采用马氏网对陕西延安2种果园绿肥种植模式中的昆虫进行调查,并量化分析各昆虫功能团多样性及分布特征。【结果】共捕获4 428只昆虫,隶属于7目39科43种,其中绿肥油菜（YC）种植模式捕获26种1 046只昆虫,优势种为豌豆潜叶蝇Chromatomyia horticola。绿肥毛叶苕子（MS）种植模式捕获36种3 382只昆虫,优势种为瘿蚊Diarthronomyia chrysanthemi。油菜种植模式各功能团昆虫群落Shannon-Wiener多样性（F=24.68,P<0.000 1）及Sa/Si稳定性指数（F=16.24,P<0.000 1）均显著高于毛叶苕子种植模式。典范对应分析（CCA）表明毛叶苕子种植模式下捕食性天敌昆虫与植食性害虫物种数和个体数均高于油菜种植模式。【结论】油菜种植模式下昆虫群落稳定性更强;天敌昆虫与植食性害虫物种数相互制约,个体数存在相似消长规律。本研究明确了不同绿肥配置模式下果园昆虫分布特征及功能团多样性,为果园绿肥推广及有害生物绿色防控提供依据。     

转基因杨树林下种植转基因棉花对转基因杨棉复合系统内节肢动物群落多样性的影响

【目的】转Bt基因棉花和转Bt基因杨树在我国已推广使用。本研究的目的是调查和分析不同转基因杨棉复合系统内地上节肢动物群落多样性变化,为转基因杨树大规模应用提供生态安全方面的数据。【方法】2019年4-10月,在河北任丘采取欧洲黑杨Populus nigra林下种植转基因棉花Gossypium hirsutum的模式,设置转基因杨树 转基因棉花(复合生态系统1)和非转基因杨树-转基因棉花(复合生态系统2)两种杨棉复合系统,调查杨树和棉花地上部植株节肢动物种类和个体数量,比较节肢动物各功能群的物种数量和个体数量以及香农指数、优势集中性指数、均匀度指数等群落多样性指数,并测定了转基因杨树和棉花叶片Bt蛋白含量。【结果】复合生态系统1中转基因杨树和棉花各自植株上鳞翅目种群累计个体数均显著低于复合生态系统2相应植株上的个体数量。转基因杨树上叶甲类累计个体数量显著高于非转基因杨树上的,寄生蜂类累计个体数量则显著低于非转基因杨树上的。在6月5日、6月21日和9月7日的调查中,转基因杨树上的节肢动物群落香农指数显著高于非转基因杨树上的。除鳞翅目害虫外,2个复合系统中棉株上节肢动物各功能群累计个体数量无显著性差异,香农指数、优势集中性指数和均匀度指数随时间变化的趋势基本一致且同一调查时间无显著性差异,仅在8月17调查中复合生态系统1中棉株上节肢动物香农指数显著高于复合生态系统2棉株上的。将杨树和棉花上节肢动物各类群累计数量相加作为系统整体,复合生态系统1和复合生态系统2在香农指数、优势集中性指数和均匀度指数数值上无显著差异。在调查后期,2个复合系统中节肢动物种群均向杨树叶片聚集。转基因棉花叶片Bt蛋白含量在各调查期均显著高于转基因杨树叶片的。【结论】转基因杨树对靶标害虫种群数量有较好的控制作用,对同系统内棉花上鳞翅目害虫数量亦有协同控制作用。转基因杨棉复合系统中地上节肢动物群落结构稳定,对系统内棉花地上部节肢动物群落多样性无显著影响。靶标害虫对转Bt基因杨树的抗性发展需持续监测。     

桃园捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

【目的】探讨桃园捕食性节肢动物群落特征、结构组成及动态规律,为桃园害虫防治提供依据。【方法】在西北农林科技大学实验站选择树龄5~6年的桃园为调查对象,系统调查园内节肢动物群落的种类和数量,测定群落的相对丰富度、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(E)及优势集中性指数(C)等指标,研究园内捕食性节肢动物群落的变化规律。【结果】桃园捕食性节肢动物群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为高-低-高-低的趋势;群落优势度(B)与优势集中性指数呈现低-高-低趋势。食蚜蝇、蜘蛛、瓢虫、步甲和草蛉是桃园主要捕食性节肢动物亚群落。大灰食蚜蝇Metasyrphus corollae和黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteata是食蚜蝇亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至6月下旬是其发生高峰期;龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica是瓢虫亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至7月下旬是其发生高峰期,随后数量维持在较低水平;龟纹瓢虫鼎斑变型和锚斑变型是桃园最常见的色斑变型,分别占49.6%和29%;蜘蛛亚群落主要包括皿蛛、蟹蛛和球蛛类群,5月上中旬、8月中下旬和10月中旬是其发生高峰期;步甲亚群落的发生高峰期为5月上旬至6月下旬,随后维持在较低的水平;中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica为草蛉亚群落的优势种群,6月上旬至8月上旬是其发生高峰期。【结论】桃园捕食性节肢动物主要包括捕食性蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、捕食性瓢虫、步甲和草蛉5个亚群落,不同天敌亚群落的结构特征随着季节和气温的变化而相互演替,共同发挥控制害虫的作用。     

加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力比较

【目的】比较加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus和巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae的捕食能力,为果园二斑叶螨生物防治剂的选择提供依据。【方法】采用捕食功能反应的方法研究加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食作用。【结果】加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,对二斑叶螨各螨态的捕食能力均随着螨态的增大而降低,对卵的捕食能力最强,其次是幼螨、第一若螨、第二若螨、成螨。巴氏新小绥螨对二斑叶螨卵、幼螨的捕食能力强于加州新小绥螨,功能反应参数a/Th值分别高出55.2%和30.1%,而加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨第一若螨、第二若螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨,a/Th值分别高出67.5%和114.5%,两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨雌成螨的捕食能力相当,a/Th值均为4.5。加州新小绥螨和巴氏新小绥螨均对二斑叶螨的卵和幼螨表现出嗜食性,而对若螨和成螨没有嗜食性。两种捕食螨对二斑叶螨的捕食存在种内干扰,加州新小绥螨的干扰系数(0.328)大于巴氏新小绥螨(0.324)。【结论】在室内环境稳定的条件下,加州新小绥螨对二斑叶螨的捕食能力强于巴氏新小绥螨。     

间作大蒜或油菜麦田中麦蚜主要天敌群落的时间动态

运用物种丰富度S、种群优势度D、群落多样性指数H'和均匀度指数E作为综合指标,分析了不同间作方式下麦田麦蚜Aphidius avenae主要寄生性和捕食性天敌群落的时间动态.结果表明,麦-油间作田天敌物种丰富度多高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田,麦-蒜间作田和单作田天敌物种丰富度基本相同;不同间作处理天敌群落优势种在调查初期有所不同,而中后期皆为燕麦蚜茧蜂;麦-油间作田天敌群落多样性指数一直高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田;调查后期(5月8日后)麦-油间作田的寄生性天敌的优势度指数显著低于单作田和麦-蒜间作田,均匀度指数则显著高于单作田和麦-蒜间作田.说明麦-油间作,麦蚜天敌物种丰富度较高,群落较稳定性,在小麦灌浆初期即可对麦蚜为害起一定控制作用;麦-蒜问作对麦蚜天敌群落的结构特点及时间动态无明显影响.     

云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落多样性研究

为探究云南普洱紫花三叉白及昆虫群落结构及多样性,掌握昆虫群落多样性发展变化的时空动态,进一步明确紫花三叉白及害虫的种类和发生时间,为害虫防控提供理论参考依据,本研究采用棋盘式取样法,通过定时定点和大范围随机普查的方法,于2016年对云南省普洱市紫花三叉白及标记的样点进行了系统调查。调查期间共调查到节肢动物76种,分属于4纲12目56科。其中植食性节肢动物亚群落46种,分属于34科;捕食类节肢动物亚群落14种,分属于10科;寄生性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于8科;中性节肢动物亚群落8种,分属于6科。其中科数及物种数最多为双翅目,个体数量最多的为膜翅目。对昆虫群落的多样性指数分析结果表明:双翅目昆虫群落丰富度最高,蜘蛛目优势度指数最高,多样性指数与均匀度均是膜翅目最高。时间上,6月物种数与多样性指数均最大,4月个体数量最多。不同类群分析结果为,植食性节肢动物群落物种数量最多,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定。通过黄板及扫网采集,物种数量的变化趋势与总群落变化趋势基本保持一致,总群落个体数与物种数的变化基本由黄板与扫网采集到的类群主导。通过调查及分析可知,紫花三叉白及节肢动物群落物种数量变化基本由植食类类群主导,节肢动物群落的稳定性较高,天敌亚群落的物种数量时间动态相对比较稳定,非天敌亚群落的群落多样性与个体数量的变化趋势基本一致;物种丰富度与物种均匀度变化趋势基本一致;优势集中性与优势度随时间变化趋势基本一致。进入雨季之后,个体数量有较大幅度的降低,而持续性降雨与暴雨天气是导致个体数量迅速减少的重要因素。     

Characterization of epitopes of human secretory component on free secretory component, secretory IgA, and membrane-associated secretory component

We have compared the epitopes present in various forms of human secretory component by using a panel of hybridoma-derived antibodies elicited by immunizing mice with free secretory component (FSC) or secretory IgA (sIgA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent binding assays (ELISA) were used to assess antibody binding to FSC- and SC-containing antigens, including sIgA isolated from milk, reduced and alkylated sIgA, and sIgA assembled in vitro by incubating dimeric IgA with FSC. Immunofluorescence assays were also used to assess binding to a human epithelial tumor cell line (HT29) that expresses secretory component as an integral protein of the plasma membrane. The results can be summarized as follows. 1) Most antibodies from fusions in which sIgA was the immunizing antigen bound preferentially to sIgA. 2) Most antibodies from fusions in which FSC was the immunizing antigen bound preferentially to FSC. 3) Antibodies that bound preferentially to sIgA invariably bound sIgA assembled in vitro; antibodies that bound preferentially to FSC invariably did not. 4) Antibodies that bound readily to both sIgA and FSC were rare in all fusions. 5) The monoclonal antibodies defined at least six classes of epitopes on SC, including epitopes that were a) FSC specific and reduction sensitive, b) FSC specific and reduction insensitive, c) sIgA specific and reduction-sensitive, d) sIgA specific and reduction insensitive, e) shared by FSC and sIgA and reduction-sensitive, and f) shared by FSC and sIgA and reduction-insensitive. 6) Antibodies that mediated intense immunofluorescent staining of secretory component on HT29 cell membranes were rare and constituted a distinct subset of those which recognized epitopes shared by FSC, reduced and alkylated sIgA, and some preparations of native sIgA. Results of these antibody-binding studies indicate that most SC epitopes are not shared by FSC and sIgA. Most SC-related epitopes on sIgA appear to be generated by the physical interaction of SC with dimeric IgA, whereas most epitopes on FSC are masked or altered by this interaction. Finally, epitopes that are shared by membrane SC and FSC and/or sIgA represent a minor and immunochemically distinct subset of epitopes on SC. The high proportion of unique epitopes on the different physical forms of SC suggest that the epitopes of this molecule are highly sensitive to its molecular environment. The monoclonal reagents described here will be useful in studying the structure and function of SC; quantitating FSC, sIgA, and membrane SC; purifying various molecular forms of SC by immunoaffinity chromatography; and localizing SC in human tissues and cultured cells by immunocytochemical techniques.     

Comparison between principal component analysis and independent component analysis in electroencephalograms modelling

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a classical technique in statistical data analysis, feature extraction and data reduction, aiming at explaining observed signals as a linear combination of orthogonal principal components. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a technique of array processing and data analysis, aiming at recovering unobserved signals or 'sources' from observed mixtures, exploiting only the assumption of mutual independence between the signals. The separation of the sources by ICA has great potential in applications such as the separation of sound signals (like voices mixed in simultaneous multiple records, for example), in telecommunication or in the treatment of medical signals. However, ICA is not yet often used by statisticians. In this paper, we shall present ICA in a statistical framework and compare this method with PCA for electroencephalograms (EEG) analysis.We shall see that ICA provides a more useful data representation than PCA, for instance, for the representation of a particular characteristic of the EEG named event-related potential (ERP).     

Two component systems: physiological effect of a third component

Signal transduction systems mediate the response and adaptation of organisms to environmental changes. In prokaryotes, this signal transduction is often done through Two Component Systems (TCS). These TCS are phosphotransfer protein cascades, and in their prototypical form they are composed by a kinase that senses the environmental signals (SK) and by a response regulator (RR) that regulates the cellular response. This basic motif can be modified by the addition of a third protein that interacts either with the SK or the RR in a way that could change the dynamic response of the TCS module. In this work we aim at understanding the effect of such an additional protein (which we call "third component") on the functional properties of a prototypical TCS. To do so we build mathematical models of TCS with alternative designs for their interaction with that third component. These mathematical models are analyzed in order to identify the differences in dynamic behavior inherent to each design, with respect to functionally relevant properties such as sensitivity to changes in either the parameter values or the molecular concentrations, temporal responsiveness, possibility of multiple steady states, or stochastic fluctuations in the system. The differences are then correlated to the physiological requirements that impinge on the functioning of the TCS. This analysis sheds light on both, the dynamic behavior of synthetically designed TCS, and the conditions under which natural selection might favor each of the designs. We find that a third component that modulates SK activity increases the parameter space where a bistable response of the TCS module to signals is possible, if SK is monofunctional, but decreases it when the SK is bifunctional. The presence of a third component that modulates RR activity decreases the parameter space where a bistable response of the TCS module to signals is possible.     

Cost component analysis

In optimizations the dimension of the problem may severely, sometimes exponentially increase optimization time. Parametric function approximatiors (FAPPs) have been suggested to overcome this problem. Here, a novel FAPP, cost component analysis (CCA) is described. In CCA, the search space is resampled according to the Boltzmann distribution generated by the energy landscape. That is, CCA converts the optimization problem to density estimation. Structure of the induced density is searched by independent component analysis (ICA). The advantage of CCA is that each independent ICA component can be optimized separately. In turn, (i) CCA intends to partition the original problem into subproblems and (ii) separating (partitioning) the original optimization problem into subproblems may serve interpretation. Most importantly, (iii) CCA may give rise to high gains in optimization time. Numerical simulations illustrate the working of the algorithm.     

SIgA分泌片分离、纯化研究

为研究SIgA分泌片（Secretory component,SC)分离,纯化及鉴定方法,以SC存在游离和结合两种形式,本研究应用凝胶过滤和盐析法直接从初乳中分离纯化游离SC,并进行鉴定。分离纯化获得蛋白溶液12.4ml,蛋白含量0.85mg/ml,免疫双扩仅与抗SC多克隆抗体（PcAb)反应,分子量约75kD,免疫印迹实验与抗SC单克隆抗体（McAb)和PcAb特异反应,表明纯化蛋白为SC。该SC的分离纯化和鉴定处于不断完善之中,其方法的改进有利于获得更纯的SC,值得粘膜免疫研究者借鉴。