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1.
施永彬  李钧敏  金则新 《生态学报》2012,32(18):5846-5858
生态基因组学是一个整合生态学、分子遗传学和进化基因组学的新兴交叉学科。生态基因组学将基因组学的研究手段和方法引入生态学领域,通过将群体基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学等手段与方法将个体、种群及群落、生态系统不同层次的生态学相互作用整合起来,确定在生态学响应及相互作用中具有重要意义的关键的基因和遗传途径,阐明这些基因及遗传途径变异的程度及其生态和进化后果的特征,从基因水平探索有机体响应天然环境(包括生物与非生物的环境因子)的遗传学机制。生态基因组学的研究对象可以分为模式生物与非模式生物两大类。拟南芥、酿酒酵母等模式生物在生态基因组学领域发挥了重要作用。随着越来越多基因组学技术的开发与完善,越来越多的非模式生物生态基因组学的研究将为生态学的发展提供重要的理论与实践依据。生态基因组学最核心的方法包括寻找序列变异、研究基因差异表达和分析基因功能等方法。生态基因组学已广泛渗透到生态学的相关领域中,将会在生物对环境的响应、物种间的相互作用、进化生态学、全球变化生态学、入侵生态学、群落生态学等研究领域发挥更大的作用。  相似文献   

2.
从种群遗传学和生态学两个不同角度分析了松材线虫成功入侵的机制,种群遗传多样性研究表明,松材线虫入侵过程中,无明显的奠基者效应和由遗传漂变引起的种群遗传瓶颈,由于不同入侵来源的种群多次大量入侵,导致我国入侵种群具有丰富的遗传多样性,入侵过程中保持有高的种群遗传多样性,是松材线虫成功入侵的遗传学机制之一,种间竞争实验结果表明,松材线虫具有高的繁殖潜能和强的竞争能力,在入侵过程中能对本地近缘种产生种间竞争和生态替代,竞争性替代是松材线虫成功入侵的生态学机制之一,种间杂交和基因渗入,有利于松材线虫的入侵,同时,从功能基因组的角度,研究了与松材线虫适应性相关的一些重要基因的结构、功能及其进化,探讨松材线虫成功入侵的生态适应性分子机制,并从生态系统的抵御性和恢复性角度,探讨了生态系统对松材线虫入侵和扩散的影响,此外,对尚需继续深入研究的科学问题进行了讨论,研究结果为进一步揭示松材线虫成功入侵机理的研究奠定了基础,并为松材线虫病的有效管理和控制提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

3.
昆虫翅型分化的表型可塑性机制   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王小艺  杨忠岐  魏可  唐艳龙 《生态学报》2015,35(12):3988-3999
翅多型现象在昆虫中广泛存在,是昆虫在飞行扩散和繁殖能力之间权衡的一种策略,对种群的环境适应性进化具有重要的意义。目前在植食性昆虫中研究较多,有关寄生蜂的翅型分化鲜见报道。综述了昆虫翅型分化的表型可塑性机制。遗传因素和环境因素均对昆虫翅的发育产生影响,基因型对翅型的决定具有显著作用,外界环境条件,包括温度、光周期、食物质量、自身密度、外源激素等因素对昆虫翅的发育也产生重要的调节作用,从而产生翅的非遗传多型性现象。此外,天敌的寄生或捕食作用可能会诱导某些昆虫的翅型产生隔代表型变化。对昆虫产生翅多型现象的生态学意义及其在生物进化过程中的作用进行了讨论,并探讨了寄生性昆虫翅型分化机制在生物防治上的可能应用途径。功能基因组学和表观遗传学的进一步发展可望为彻底揭示昆虫翅型分化机制提供新的机遇和技术手段。  相似文献   

4.
同种相残是指动物杀死并取食同种其他个体的行为,一般被认为是种群密度自我调节的一种方式,常常是影响种群动态和群落结构的重要因素,具有重要的生态学和进化生物学意义。本文从以下几个方面综述了非社会性植食昆虫的同种相残行为及其机理的研究进展:影响同种相残行为发生的因素,同种相残的获利与代价,同种相残与亲子识别及护幼行为的关系,同种相残的进化驱动力等。对植食性昆虫同种相残行为的研究不但具有重要的理论意义,同时,如果我们对同种相残行为发生的生态学、生理学和遗传学机理进行深入研究,或许有助于我们利用相关机理实现植食性昆虫田间种群数量的自我调控,这将对害虫的综合治理产生重要的影响。  相似文献   

5.
陈兵  骆家宇 《昆虫学报》2023,(9):1258-1270
中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana是我国十分关键和重要的传粉媒介昆虫,在不同栖息地中广泛分布,表现出飞行敏捷、采蜜期长和适应性强等优点。但近些年中华蜜蜂正面临前所未有的种群多样性下降,为保护这些特定的中华蜜蜂种群的遗传资源,研究人员基于几何形态学、分子生物学和基因组学等技术手段对中华蜜蜂遗传分化和环境适应机制进行了研究,而在我国这些多样化的中华蜜蜂种群为揭示其种群适应性进化规律提供了绝佳材料。本文从中华蜜蜂种群遗传分化与环境变化的相关性、形态变异与环境适应、环境适应性生理和行为改变及这些表型变化的遗传机制4个方面综述了相关研究进展。研究发现,物理屏障和生态环境的变化,特别是海拔和纬度相关环境变化是造成中华蜜蜂种群分化的主要原因。气候因子中,温度、氧气、辐射和湿度等对中华蜜蜂环境适应性的形态发育和生理生态特征产生重要影响。形态特征的变化主要体现在体型大小和体色上,代谢生理和行为改变是其环境适应的重要策略。基于现代基因组学和分子生物学技术的种群遗传学和种群基因组学研究发现,与社会分工行为、学习感知行为、信息感知、生长发育、温度适应和代谢等相关的基因或通路受到自然选择作用,这为中华...  相似文献   

6.
天敌昆虫控害机制与可持续利用   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
天敌昆虫是自然生态系统内抑制害虫种群的重要因子,利用天敌昆虫控制农业害虫是安全有效的害虫控制策略,也是未来害虫管理发展的方向.本文在系统总结国内外研究进展的基础上,提出害虫治理要从“被动应急控制”转变为内部助增的“主动促进自然调控”的新理念,创新多种天敌昆虫协同控制多种害虫的“网式协同调控”新途径,建立一个自我维持并可有效降低害虫种群水平的农业生态系统.未来的研究应针对“天敌昆虫调控害虫的内在机制”与“天敌昆虫在农业生态系统中持续发挥作用的生态学基础”等关键科学问题,从基因、个体、种群、群落和生态系统不同层次,重点开展:1)天敌昆虫寄生和捕食害虫的行为与适应机制;2)天敌昆虫大量繁育的营养与生殖生理基础;3)寄生性天敌昆虫与寄主互作的免疫机制;4)天敌昆虫协同控害的生态学机制;5)天敌昆虫可持续利用的生物防治新模式等方面的研究.  相似文献   

7.
线粒体基因组广泛应用于昆虫系统发育、分子进化、种群遗传学及谱系地理学等众多研究领域.半翅目是昆虫纲外翅部中最大的一个目,具有重要的经济意义.目前,已对100种半翅目昆虫进行了线粒体基因组测序,其中81种在中国完成测序.本文综述了半翅目昆虫线粒体基因学研究的已有成果,比较分析了半翅目昆虫线粒体基因组的基本特征,包括基因组大小、基因含量、基因重排、碱基组成、密码子使用、蛋白质编码基因的进化模式、RNA基因及非编码区,并系统总结了线粒体基因组数据在半翅目昆虫系统进化研究中的应用现状.最后,针对线粒体基因组的获得、注释和应用过程中存在的问题进行了讨论,并提出了今后半翅目昆虫线粒体基因组学的研究重点.  相似文献   

8.
害虫的遗传与行为调控   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文综述了昆虫的行为遗传机制、昆虫的发育与变态、昆虫对主要环境因子变化的响应、害虫与寄主植物的化学通讯和多营养级信息网及其对昆虫行为调控等国内外研究进展,提出了害虫治理要从杀灭防治转变为行为调控的新思路和新理念,认为未来的研究将围绕害虫暴发成灾的遗传与行为机理等科学问题,通过深入研究害虫发育变态、行为遗传,及其对关键生态因子和食物网内信号物质适应机制,揭示影响害虫发生的内外关键因素,寻找基于基因和生态调控行为治理害虫的新技术和新方法,为有效开展害虫治理、减少化学农药做出贡献。  相似文献   

9.
《遗传》2016,(8)
作为群体遗传学一种新的表现形式,群体基因组学是将基因组概念和技术与群体遗传学理论体系相结合,通过覆盖全基因组范围内的多态位点的分布式样推测位点特异性效应和全基因组效应,从而提升人们对微进化的理解。近年来,随着第二代高通量测序技术的出现和改进,完成基因组测序的植物种类迅速增加,大规模的重测序也随之开展。与此同时,在一些尚未完成基因组测序的植物物种中,也开展了一些平行测序。这些重测序和平行测序极大地促进了群体基因组学的发展,加深了人们对相关植物种群在基因组水平上的遗传多样性、连锁不平衡水平、选择作用、群体历史及复杂性状的分子机理等群体基因组学方面的认识。本文简要介绍了群体基因组学的概念、研究方法等,重点综述了基于高通量测序的植物群体基因组学的研究动态,展望了植物群体基因组学的发展前景并讨论了存在的问题,以期为相关研究提供借鉴和参考。  相似文献   

10.
昆虫体内共生微生物能够占到昆虫生物量的1%~10%,主要包括细菌、真菌、古菌和病毒。昆虫与共生微生物共进化形成共生体,共生微生物在昆虫生物学性状、多样性形成、生态适应性与抗逆性等多方面发挥着重要的作用。昆虫中的农作物害虫严重影响农业生产。本文对2000年以来农业害虫共生微生物的多样性、研究方法和功能机制、共生微生物之间的互作以及在害虫防控中的应用等方面的研究进展进行综述和展望。随着分子微生态学、宏基因组测序等先进研究方法的不断开发应用,对农业昆虫害虫共生微生物研究的广度和深度都有了突破。发现共生微生物主要通过以下方式影响宿主昆虫:(1)合成营养物质或产生消化酶促进宿主生长发育、拓展宿主生态位;(2)产生保护性代谢物直接保护宿主抵御胁迫,或通过调控寄主植物的防御反应间接地保护宿主;(3)产生活性物质调控宿主的生殖、交配、聚集和运动等行为。昆虫共生微生物的种类和数量在一定时空范围内维持动态变化并对宿主表型产生重要影响,是宿主、环境、共生微生物互作因素之间收益权衡的结果。因此建议进一步开展以下研究:影响共生体形成和维持的分子机制;在更多时空维度上研究共生微生物、宿主、寄主、天敌和环境之间的复杂相互作用;通过定向调控共生体设计绿色高效的害虫防治策略。  相似文献   

11.
12.
Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.  相似文献   

13.
On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics   总被引:20,自引:13,他引:7  
The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.  相似文献   

14.
We discuss the possible links between the fossil record of marine biodiversity, nutrient availability and primary productivity. The parallelism of the fossil records of marine phytoplankton and faunal biodiversity implicates the quantity (primary productivity) and quality (stoichiometry) of phytoplankton as being critical to the diversification of the marine biosphere through the Phanerozoic. The relatively subdued marine biodiversity of the Palaeozoic corresponds to a time of relatively low macronutrient availability and poor food quality of the phytoplankton as opposed to the diversification of the Modern Fauna through the Mesozoic–Cenozoic. Increasing nutrient runoff to the oceans through the Phanerozoic resulted from orogeny, the emplacement of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs), the evolution of deep-rooting forests and the appearance of more easily decomposable terrestrial organic matter that enhanced weathering. Positive feedback by bioturbation of an expanding benthos played a critical role in evolving biogeochemical cycles by linking the oxidation of dead organic matter and the recycling of nutrients back to the water column where they could be re-utilized. We assess our conclusions against a recently published biogeochemical model for geological time-scales. Major peaks of marine diversity often occur near rising or peak fluxes of silica, phosphorus and dissolved reactive oceanic phosphorus; either major or minor 87Sr/86Sr peaks; and frequently in the vicinity of major (Circum-Atlantic Magmatic Province) and minor volcanic events, some of which are associated with Oceanic Anoxic Events. These processes appear to be scale-dependent in that they lie on a continuum between biodiversification on macroevolutionary scales of geological time and mass extinction.  相似文献   

15.
Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.
Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.
  相似文献   

16.
17.
Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m2 s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.  相似文献   

18.
The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.  相似文献   

19.
Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418  相似文献   

20.
Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan  相似文献   

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