桂西北喀斯特坡地典型生境不同植物叶片的碳同位素差异

通过测定7种典型植物的叶片δ13C值,比较了桂西北喀斯特坡地连片裸露石丛及其临近浅薄土层处植物叶片δ13C值及其季节性差异。结果表明:旱季(2008年11月、2009年3月)植物叶片δ13C值显著高于雨季(2009年7月)(P0.05);旱季和雨季菜豆树、铁线莲、黄荆的δ13C值无显著差异(P0.05),而盐肤木、红背山麻杆、蕨、肾蕨旱季显著高于雨季(P0.05);季节性降雨差异对乔木类菜豆树、藤本类的铁线莲以及根系较深灌木叶片δ13C值的影响较小,而对浅根系草本植物、浅根灌木影响较大;旱季和雨季2种生境下菜豆树叶片δ13C值差异均不大,旱季和雨季连片裸岩生境的红背山麻杆和黄荆叶片δ13C值与临近浅薄土层生境值的差异虽不显著(P0.05),但差异大于菜豆树,说明生境条件的差异对这2种灌木叶片δ13C值的影响较大。     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr),叶片气孔导度(Gs)、细胞问CO_2浓度(Ci)、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率.结果表明:当NaCl浓度高于300mmol/L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制(P＜0.05),叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异.NaCl胁迫下,大米革光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状,而WUE则保持在较高的水平,因此在防治大米草蔓延时,排水处理不是最佳选择.     

施肥水平对巨桉幼树叶片气体交换日变化的影响

以巨桉幼树为对象,研究了不同施肥水平(每株施用含N、P2O5和K2O各15%的复合肥0、90、180和270g)下巨桉叶片的气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)日变化,及其叶绿素含量变化,探讨巨桉光合特性与施肥和环境因素之间的关系.结果表明:各处理巨桉叶片Pn的日变化呈"单峰"形曲线,峰值出现在14:00,未出现光合"午休"现象;Gs、Tr和Vpdl的日变化与Pn相同,而Ci的最低值出现在14:00;WUE的日变化呈"双峰"形曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和14:00.与对照处理相比,施肥处理叶片Gs、Pn、Tr、WUE及叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量平均值分别增加4.6%～15.9%、7.8%～21.8%、4.8%～11.6%、3.2%～8.8%、15.5%～62.0%、14.5%～44.5%和15.3%～57.1%,且随施肥量的增加而增加;而叶片Ci和Vpdl平均值分别降低1.7%～4.6%和6.4%～15.2%,且随施肥量的增加而降低.气温、相对湿度(RH)和光合有效辐射(PAR)与Gs、Pn和Tr,Gs与Pn和Tr均显著相关.施肥可以促进巨桉生长、提高水分利用效率和增加生物固碳能力;气温、RH、PAR和Gs是影响巨桉光合作用和蒸腾作用日变化的主要因素.     

土壤水分状况对花生和早稻叶片气体交换的影响

通过田间测坑试验研究了长期处于不同土壤水分状况下花生和早稻叶片气体交换的一些特点.结果表明,花生分枝期轻度和中度水分胁迫使气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)略有下降,净光合速率(Pn)和叶片水分利用效率(WUE)减小,轻度水分胁迫Gs/Tr略有上升而中度胁迫Gs/Tr变小.花生结荚期轻度和中度水分胁迫都使Gs、Tr、Gs/Tr和Pn显著降低,WUE大幅度上升.花生结荚期明显受土壤水分胁迫影响.早稻灌浆期轻度和中度水分胁迫Gs、Tr和Gs/Tr变化不显著,Pn和WUE增加,并且轻度水分胁迫下籽粒产量增加.Gs和Gs/Tr变化情况相结合可以作为作物水分胁迫程度的一个参考指标,即如果Gs和Gs/Tr同时下降则作物已经受到水分胁迫影响.     

模拟光条件下禾本科植物和藜科植物蒸腾特性与水分利用效率比较

利用人工模拟光源研究了两种 C4 光合途径禾本科植物 (虎尾草、狗尾草 )和两种 C3光合途径藜科植物 (藜、绿藜 )的光合速率 ( Pn)、蒸腾速率 ( Tr)、水分利用率 ( WUE)、气孔导度 ( Gs)、胞间 CO2 浓度 ( Ci)及叶面饱和蒸气压亏缺 ( Vpdl)随模拟光辐射 ( SPR)增强的变化规律及 Gs、Ci、Vpdl对 Tr和 WUE的影响。结果表明 :( 1 ) 4种植物的 Pn和 Tr均随 SPR增强而增大 ,两种藜科植物最大净 Pn和 Tr均高于两种禾本科植物的最大净 Pn和 Tr。 ( 2 ) WUE随 SPR增强先增大后减小 ,两种禾本科植物和两种藜科植物分别在SPR为 40 0、1 2 0 0 μmol/( m2·s)时达到最大值 ,禾本科植物的最大 WUE明显高于藜科植物。 ( 3) 4种植物的 Gs、Ci均随 SPR的增强而减小 ,两种藜科植物的 Gs和 Ci均显著高于两种禾本科植物。4种植物的 Vpdl均随 SPR增强而增大 ,禾本科植物高于藜科植物。实验表明 ,在以水分为限制因素的半干旱草原区 ,禾本科植物具有更好的保水机制和更高的水分利用效率 ,与藜科植物相比 ,在水分生态上具有一定的竞争优势。     

冠层高度对毛竹叶片光合生理特性的影响

借助LI-6400便携式光合作用系统,研究了冠层高度对不同林龄毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)叶片光合生理特性和水分利用效率(WUE)的季节性影响,为促进毛竹林碳汇能力和生产力提升的林分结构调整等可持续栽培技术提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)出笋期,不同竹龄毛竹叶片净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的日均值呈现出冠层上部小于冠层下部的梯度变化趋势,且2a生毛竹不同冠层Pn日均值大于3a生毛竹;孕笋行鞭期,不同林龄毛竹各时间点Pn值和日均值、以及2年生毛竹各时间点的Tr值均为冠层上部大于冠层下部。各生长季节,不同林龄毛竹个体叶片的气孔导度(Gs)均与Tr的变化趋势一致。(2)2年生毛竹各季节仅冠层上部叶片会出现"光合午休",而3年生毛竹仅于出笋期时各冠层叶片出现"光合午休"现象。(3)出笋期毛竹叶片WUE日均值随着冠层高度增加而增加,这种变化趋势不受竹龄影响;而孕笋行鞭期,仅2年生毛竹叶片WUE日均值随着冠层高度增加而下降。不同冠层高度的孕笋行鞭期毛竹叶片WUE日均值都显著高于出笋期;冠层高度对毛竹叶片气体交换特性和WUE的影响受生长发育关键期的季节因素影响,且毛竹叶片WUE与Gs之间存在负相关关系,其不受毛竹个体年龄和叶片冠层高度影响。(4)不同生长季节各冠层叶绿素a/b值均随着冠层高度下降而降低,不同林龄毛竹叶片叶绿素含量基本随着冠层自上而下呈逐渐增加的趋势。各生长季节,不同林龄个体叶片氮素含量、比叶重随冠层高度垂直变化趋势与叶片Pn日均值的垂直变化趋势一致。研究认为,毛竹不同冠层部位叶片通过改变形态、氮素含量来适应不同生长季节生长环境的变化,以便充分利用光能提高光合能力。     

光强和施氮量对催吐萝芙木叶片生长及光合作用的影响

通过不同光强（15%、40%和70%自然光强）和施氮量（15、30和60g/株）的盆栽试验,研究了不同光照强度和施氮量对催吐萝芙木（Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel.）叶片生长和光合特性的影响。结果表明：光强和施氮量显著影响了催吐萝芙木叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶绿素含量（Chl）、比叶面积（SLA）和叶生物量比（LMR）（p〈0.01）,Pn和Gs均随光强、施氮量的增加而增大,70%自然光强下叶片Pn和Gs显著高于15%和40%自然光强处理。总体而言,低光条件下,更有利于其叶绿素的合成,且施氮量对叶绿素含量的影响不大。低光处理和重度施氮量均有利于催吐萝芙木叶片SLA增大和叶生物量的分配,但实验中光强和施氮量处理并未引起催吐萝芙木叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm发生显著变化。光强和施氮量对催吐萝芙木叶片净光合速率（P）、气孔导度（G）、水分利用效率（WUE）等光合生理指标具有显著的交互作用（p〈0.05）。     

水肥耦合对汉源花椒幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

以汉源花椒幼苗为试验材料,通过盆栽试验研究了不同水肥耦合处理对汉源花椒叶片气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE)和叶面饱和水汽压亏缺(Vpdl)日变化的影响,并探讨了汉源花椒光合特性与土壤田间持水量(FWC)、施肥量(包括施全量NPK、1/2NPK和不施肥,其中全量NPK含尿素150 kg N/hm~2、过磷酸钙60kg P_2O_5/hm~2和硫酸钾150 kg K_2O/hm~2)和环境因子间的关系。结果表明:各处理汉源花椒叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和Vpdl日变化均呈"单峰"型曲线,其峰值分别出现在10:00—12:00、10:00—12:00、14:00和14:00左右,没有出现光合"午休"现象;Ci最低值出现在10:00—12:00左右;WUE日变化呈"双峰"型曲线,峰值分别出现在10:00和16:00左右,但第2个峰值明显低于第1个峰值。NPK+50%FWC和1/2NPK+50%FWC两处理叶片Pn日变化峰值出现在12:00左右,而其他处理均出现在10:00左右。叶片Gs、Pn、Tr和WUE平均值均随施肥量的增加而增加,而Ci和V_(pdl)平均值随施肥量的增加而降低。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr平均值随土壤水分含量的增加总体上呈先增加后降低的趋势变化;Ci平均值总体上随土壤水分含量的增加而增加;WUE平均值随土壤水分含量的增加而降低;V_(pdl)平均值随土壤水分含量的增加呈先降低后增加的趋势变化。叶片Pn与地径(D)、苗高(H)、D~2H、叶绿素含量和chla/chlb比值呈显著正相关。为了促进植株生长和获得较高的叶片Pn和WUE,土壤水分应控制在35.9%—46.7%FWC。叶片Gs、Pn和Tr与光合有效辐射强度(PAR)呈显著正相关,Tr与气温的相关系数高于它与其他环境因子的相关系数,提高叶片Pn的最佳PAR为1263.6μmol m~(-2)s~(-1)。说明适宜的土壤水分含量和肥料施用量能延长汉源花椒叶片Pn达到峰值的时间,对提高叶片Pn和WUE及促进植株生长具有重要作用;PAR是影响叶片Gs和Pn的主要环境因子,气温是影响叶片Tr的首要环境因子。     

NaCl胁迫对大米草光合·蒸腾等生理特性的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫下大米草净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）,叶片气孔导度（Gs）、细胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、株高、叶长、叶宽、茎粗、叶绿素含量、气孔限制值和水分利用效率。结果表明：当NaCl浓度高于300mmol／L时,大米草Pn、Tr、Gs、株高、叶长以及叶绿素含量受到显著抑制（P〈0．05）,叶宽及茎粗则无显著性差异。NaCl胁迫下,大米草光合速率的降低是气孔因素和非气孔因素综合导致的结果,Pn、Tr、Gs、株高以及叶绿素含量的降低可作为大米草受NaCl胁迫的症状．而WUE则保持在较高的水平．因此在防治大米草荨延时．排水处理不是最佳选择。     

铝胁迫对蓼科植物生长和光合、蒸腾特性的影响

采用水培试验,设置5种铝处理浓度,研究了铝对3种蓼科植物酸模叶蓼、杠板归和辣蓼叶片光合、蒸腾和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,高铝处理(400μmol.L-1)显著抑制3种蓼科植物地上部和根系生长,并且导致3种蓼科植物叶片叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、净光合速率(Pn)、水分利用效率(WUE)、PSII光合电子传递量子效率(φPSII)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)显著下降。中低铝处理(25~100μmol.L-1)时,与对照相比,酸模叶蓼生物量显著增加,杠板归显著减少,辣蓼先增加后减少。其中,酸模叶蓼和辣蓼叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、qP均未发生显著变化,但辣蓼WUE、φPSII和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著下降,酸模叶蓼无显著变化;而杠板归除Ci、Fv/Fm外,其余叶片光合、蒸腾及叶绿素荧光参数均出现显著下降。上述结果表明,酸模叶蓼在中低铝处理条件下可通过保持较高的叶绿素含量、Chla/Chlb、WUE、Pn、PSII反应中心光化学反应效率以及提高非辐射能量耗散来增强其对铝的耐性。     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of arsine and methylarsines in soil and in culture

Arsenate, arsenite, monomethylarsonate, and dimethylarsinate were added to different soils, and evolution of gaseous arsenical products was determined over 3 weeks. Arsine was produced in all three soils from all substrates, whereas methylarsine and dimethylarsine were produced only from methylarsonate and dimethylarsinate, respectively. At least three times more arsine than dimethylarsine was produced in soil incubated with dimethylarsinate. Resting cell suspensions of Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes produced arsine as the sole product when incubated anaerobically in the presence of arsenate or arsenite. In all instances, no trimethylarsine was observed, nor could any evidence be shown for the methylation of any arsenical substrate in soil or in culture. It was concluded that reduction to arsine, not methylation to trimethylarsine, was the primary mechanism for gaseous loss of arsenicals from soil.     

Activity of native and dextran-modified hyaluronidase in in vitro and in vivo systems

Modified hyaluronidase derivatives have been obtained. Covalent coupling of the enzyme with aldehyde dextran results in 65-85% protein binding to the carrier, residual catalytic activity accounting for 90-100% of the baseline. Modified hyaluronidase is more thermostable than the native enzyme. The data on intravenous drug distribution in the mouse organs are promising and ensure effective use of modified hyaluronidase for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.     

Importance of guanine nitration and hydroxylation in DNA in vitro and in vivo

Guanine (Gua) modification by nitrating and hydroxylating systems was investigated in DNA. In isolated calf thymus DNA, 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua were dose-dependently formed with peroxynitrite, and 8-NO(2)-Gua was released in substantial amounts. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) with H(2)O(2) and NO(2)(-) reacted with calf thymus DNA to form 8-NO(2)-Gua dose dependently without release of 8-NO(2)-Gua. The frequency of strand breaks was higher than the sum of 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua, particularly in the MPO-treated DNA, indicating the importance of other types of damage. The activation of human neutrophils and lymphocytes with phorbol ester did not induce 8-NO(2)-Gua and 8-oxo-Gua in their nuclear DNA. However, 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in calf thymus DNA co-incubated with activated neutrophils in the presence of NO(2)(-). No significant formation of 8-NO(2)-Gua was found in liver DNA from mice treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The incubation of peroxynitrite or MPO-H(2)O(2)-NO(2)(-)-treated DNA with formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg) released 8-oxo-Gua, but not 8-NO(2)-Gua, indicating that 8-NO(2)-Gua is not a substrate for Fpg. Although 8-NO(2)-Gua was generated in isolated DNA by different nitrating systems, other types of damage were formed in abundance, and the lesion could not be found reliably in nuclear DNA, suggesting that the biological importance is limited.     

Development and comparison of in vivo and in vitro models for endometritis in cows and mares

In order to investigate pathogenic mechanisms of acute endometritis in cows and mares, we established an in vivo model in both species. Based on the results of an in vitro transmigration system, human recombinant interleukin-8 (rhIL-8; 1.25 microg per mare and 5 microg per cow in 50 ml phosphate-buffered saline) was used to attract polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) into the uteri. Peak numbers of uterine neutrophils were attracted after 6h, in both cows and mares. On average, mares responded more sensitively than cows, with 15 times higher numbers of rhIL-8-attracted uterine neutrophils (72+/-8 x 10(7)cells). In contrast to in vitro studies, in vivo migrated neutrophils (uterine neutrophils) of both species displayed a significantly reduced MHC class I expression. Expression of the CD11a molecule was significantly enhanced on equine uterine neutrophils but downregulated on bovine cells. Compared with untreated autologous peripheral neutrophils, both uterine and in vitro migrated neutrophils showed no alteration of phagocytic capacity. The ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly upregulated in bovine and equine uterine neutrophils. This was also observed after in vitro migration of equine neutrophils, whereas ROS generation by bovine neutrophils was significantly depressed. In summary, the concept of inducing endometritis directly by local application of human interleukin-8 has been reliably successful in cows and mares. The model permits the analysis of PMN migration into the uterus under defined and controlled conditions. The observed differences between cows and mares with respect to phenotypical and functional characteristics of in vivo attracted uterine cells point to species-related features of neutrophil migration. In vitro transmigrated bovine and equine cells partially differ in phenotype and function from uterine neutrophils. Therefore, the in vitro transmigration assay cannot completely represent the in vivo endometritis model described here.     

Biosynthesis of beta-glucuronides of retinol and of retinoic acid in vivo and in vitro

After the intraportal injection of retinol-6,7-(14)C to rats, the O-ether derivative of retinol, retinyl -glucosiduronate, appears in the bile. Both retinoyl -glucuronide and retinyl -glucosiduronate are also synthesized in vitro when washed rat liver microsomes are incubated with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid (UDPGA) and either retinoic acid or retinol, respectively. The synthesis of retinoyl -glucuronide was also demonstrated in microsomes of the kidney and in particulate fractions of the intestinal mucosa. The glucuronides were characterized by their UV absorption spectra, by their quenching of UV light or fluorescence under it, by their thin-layer chromatographic behavior in two solvent systems, and by the identification of products released during their hydrolysis by -glucuronidase. With retinoic acid as the substrate, the UDP glucuronyl transferase of rat liver microsomes had a pH optimum of 7.0, a temperature optimum of 38 degrees C, and a marked dependence on the concentrations of both retinoic acid and UDPGA, but was unaffected by a number of possible inhibitors, protective agents, and competitive substrates. The conversion of retinal to retinoic acid and the synthesis of retinoyl -glucuronide from retinoic acid could not be detected in whole homogenates, cell fractions, or outer segments of the bovine retina.     

Interactions of cadmium and selenium in rat plasma in vivo and in vitro

⁷⁵Se and ¹⁰⁹Cd tracers were used to study the binding of Se and Cd to plasma proteins at various SeO₃^2? doses and times up to 24 h after the simultaneous subcutaneous administration of SeO₃^2? and CdCl₂ to adult male rats. The simultaneous injection of CdCl₂ and SeO₃^2? markedly increased both Se and Cd plasma levels over that in control animals. Gel permeation chromatography of plasma indicated that at all times up to 24 h Cd and Se were bound in an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1 in 330 000 and 130 000 dalton fractions. From 4 to 24 h, Cd and Se appeared in the 420 000 dalton fraction, also with an atomic ratio of approx. 1 : 1. The 330 000 dalton molecules appeared to have a maximal binding capacity for the Cd-Se complex at a concentration of approx. 30 μmol/ml of plasma, while the 130 000 and 420 000 dalton molecules show a higher binding capacity. Studies in vitro revealed that SeO₃^2? does not interact directly with Cd and plasma proteins. It is metabolized by erythrocytes to a form that interacts in an atomic ratio of 1 : 1 with Cd to form a protein-bound complex of 130 000 daltons.