苦草根系对硝氮和氨氮的吸收

硝氮(NO3--N)和氨氮(NH4+-N)是湖泊沉积物间隙水生物可利用氮源的主要形态。论文通过稳定性同位素15N示踪技术,通过模拟实验分别研究了苦草根系对NH4+-N和NO3--N的吸收及其与氮浓度的关系。结果显示,苦草(Vallisneria natan)根系对NH4+-N的吸收显著高于NO3--N;根系吸收氮后向叶转移,而且NO3--N为氮源时其转移速率较高;NH4+-N浓度的变化对苦草吸收NO3--N有影响,当NH4+-N浓度小于0.072 mmol/L时,根系对NO3--N的吸收随NH4+-N浓度的增加而增加,随后降低并趋于平稳;同时,NO3--N浓度对苦草吸收NH4+-N也有类似的影响。     

五川源头溪流系统氮的迁移和转化

利用氮稳定同位素法、综合常规水样监测以及微环境培养方法探讨了五川农业溪流沿程氮的迁移转化过程.结果表明,溪流沿程NO3-N浓度变化范围为0.5～4.5 mg L-1,平均为1.26 mg L-1,且多数月份总体上呈逐渐升高的趋势,同时NO-3的δ15N存在降低趋势,两者呈线性负相关(R2>0.80),表现明显的硝化过程典型特征.各采样点的NO2-N、DO、DOC浓度与NO3-N也存在一定的线性相关关系,说明了硝化过程的发生和氮在不同形态之间的转化.溪流水体微环境培养实验证明了水体中的NH4-N和NO3-N浓度在培养期内并无明显变化,以上数据和相关关系充分表明了流域沿程地表径流氮素输入和溪流系统沉积物和水体界面的硝化过程共同作用可能是五川溪流沿程NO3-N与NH4-N浓度升高,而NO-3的δ15N值减小的主要原因.因此,在农业流域的污染源评价中,需要重新审视和调查河道系统内部氮的转化和贡献.     

重庆典型地区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化

验连续3a采集雨样研究了重庆市郊区和林区大气湿沉降氮的时空变化.结果表明,重庆市近郊区、远郊区和林区3个采样点雨水总氮浓度范围为(3.94±0.50)～(4.56±1.01)mg L-1,平均(4.27±0.73)mg L-1.NH+4-N、NO-3-N和DON占TN百分比例分别为44.9%、27.4%和27.5%.降雨中NH+4-N对氮沉降量的贡献率最大.在时间尺度上,不同季节降雨中氮浓度呈现明显的季节性差异,以冬季最高,依次是夏季、春季和秋季.在空间分布上,近郊区、远郊区和林区的TN平均浓度分别为4.56 mg L-1、4.32 mg L-1和3.94 mg L-1,从近郊区到林区有逐渐降低的趋势.降雨中的NH+4-N、NO-3-N、DON和TN浓度与降雨量无显著相关性.但是,降雨量与氮沉降量呈显著正相关.大气氮湿沉降时空差异与降雨量和氮排放直接相关.重庆市随降雨到达地面的氮沉降量较高,远远超过了水体负荷的临界值,可能对三峡库区的水资源产生不利影响.     

厦门两水库冬季水体氮的空间分布及相关环境因子

探讨了厦门市湖边、石兜-坂头两座水库冬季水体氮的空间分布特征,并分析了各形态氮与环境因子间的相关性,揭示了水库水体中氮形态的迁移转化,为水库水污染防治提供科学依据.研究表明:湖边水库水体TN的平均含量为1.36mg·L-1,石兜-坂头水库的石兜、坂头库区水体TN的平均含量分别为1.44、1.45mg·L-1.湖边水库潜在污染为外源污染,但石兜-坂头水库潜在污染为内源污染.湖边水库和石兜-坂头水库水体氮形态都以无机氮为主,占TN的比例分别为61.7%和58.0%.湖边水库主要无机氮为NO3-,石兜-坂头水库主要无机氮是NH4+.湖边水库NH4+与NO3-存在显著正相关性,NH4+与DO存在负相关性;石兜-坂头水库坂头库区NH4+与透明度存在正相关性,与pH存在负相关性.     

不同氮形态对AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响

以Long-Ashton培养基为基础,采用NH4+-N、NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N 3种氮源,研究了不同氮形态对AM真菌孢子萌发和菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,孢子的萌发速度在NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N培养基上先快后慢,而NH4+-N培养基上先慢后快,但最终三者的萌发率没有差异,均达到50%左右;菌丝生长对3种氮形态的反应存在显著差异,NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N培养基上的菌丝生长速率和长度大于NH4+-N培养基上的相应值。本试验表明,与NO3--N和NH4+-NO3--N 相比,NH4+-N虽然没有降低AM真菌孢子的萌发率,但是能够抑制萌发菌丝的生长。     

深水湖泊沉积物不同形态氮的生物地球化学特征——以百花湖为例

深水湖泊经历氧化及还原环境的交替变化,影响着湖泊水体氮的生物地球化学过程;其底层沉积物中一般具有特有的还原环境,其间氮的生物地球化学转化过程复杂。本文以云贵高原典型深水湖泊百花湖为例,在湖泊水体夏季分层期采集底层沉积物柱体,将沉积物柱体分层处理后,对不同深度沉积物中孔隙水、水溶态和吸附态不同形态氮含量,以及沉积物中颗粒态有机氮(PON)含量和同位素进行分析。结果表明,沉积物柱体孔隙水中的总氮(TN)主要由NH4+-N和有机氮两种形式存在,TN含量为6.9~42.8 mg·L-1,NH4+-N含量为6.6~25.6 mg·L-1。硝态氮及亚硝态氮含量均低于检测限,说明沉积物中硝酸盐经历了充分的反硝化过程以及可能存在的异化还原过程。吸附态NH4+-N含量明显高于水溶态。沉积物中的颗粒有机氮含量为0.22%~0.60%。同时,颗粒有机氮含量在剖面上的变化趋势符合指数衰减模式,表明颗粒态有机氮含量的变化可能经历成岩作用和微生物矿化过程;δ15N-PON值在31 cm以上随着深度的加深逐渐减小,变化范围为3.4‰~10.0‰,平均值为6.4‰,其中以10 cm以上同位素值降低趋势明显,其可能原因与微生物降解活动以及湖泊水体的交换有关。31 cm以下δ15N-PON值的变化趋势与表层相反,则可能是早期成岩作用影响的结果。孔隙水中δ15N-TN同位素值最高,吸附态和水溶态差异较小,且该同位素组成较PON富集15N,可推测孔隙水剖面NH4+-N浓度的升高可能与硝酸盐的异化还原有关。     

小流域内植被类型对土壤NO3-/NH4+空间变化的影响

流域内植被类型、地形地貌特征对土壤氮循环过程有重要的作用,是影响下游水体无机氮素来源以及富营养化的关键因子。通过比较小流域内4种植被类型(落叶松人工林、油松人工林、天然阔叶次生林和农田(玉米))对土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量空间变化的影响,揭示流域内不同立地条件下水源涵养林与土壤无机氮变化特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量差异显著(P<0.05);由坡上到坡下土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量显著降低;在土壤表层NO3--N和NH4+-N含量最高,随着土层深度增加无机氮含量减少;与水源涵养林天然植被和人工林植被相比,农田土壤NO3--N含量最高(11.86mg·kg-1),有较高的氮流失风险。     

粤东柘林湾无机氮的时空分布特征

2000年5月～2001年5月对粤东柘林湾海域调查结果表明该湾三氮分布呈湾内向湾外递减趋势,湾内以西部海域含量为高,NO3-N是柘林湾无机氮的主要存在形态,其含量呈冬春季高,夏秋季低的特点,NH4-N和NO2-N与盐度的相关性较差,NO3-N则除秋季外,其余季节与盐度均呈良好的负相关关系,表现保守性行为。     

藏东南大气氮湿沉降动态变化——以林芝观测点为例

利用量雨器和湿沉降收集仪在藏东南通过2a的试验, 研究了该区大气氮素沉降的浓度、沉降量以及季节变化规律.结果表明:藏东南大气氮素湿沉降(无机氮)为1.33～3.05 kg/ (hm2·a),平均值为2.36 kg/ (hm2·a),降水中铵态氮和硝态氮的平均浓度分别为0.36 mg/L和0.10 mg/L ,NH+4-N/ NO-3-N接近4 .各形态氮月均浓度之间差别较大,具有明显的季节性,其中NH+4-N月均浓度动态变化明显,5、6、7月份浓度较高(＞0.5 mg/L),NO-3-N 12月份浓度(0.49 mg/L)为全年最高;氮浓度的季节变化,以春冬较高,夏秋季较低,离散程度以春季最大.降水量与各形态氮沉降呈一定幂型负相关,相关系数为0.705,0.641,分别达到0.006 (NH+4-N)和0.019(NO-3-N)的显著水平.氮月沉降以5～6月份最高,占全年的32.3%;氮季沉降以夏季所占比例最高,约占50%,冬季最低(2%～3%).     

水源涵养林不同植被类型土壤NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N分布特征

以辽宁东部山地水源涵养林为对象,选择槭树-蒙古栎林、山杨林、白桦-山杨林和落叶松人工林等4种植被类型,测定其土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N、pH值、容重、有机碳和全氮等理化指标,分析了植被类型、土壤层次与土壤无机氮分布特征之间的关系。结果表明:4种植被类型土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N在土壤表层(0~5 cm)含量最高,由表层向下逐渐降低;土壤总无机氮含量大小为落叶松人工林(27.46 mg·kg-1)山杨林(21.76 mg·kg-1)槭树-蒙古栎林(19.09 mg·kg-1)白桦-山杨林(17.88 mg·kg-1);阔叶林中NH4+-N是土壤无机氮的主要存在形式,而落叶松人工林土壤中NO3--N所占比例较高;水源涵养林土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N均与土壤有机质、土壤含水量呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。总体而言,植被类型对土壤无机氮分布有较大影响,研究结果可为辽东山区水源涵养林植被类型的选择和结构调控提供参考。     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Similar aerosol emission rates and viral loads in upper respiratory tracts for COVID-19 patients with Delta and Omicron variant infection

Highlights
1 Aerosol emission rates of Delta or Omicron patients were similar.
2 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of Alpha, Delta and Omicron patients were similar.
3 Viral loads in upper respiratory tract of vaccinated or unvaccinated Delta patients had no difference.     

Recombinant human interferon-α1b inhibits SARS-CoV-2 better than interferon-α2b in vitro

Highlights
1) A comprehensive evaluation method for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs was established based on RT-qPCR, TCID₅₀ method, and immunofluorescence.
2) A significant antiviral effect of rHuIFN-α1b was shown with EC₅₀=0.12 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=0.52 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells, which was better than rHuIFN-α2b (EC₅₀=0.25 IU/mL in Vero cells and EC₅₀=2.48 IU/mL in Calu-3 cells).
3) rHuIFN-α1b has a good potential in the application of anti-COVID-19 therapy.     

Continued antigenic variation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in laying hens in China, 2020–2021

Highlights
1. 13 strains of H7N9 viruses from laying hens in 2020 and 2021 were identified.
2. H7N9 viruses in China comprised at least 11 genotypes.
3. H7N9 viruses are high pathogenic in chickens, not in ducks.
4. The most H7N9 viruses cross-reacted poorly with H7-Re3 antiserum.
5. The H7-Re3 vaccine was unable to prevent H7N9 infection.