松毛虫属（Dendrolimus) 部分种类亲缘关系与遗传分化的等位酶分析

采用等位酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对松毛虫属5个种和亚种的野生种群进行了亲缘关系和遗传变异的研究.8种等位酶系统(乳酸脱氢酶LDH、苹果酸脱氢酶MDH、苹果酸酶ME、乙醇脱氢酶ADH、甲酸脱氢酶FDH、谷氨酸脱氢酶GDH、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)共检测到12个基因位点,其中6个位点为多态位点,检测到15个等位基因.松毛虫属5个种和亚种的总体水平多态位点比率P＝50%,平均有效基因数A = 1.917,平均期望杂合度He =0.267,平均遗传距离为0.0730～0.5701.遗传参数表明松毛虫属昆虫种间存在较高程度的遗传变异,聚类图和遗传距离数据表明赤松毛虫与马尾松毛虫亲缘关系最近,落叶松毛虫与思茅松毛虫亲缘关系最远.     

四种松毛虫不同地理种群遗传多样性的等位酶分析

【目的】采用等位酶电泳技术对中国松毛虫属Dendrolimus 4种共9个地理种群进行遗传多样性和遗传分化研究。【方法】对6种等位酶系统乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）、苹果酸酶（ME）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、甲酸脱氢酶（FDH）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析。【结果】在4种松毛虫9个地理居群中共检测到10个基因位点,其中4个位点为多态位点,检测到17个等位基因; 种群总体水平多态位点比率P=40%,平均有效基因数A=1.700,平均期望杂合度He=0.151,种群平均遗传距离为0.001～0.285; 其中马尾松毛虫指名亚种Dendrolimu punctatus Walker 6个居群的遗传分化度Fst=0.265,基因流Nm=0.692。4种松毛虫之间遗传关系最近的是落叶松毛虫D. superans Butler和马尾松毛虫的地理亚种赤松毛虫D. punctatus spectabilis Butler,遗传关系最远的是落叶松毛虫D. superans Butler和云南松毛虫D. houi Lajonquiere。【结论】 马尾松毛虫居群间遗传分化程度较大,基因交流较少,遗传漂变已经成为导致该物种种群分化的主要原因之一;遗传距离与地理距离存在一定相关性。     

内蒙古亚洲小车蝗种群遗传多样性的微卫星分析

亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus Bei-Bienko是我国北方草原和农牧交错区主要的害虫之一。为了从分子水平评价内蒙古地区亚洲小车蝗种群的遗传多样性和种群间遗传分化, 本文采用8对微卫星引物对内蒙古15个地点的亚洲小车蝗种群进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明： 各位点有效等位基因数为3.4517~13.2881, 多态信息含量值为0.5601~0.8563, Shannon氏多样性指数在0.7018~4.1789之间。15个种群的平均期望杂合度为0.6836, Nei氏期望杂合度为0.5303~0.6513, 群体遗传距离为0.1092~0.4235, 群体分化率Fst平均值为0.1612, 基因流Nm平均值为1.6164。8个微卫星位点均具有较高的多态性, 各种群间的遗传分化水平较大, 基因交流程度中等, 个体间的遗传变异大于种群间的遗传变异。15个不同地点的亚洲小车蝗种群根据遗传距离共聚为6支。种群间遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关关系。高山和沙漠对不同地区亚洲小车蝗种群的迁移具有阻碍作用, 可能是形成遗传分化的主要原因。研究结果从分子水平探索不同地区亚洲小车蝗种群间的内在联系, 为制定亚洲小车蝗的综合治理策略提供了分子生物学的基础资料。     

内蒙古地区亚洲小车蝗不同地理种群的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术对内蒙古地区亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus(B.-bienko)9个不同地理种群90个个体进行扩增,8条随机引物扩增共产生了78条带,多态性片段为62条。对Nei′s基因多样性指数和遗传距离进行分析,结果表明:种群间的遗传分化系数为0.2343,即23.43%的遗传变异存在于种群间,种群内的遗传分化系数为0.7657,即76.57%的遗传多样性存在于种群内,群体内遗传多样性大于群体间遗传多样性。用NJ法对这3个种群的Nei′s遗传距离作聚类分析,结果表明亚洲小车蝗不同种群的遗传分化程度与地理距离具有正相关关系。     

中国东亚飞蝗两个种群遗传分化的研究

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术,分析了我国河北平山、辽宁葫芦岛两个蝗区东亚飞蝗自然种群的遗传结构。在酶谱分析的19个位点中,多数位点的等位基因数目较少,而位点Aat—l、Pgi和Mdh—2的等位基因数目相对较多。由于杂合子数目较少而使每个基因位点的平均杂合度降低(Ho=0．024和0．028)。对每个位点的各基因型进行x^2检验,绝大多数位点的基因型频率偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡。较低的Fst值(Fst=0．021)表明两个种群的遗传分化程度不高。两个种群间较高的遗传一致度(I=0．991)和较小的遗传距离(D=0．092)也证实了上述结果。由此推测,该蝗虫较强的迁飞能力有可能增强种群间的基因交流,降低种群间的遗传分化。然而,在一些等位酶指标如位点Ao-2、Fbp—l、Mdh—2的等位基因频率分布、每个位点的平均等位基因数(A=2．5和2．7)和多态位点百分率(P=52．6％和57．9％)等,两个种群之间呈现出明显的差异。这也许与两个种群之间不同的生态环境条件和较远的地理距离有关。     

棉铃虫地理种群的等位酶变异

利用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳检测了棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera的13种等位酶：α-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(α-GPDH)、酸性磷酸酯酶(ACPH)、碱性磷酸酯酶(ALP)、醛氧化酶(AO)、酯酶(EST)、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶(GOT)、己糖激酶(HEX)、亮氨酸氨肽酶(LAP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH)、苹果酸酶(ME)、磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)和黄嘌呤脱氢酶(XDH),染色采用双染法。对其中9种等位酶的遗传变异进行了分析,包括13个位点,6个位点表现出多态性,7个位点是单态的,其中多态性位点比例为46.15%。AO、GOT、LAP、LDH、ME和XDH计算出棉铃虫的平均杂合度为0.1160,南京、成都、武穴、衡阳和哈密5个种群的平均遗传距离为0.0008～0.0293,平均遗传相似度为0.9707～0.992。棉铃虫种群内存在很高的遗传多态性,而已测定的种群间遗传分化程度较小,种群间没有基因交流的障碍。迁飞阻碍了不同地理种群间的遗传分化。     

中国东亚飞蝗四个地理种群遗传结构的比较研究

利用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳技术,分析了不同蝗区东亚飞蝗四个地理种群的遗传结构。在检测的20个酶基因座位中,四个种群均表现出一定的遗传多态性, 多态位点的百分率普遍偏高 (P=70%～80%),但由于杂合子数目较少而使每个位点的平均杂合度观察值偏低(H_o=0.023～0.032)。对每个基因座位的各基因型进行χ²检验, 除 Adk-1、Gdh-1、G3pd-1和Pgm-1在部分种群符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡外,其余绝大多数基因座位的基因型频率显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡。从F统计量看,四个种群之间的遗传分化较低(F_st=0.0606 )。它表明： 东亚飞蝗较强的长距离迁飞行为增加了种群之间的基因交流, 降低了种群之间的遗传分化。根据Nei的遗传一致度（I）和Roger的遗传距离（D）进行分析, 在山西临猗与山西永济(I=0.964, D=0.175)、河南中牟与江苏沛县种群(I=0.957, D=0.160)之间,呈现出较高的遗传一致度和较小的遗传距离。结果表明： 迁飞性蝗虫东亚飞蝗种群之间的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关。     

雪豹的微卫星DNA遗传多样性

利用微卫星DNA标记,对来自青海囊谦县、治多县以及甘肃阿克塞县3个地区的36份雪豹(Panthera uncia)粪便DNA样品进行了遗传多样性研究。结果显示,在8个微卫星位点上共检测到57个等位基因,有效等位基因数为2.190~5.488,平均每个位点的等位基因数为7.130,基因频率分布不均匀;期望杂合度为0.543~0.847,平均0.759;多态信息含量为0.458~0.829,平均0.722;表明这8个微卫星位点均为高度多态性位点,有较丰富的遗传多样性。3个样地雪豹居群之间的遗传距离与地理距离相关,地理距离最近的青海省囊谦县和治多县的雪豹居群遗传距离最小。根据雪豹平均遗传分化度Fst(0.053)、平均基因流(4.488)以及STRUCTURE聚类分析结果(当K=1时,ln P(D)值最大),推测3个居群间虽然有一定的遗传距离,但均来自同一个种群,暂无分化现象。     

基于微卫星标记的中国枣食芽象甲地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】枣食芽象甲Scythropus yasumatsui是我国北方枣树Zizyphus jujuba上的一种重要的灾害性害虫,在陕西、山西、河北、河南等枣树主产区普遍发生。本研究旨在揭示我国枣食芽象甲不同种群间的遗传分化和基因交流规律。【方法】利用枣食芽象甲转录组测序的SSR序列,使用荧光标记PCR及毛细管电泳分型方法,筛选出8个微卫星位点,对我国5个省份(山西、陕西、宁夏、河北和河南)10个地理种群共308头枣食芽象甲样本进行种群遗传多样性分析。【结果】8个SSR位点均存在无效等位基因且偏离哈迪 温伯格平衡。各位点的有效等位基因数(Ne)为2.113~8.016,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.561~0.908,期望杂合度(He)为0.476~0.865;种群间遗传分化系数(Fst)平均值为0.151;基因流(Nm)平均值为1.594。枣食芽象甲种群间遗传分化系数与地理距离之间显著正相关(r=0.596, P=0.0035),基于Nei’s遗传距离和Cavalli-Sforza & Edwards余弦遗传距离的系统进化树将10个地理种群均聚为3个相同的分支。【结论】结果说明,枣食芽象甲种群遗传多样性较高,不同地理种群间存在高度的遗传分化,且有一定的基因交流;地理隔离是影响枣食芽象甲地理种群遗传分化和基因交流的重要因素。     

日本稻蝗部分种群遗传多样性研究

采用随机引物扩增多态性分析方法,研究我国长江以南地理距离跨度较大的6个不同种群日本稻蝗Oxya japonica的种群遗传学关系.10条随机引物对57个日本稻蝗个体共扩增出131个片段,其中多态性位点为128个,总的多态位点百分率是97.7%.种群问的遗传分化系数表明:日本稻蝗的遗传变异大部分存在于种群内.Nei's遗传距离显示:日本稻蝗种群问的遗传距离存在较大差异,河北平山种群和云南种群遗传距离最大,为0.1715,广东广州种群和广西南宁种群遗传距离最小,为0.0770.聚类结果分析表明,地理上相距较近的种群优先相聚,遗传距离、地理距离和亲缘关系间呈现出一定的相关趋势.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.