水培条件下四种植物对Cd、Pb富集特征

利用水培方法测定了不同浓度下向日葵、蓖麻、紫花苜蓿及芥菜的生物量和植物体内重金属Cd、Pb含量,分析了植物对重金属的富集特征。结果表明:经过5周培养后,4种植物根部与地上部对重金属的富集量随着浓度的增加而增加,Cd浓度为20mg·L-1时,向日葵的根部Cd含量最高,达到237.86mg·kg-1,地上部Cd含量为89.48mg·kg-1;而Pb浓度为200mg·L-1时,芥菜根部对Pb的吸收量较高,达到597.22mg·kg-1,地上部Pb含量最高的则出现在向日葵处理Pb100mg·L-1中,为318.33mg·kg-1。4种植物对Cd、Pb的富集系数随重金属浓度的增加而减小;根部及地上部富集系数与生物量和重金属浓度呈现出一定的相关性;另外,在Cd、Pb复合处理中,一种重金属的存在会在不同程度上影响植物对另一种重金属的吸收。通过比较4种植物根部与地上部的生物量和对Cd、Pb富集特征,认为相对于其他3种植物向日葵对Cd、Pb具有较强的吸收潜力,并可以作为Cd、Pb污染土壤植物修复的备选植物。     

河北主要土壤中Cd、Pb形态与油菜有效性的关系

当今土壤重金属污染日趋严重而表征土壤污染程度 的指标不够完善、相关性亦较差。为此,采用网室盆栽试验,研究了河北平原主要土壤类型潮土和潮褐土上Cd、Pb的化学形态特征及其与油菜植株干物重、油菜吸收重金属含量的关系。结果表明Cd对油菜的毒害作用大于Pb。总量及各形态Cd、Pb含量与油菜可食部分干物重呈负相关,对油菜干物重影响最大的是交换态Cd、Pb。而对油菜吸收Cd、Pb贡献最大的形态是碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态。深入研究重金属形成与植物有效性间的关系,可为进一步揭示重金属的生物有效性,为更准确评价土壤重金属污染程度提供理论依据,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

石灰配施猪粪对Cd、Pb和Zn污染土壤中重金属形态和植物有效性的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究在镉、铅和锌污染土壤上,石灰和猪粪配施对土壤中不同形态镉、铅和锌含量及在蔬菜中累积的影响.结果表明:施入石灰(L)、石灰加低量猪粪(LP1)、石灰加高量猪粪(LP2)后,土壤中碳酸盐结合态Cd、Pb和Zn含量明显降低,土壤中铁、锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Cd、Pb和Zn含量明显增加;对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn均起到较好的抑制作用.单施石灰处理,石灰用量为5 g·kg-1土时,对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好;石灰配施猪粪处理,其中石灰5 g·kg-1土配施猪粪7.5 g·kg-1土以及石灰5 g·kg-1土配施猪粪15 g·kg-1土对大白菜吸收Pb、Cd和Zn的抑制效果最好.研究同时发现,低量猪粪配施石灰的效果强于高量猪粪配施石灰的效果.     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P2O5·kg-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明:在0.10 g·kg-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8％、9.8％和11.8％,NH4OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5％、7.1％和7.1％;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9％ ～ 50.8％),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

磷肥对土壤中镉的植物有效性影响及其机理

为寻求保障镉污染农田稻米质量安全的有效措施,采用盆栽方法研究了低镉磷肥(Cd＜0.2 mg·kg^-1)及不同施磷量(0.10、0.20 g P₂O₅·kg^-1)对污染稻田土壤中(潮泥田)镉的植物有效性影响,并探讨了相关机理.结果表明： 在0.10 g·kg^-1磷剂量水平下,与对照(无磷肥)相比,钙镁磷和磷酸二氢钾处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理显著降低了水稻对镉的吸收累积;当施磷量增至0.20 g·kg^-1时,磷酸氢钙处理显著提高了土壤pH和降低了土壤镉活性,钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙处理下DTPA提取态镉含量降低11.8%、9.8%和11.8%,NH₄OAc提取态镉含量降低9.5%、7.1%和7.1%;5种磷肥处理均显著降低了水稻茎叶中镉含量(降幅24.9%～50.8%),除磷酸氢钙处理外,糙米镉含量的降幅均达到显著水平,钙镁磷和过磷酸钙处理下糙米镉含量接近国家粮食卫生标准(GB 2715-2005).5种供试磷肥中,能提高土壤pH的磷肥(钙镁磷、磷酸二氢钾和磷酸氢钙)降低土壤镉有效性的效果显著,含钙磷肥(钙镁磷和过磷酸钙)降低水稻镉积累的效果较好.磷肥化学性质的差异可能是影响其效果的主要原因,选择碱性含钙磷肥对控制污染农田中作物吸收累积镉更有效.     

蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉生物有效性的影响

以第四纪红黏土红壤和长江冲积物形成的高砂土为供试土壤、分别加入3个浓度的Cu^2 (100、200、400mg／kg)或Cd^2-(5.10、20mg/kg)模拟土壤污染．设置接种蚯蚓(Pheretima sp.)处理与不加蚯蚓对照．并种植黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、研究蚯蚓活动对土壤中Cu、Cd生物有效性的影响．以揭示蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用。结果表明：蚯蚓活动显著增加红黏中DTPA提取态Cu的含量、只有在浓度低于200mg／kgCu的处理中．才能增加CaCl2提取态Cu的含量．对H2O提取态Cu影响甚微;而对高砂土上Cu、Cd的各种形态影响均不显著;除红黏中浓度高于100mg／kgCu和10mg／kgCd处理外．蚯蚓活动显著提高了两种土壤上黑麦草地上部的生物量;接种蚯蚓后各种重金属处理中黑麦草对Cu的吸收量也显著增加,而Cd的吸收量变化不大。蚯蚓可能通过提高重金属的生物有效性而间接影响植物对重金属的修复效率。     

Cd、Pb胁迫对烟草叶片中活性氧清除系统的影响

Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ胁迫对烟草叶片活性氧清除系统的影响表明：随着Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ处理浓度的增大,叶绿素含量、叶绿素ａ／ｂ值,ＣＡＴ（过氧化氢酶）活性逐渐减小,ＳＯＤ（超氧化物歧化酶）活性先升后转而下降;ＰＯＤ（过氧化物酶）活性则逐渐增加。对烟草活性氧清除系统的影响。Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ之间存在明显的协合作用。Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ胁迫明显地影响活性氧清除系统,导致烟草叶片活性氧代谢失调和加速叶片的老化。     

Cd、Pb对蟾蜍肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性及其同工酶的影响

以腹腔注射法分别对蟾蜍(Bufobufogargarizans)给Cd和Pb (按镉计0 . 2、0 . 4、0 . 8、1 .6mg/kg体重;按铅计2、4、8、16mg/kg体重) ,连续染毒7d后,观察不同浓度Cd、Pb染毒条件下的蟾蜍肝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及其同工酶的变化。结果表明:在0 . 2mg/kg、0 4mg/kgCd和4mg/kg、8mg/kg和16mg/kgPb染毒,下蟾蜍肝SOD活性被显著诱导(P <0 . 0 5 ) ;前者酶带2 (Rf=0 . 4 3)活性增强,且均比对照增加1条新酶带(Rf=0 . 38) ;后者只表现为酶带1(Rf=0 . 5 1)和酶带2 (Rf=0 . 4 3)活性的增强,无新酶带的出现。     

单一与复合污染条件下两种敏感性植物对Cd、Zn、Pb的吸收

为了进一步研究镉、锌、铅3种重金属元素间的相互作用以及对植物吸收重金属能力的影响,在模拟单一重金属污染试验研究的基础上,采用正交回归设计方案．研究了Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染情况下紫花苜蓿和披碱草两种敏感性植物对3种重金属的吸收效应。结果表明,在单一污染条件下．银元素对紫花苜蓿生长的影响大于锌、镉、铅元素对披碱草生长的影响大于锌、镉,紫花苜蓿对于镉的吸收累积显著高于：披碱草,植物内银元素浓度最高达到1088．5mg/kg。而披碱草对于铅元素的吸收则高于紫花苜蓿。植物内铅元素浓度最高达到1345．5mg/kg。在复合污染条件下．两种植物对铅、锌和铅、镉的吸收在不同浓度范围内分别存在存在着协同效应和桔抗效应;同时两种植物对锌、银元素在实验涉及浓度范围内都存在着拮抗效应。这对于深入研究复合污染条件下重金属的土壤环境化学行为,对植物的综合毒性以及不同植物对重金属的吸收累积效应等,具有一定的参考意义。     

不同土地类型下重金属随暴雨径流迁移过程及速率对比

选择太湖上游西苕溪流域最具代表性的5种土地类型,利用野外人工降雨装置,研究了不同形态重金属(Cu,Cr,Pb,Zn)随暴雨径流水相及沉积物相的迁移过程,对比了流域内不同土地利用／土地覆被条件下重金属的迁移特征,并估算了流失速率。结果表明,在相同的降雨条件下,桑林Cu、Zn和Pb随地表径流水相的迁移量最大。分别达0．21、0．45和0．15mg·m^-2·min^-1;水田Cr迁移量最大,达0．06mg·m^-2·min^-1;松林重金属迁移量都很小,而且重金属随地表径流水相的迁移主要是通过悬浮细颗粒态。地表径流沉积物相的重金属流失量远高于水相。水相迁移速率仅占沉积物相迁移率的0．1％～4．9％;从地表径流水相重金属迁移量占沉积物相迁移量的比例来看,Cu较高,Cr、Pb、Zn较低。     

Accumulation and distribution of iron, cadmium, lead and nickel in cucumber plants grown in hydroponics containing two different chelated iron supplies

Cucumber plants grown in hydroponics containing 10 μM Cd(II), Ni(II) and Pb(II), and iron supplied as Fe(III) EDTA or Fe(III) citrate in identical concentrations, were investigated by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with special emphasis on the determination of iron accumulation and distribution within the different plant compartments (root, stem, cotyledon and leaves). The extent of Cd, Ni and Pb accumulation and distribution were also determined. Generally, iron and heavy-metal contaminant accumulation was higher when Fe(III) citrate was used. The accumulation of nickel and lead was higher by about 20% and 100%, respectively, if the iron supply was Fe(III) citrate. The accumulation of Cd was similar. In the case of Fe(III) citrate, the total amounts of Fe taken up were similar in the control and heavy-metal-treated plants (27-31 μmol/plant). Further, the amounts of iron transported from the root towards the shoot of the control, lead- and nickel-contaminated plants were independent of the iron(III) form. Although Fe mobility could be characterized as being low, its distribution within the shoot was not significantly affected by the heavy metals investigated.     

The distribution of cadmium,copper, lead,zinc and calcium in the tissues of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus sampled from one uncontaminated and four polluted soils

Summary The tissue distribution of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ca in the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus living in non-polluted and heavy-metal polluted soils was investigated. Cd, Pb and Zn were primarily accumulated within the posterior alimentary canal. As the whole-worm Pb burden increased, the proportion of the metal accumulated within this tissue fraction increased. A similar pattern was found for Zn. By contrast, 70%–76% of the Cd burden was found in the posterior alimentary canal, irrespective of the whole-worm Cd content. The accumulation of Cd, Pb and Zn primarily in the posterior alimentary canal prevents dissemination of large concentrations of these metals into other earthworm tissues, and may thus represent a dextoxification strategy based on accumulative immobilisation. Cu was distributed fairly evenly in the tissue fractions investigated. There was no evidence of sequestration of this metal. The apparent lack of a detoxification strategy may contribute to the well-known susceptibility of earthworms to low environmental Cu concentrations. Indeed, earthworms from the site of highest soil Cu (Ecton) were markedly smaller than those from the other sites sampled. The highest Ca concentrations were found in the anterior alimentary canal, and were related to calciferous gland activity. A large proportion of Ca was also stored as a physiologically available pool in the posterior alimentary canal. Despite huge variations in soil Ca concentrations, the body wall Ca levels were fairly similar in L. rubellus from all the study sites. Thus, L. rubellus may become physiologically adapted to soils of exceptionally low Ca concentration. The observations are discussed in the context of the merits of analysing specific tissues, rather than whole organisms, for the purpose of monitoring metal bioaccumulation.     

Effects of atmospheric deposition,soil pH and acidification on heavy metal contents in soils and vegetation of semi-natural ecosystems at Rothamsted Experimental Station,UK

The effects of acidification on the soil chemistry and plant availability of the metals Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn and Ni in new and archived soil and plant samples taken from the >100-year-old experiments on natural woodland regeneration (Geescroft and Broadbalk Wildernesses) and a hay meadow (Park Grass) at Rothamsted Experimental Station are examined. We measured a significant input of metals from atmospheric deposition, enhanced under woodland by 33% (Ni) to 259% (Zn); Pb deposition was greatly influenced by vehicle emissions and the introduction of Pb in petrol. The build up of metals by long-term deposition was influenced by acidification, mobilization and leaching, but leaching, generally, only occurred in soils at pH<4. Mn and Cd were most sensitive to soil acidity with effective mobilization occurring at pH 6.0–5.5 (0.01 M CaCl₂), followed by Zn, Ni and Cu at pH 5.5–5.0. Pb was not mobilized until pH<4.5. Acidification to pH 4 mobilized 60–90% of total soil Cd but this was adsorbed onto ion exchange surfaces and/or complexed with soil organic matter. This buffering effect of ion exchange surfaces and organic matter in soils down to pH 4 was generally reflected by all the metals investigated. For grassland the maximum accumulation of metals in herbage generally corresponded to a soil pH of 4.0. For woodland the concentration of Pb, Mn and Cd in oak saplings (Quercus robur) was 3-, 4- and 6-fold larger at pH 4 than at pH 7. Mature Oak trees contained 10 times more Mn, 4 times more Ni and 3 times more Cd in their leaves at pH 4 than at pH 7. At pH values <4.0 on grassland the metal content in herbage declined. Only for Mn and Zn did this reflect a decline in the plant available soil content attributed to long-term acid weathering and leaching. The chief cause was a long-term decline in plant species richness and the increased dominance of two acid-tolerant, metal-excluder species     

北方农牧交错带土地利用类型对土壤养分分布的影响

对北方农牧交错带多伦县5种土地利用类型进行118个土壤样点分析表明,农田土壤养分含量最低,草地含量处中等,林地含量最高.分别对4种不同土地利用类型在4种＞15.坡的小流域进行布点采样,研究不同土地利用结构对土壤有机质、速效磷、速效氮和全氮的影响.结果表明,在垂直方向上,由坡底到坡中到坡顶,对应的耕地-草地-林地土壤养分要比对应草地-林地-耕地这一土地利用类型中土壤营养元素含量高出1倍左右,说明此种土地利用类型具有较好的土壤养分保持能力,从而优化出最适合当地的土地利用类型,为改善生态环境、提高当地经济效益提供科学依据.     

Effect of cadmium on growth and micronutrient distribution in wild garlic (Tulbaghia violacea)

Tulbaghia violacea Harv. (Alliaceae) is one of the few medicinal plants that is also frequently used as a leafy vegetable. Application of cadmium (Cd) at 2 and 5 mg/L to T. violacea plants of various sizes (small 8–10 g, medium 16–20 g, large 80–95 g) elicited a difference in growth response, Cd accumulation and micronutrient distribution. Application of Cd up to 5 mg/L had no significant effect on growth parameters of large-sized plants while leaf length and fresh weight of leaves of the medium-sized plants decreased with application of Cd at 2 mg/L, and 5 mg/L. Cadmium significantly decreased the number of leaves in small-sized plants. Small plants accumulated more Cd in the leaves than medium or large-sized plants. Application of Cd at 2 and 5 mg/L lowered the leaf Cu, Fe, Mo and Zn contents in small and medium-sized plants but had no effect on the micronutrients in large-sized plants. This study indicates that T. violacea has the ability to accumulate Cd. In addition, plant size plays an important role with regards to Cd accumulation and elemental distribution. The results presented in this study include the first report on the nutritional status of T. violacea leaves.     

Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), lead,and cadmium in Manko Tidal Flat,Okinawa

Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Pb, and Cd in sediment samples from the Manko Tidal Flat, an important area for migratory birds in Okinawa, were analyzed. High concentrations of PCBs were detected in the sediment samples from sites under a bridge at the end of the Manko Flat, whereas Pb and Cd concentrations did not indicate specific pollution. The spatial distribution and homologue proportion of PCBs indicated that these PCBs are probably attributed to the residue of paints used on the bridge in the 1970s. PCBs were detected in tilapias from sites in the Manko Flat and in a river connecting to the flat without head constructions. PCBs were also detected in small invertebrates, tanaids, in the flat. The distribution of PCB concentrations in the fauna was parallel to that in the sediments. The average PCB homologue proportions in tilapias and tanaids were similar to those in sediments.     

Effects of cadmium and lead on ferric chelate reductase activities in sugar beet roots

The effects of the heavy metals Cd and Pb on the activity of the enzyme ferric chelate reductase (FC-R, E.C. 1.6.99.13) have been studied in excised sugar beet root tips. The activity of this enzyme is markedly increased by iron deficiency. Metals were used as chloride salts or chelated with EDTA, and chemical speciation was carried out to predict the metal chemical species in equilibrium both in the ferric reductase assay and in the nutrient solutions. Three different heavy metal treatments were used. First, effects of Cd and Pb on the functioning of the FC-R were assessed in Fe-deficient plants, by including metals in the enzyme assay medium only. Results indicate that 50 μM CdCl₂ or Cd-EDTA did not affect FC-R activities even when assay time was as long as 2 h, whereas Pb slightly decreased enzyme activity only at concentrations of 2 mM. Second, short-time Cd and Pb pre-treatments (30–60 min) were imposed on intact Fe-deficient plants before carrying out the assay of FC-R activity. These short-term treatments induced significant decreases in the FC-R activities previously induced by Fe deficiency. With Cd, effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations, and they were stronger when Cd was in the free ion form than when present in the form of Cd-EDTA chelate. Third, prolonged Cd and Pb treatments were imposed on plants grown on 45 μM Fe-EDTA to assess the long-term effects of heavy metals on the induction of the FC-R enzyme. These long-term heavy metal treatments caused a significant increase in the root FC-R activities, indicating that Cd and Pb induce a deficiency in Fe in sugar beet that in turn elicits FC-R activity. The increases, however, are not as large as those found in total absence of Fe.     

不同品种小白菜对镉的吸收积累差异

通过盆栽试验,研究了60个小白菜品种在不同程度镉污染土壤中吸收和积累镉能力的差异.结果表明：在土壤镉浓度为0.6 mg·kg^-1时,小白菜镉含量超过国家标准的为8.33％;而在土壤镉浓度为1.2 mg·kg^-1时其超标率达66.67%,表明小白菜容易受到镉污染.2种镉浓度下白菜地上部分镉含量均低于国家食用标准,且其生物量不受影响的小白菜品种为：长梗白菜、上海青、矮箕苏州青、青优四号、矮脚葵翩黑叶白菜、皱叶黑油冬儿、高华青梗白菜、早生华京、金冠清江白、夏王青梗菜、利丰青梗白菜和杭州油冬儿.这12个品种可作为在镉轻度污染土壤中种植的安全系数较高的小白菜品种.     

The distribution of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper within the hepatopancreas of a woodlouse

The distribution of metals within the hepatopancreas of Oniscus asellus (Crustacea, Isopoda) from two uncontaminated sites, and two sites contaminated with zinc, cadmium and lead, has been studied by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The hepatopancreas contains two types of intracellular granule. The first type, in the S cells, are spherical granules which contain copper, sulphur and calcium. In woodlice from contaminated sites, these ‘copper’ granules, also contain zinc, cadmium and lead. The second type, in the B cells, are flocculent deposits which contain iron. In woodlice from contaminated sites, these ‘iron’ granules also contain zinc and lead. Moribund woodlice from contaminated sites have large numbers of ‘copper’ and ‘iron’ granules in the hepatopancreas and a fine deposit of zinc and lead on the membranes of the cells. There are numerous microorganisms in close association with the microvillous border of the hepatopancreas of woodlice from all four sites. Within the microorganisms of Oniscus asellus from contaminated sites, there are deposits of material which contain zinc, lead, calcium and phosphorus ‘Copper’ and ‘iron’ granules could have evolved as storage sites for essential metals to be utilized when demand from the body exceeds uptake from the food. Woodlice in contaminated sites may be able to ‘detoxify’ potentially harmful amounts of essential and non-essential metals by storing them in a relatively insoluble form within these granules.