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1.
基于Penman-Monteith方程模拟青海云杉生长季日蒸腾过程   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)作为我国黄土高原与青藏高原地区的主要造林树种,对其林分蒸腾耗水特征的研究,能够更合理的指导该地区植被重建与林分调控,以加强林分的稳定性,提高水分利用效率。为了揭示青海云杉在生长季内的冠层蒸腾规律以及冠层整体气孔阻力与环境因子的响应,评价Penman-Monteith方程在青海云杉冠层尺度上的适用性,采用探针式热扩散茎流计(TDP)进行测定,同步长期监测了环境数据,利用反推法建立冠层整体气孔阻力(rsT)与环境因子之间的回归模型,结合Penman-Monteith方程模拟出青海云杉生长季的日蒸腾量,采用均方根误差、平均绝对误差和平均相对误差对蒸腾量的实测值与模拟值进行误差分析,以验证模型的准确性。得出的主要结论有:(1)生长季内青海云杉日蒸腾量随月份变化呈先增高后降低的趋势;各月蒸腾量占潜在蒸散量的比例为7月(79.68%) > 8月(72.71%) > 6月(72.53%) > 5月(67.08%) > 9月(66.48%) > 10月(64.29%);(2)树干液流对气象因子的滞后时间为0.5 h;(3)不同月份云杉冠层整体气孔阻力(rsT)与空气相对湿度(RH)呈正相关关系,与大气温度(T)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)呈负相关关系;(4)应用所建立的多因素回归模型结合Penman-Monteith方程对青海云杉蒸腾量进行模拟验证,累计平均相对误差为14.381%,平均绝对误差为0.160 mm,均方根误差为0.2。综上所述,Penman-Monteith方程在林分冠层尺度上有较好适用性根据所建立的多因素回归模型并结合Penman-Monteith方程,可以利用饱和水汽压差、温度和空气相对湿度三个气象因子较好地模拟日蒸腾过程。  相似文献   

2.
在半干旱区连续2年监测华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)的树干液流、气象因子和土壤体积含水量,分析不同时间尺度下人工林冠层蒸腾与环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同时间尺度下,华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾的季节变化均呈单峰曲线,即先增大后减小的趋势;2016年、2017年日蒸腾量分别为1.58 mm/d和1.71 mm/d,生长季蒸腾总量分别为241.30 mm和260.97 mm。在日尺度下,气温、太阳辐射强度和饱和水汽压差是影响华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾主要环境因子;月尺度下,气温、风速、降水和土壤水分是冠层蒸腾的主要影响因子;冠层蒸腾与降水、大气相对湿度的相关关系由日尺度下的负相关到月尺度的正相关,相关性增强。总体来看,随时间尺度由小到大,气温、风速、大气相对湿度、降水、土壤水分对冠层蒸腾的影响作用增大,而太阳辐射强度、饱和水汽压差的作用减弱;在未来增温增雨趋势下,研究区生长季将延长,华北落叶松人工林冠层蒸腾量可能会加大。  相似文献   

3.
夏永秋  邵明安 《生态学报》2008,28(4):1376-1382
应用热脉冲技术在黄土高原神木县六道沟小流域于2006年6月13至25日测定了两种不同密度柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落的树干液流动态.同时测量了土壤水分、太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度、风速、水汽压亏缺和作物参考蒸散等环境因子,并根据植物蒸腾的P-M公式,反推计算冠层导度.结果表明,除风速外,柠条树木液流与太阳辐射、大气温度、相对湿度、水汽压亏缺、作物参考蒸散均显著相关,且可用太阳辐射的线性表达式来估测.不同密度群落的日蒸腾量随叶面积指数增大而增加,叶面积指数为2.3的群落平均日蒸腾为3.83mm d-1m-2,而叶面积指数为1.1的林分平均日蒸腾1.64mm d-1m-2.冠层导度与气象因子关系复杂,当土壤水分不存在亏缺时,冠层导度与太阳辐射、大气温度、作物参考蒸散因子显著相关,与水汽亏缺和相对湿度因子无相关性;当土壤水分存在亏缺时,冠层导度与太阳辐射、大气温度、作物参考蒸散因子无相关关系,而与水汽亏缺和相对湿度因子显著相关.  相似文献   

4.
白岩  朱高峰  张琨  马婷 《生态学报》2015,35(23):7821-7831
针对西北干旱区绿洲经济作物葡萄树冠层蒸腾及蒸散发特征的相关问题,在甘肃省敦煌市南湖绿洲开展无核白葡萄树液流速率及蒸散发观测试验,采用基于热平衡原理的包裹式茎流计,详细分析了典型生长季7—9月份葡萄树蒸腾耗水规律,使用"单位叶面积上的平均液流速率SF×叶面积指数LAI"的方法,实现了从单株到林分冠层蒸腾的尺度扩展,并通过与涡动相关技术所测蒸散发数据对比,详细研究了葡萄地冠层蒸腾及蒸散发规律。结果表明:典型生长季中葡萄树液流速率日变化为单峰型曲线,日均耗水量从2.76 kg到10 kg不等,胸径越大的葡萄树日均耗水量越大;冠层蒸腾及蒸散发日变化曲线亦为单峰型,白天8:00—12:00与17:00—20:00期间,葡萄冠层蒸腾与蒸散发曲线均比较吻合,该时间段葡萄地蒸散发绝大部分来源于葡萄冠层蒸腾,而12:00—17:00之间由于午后太阳辐射强烈土壤蒸发量增加,葡萄蒸散发大于冠层蒸腾;典型生长季3个月中,葡萄冠层蒸腾量的变化范围在1.88—8.12 mm/d之间,日均冠层蒸腾量为6.12 mm/d,蒸散发在1.74 mm/d至10.78 mm/d之间,日均蒸散发量为7.13 mm/d;日均土壤蒸发量约为1.01 mm/d,只占总蒸散发量的14.2%,日均冠层蒸腾占日均蒸散发的比重达到85.8%,说明该生长阶段冠层蒸散发以作物蒸腾为主。  相似文献   

5.
华北落叶松夜间树干液流特征及生长季补水格局   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
在宁夏六盘山北侧半干旱区的叠叠沟小流域,采用热扩散探针法在2011年生长季监测了华北落叶松(Larix principisrupprechtii)人工林的树干液流速率,分析了夜间树干液流和补水量的变化特征及与气象、土壤水分等环境因子的关系.结果表明:树干液流速率日变化表现为典型的单峰宽峰曲线,且整个生长季均存在微弱的夜间液流,一般表现为逐渐减小,特别是在晴天,且晴天的变幅显著大于雨天.除生长季中期雨天夜间液流平均速率显著高于晴天,生长季初期及末期雨天与晴天的差异并不显著.生长季内,夜间树干补水总量为11.03 mm,占总蒸腾量的7.22%;5月份的树干补水量最大(4.19mm),其他月份的树干补水量明显减小,在0.9-1.7mm的范围波动.但不同月份间的补水贡献率存在明显差异,表现为生长季末期(9、10月)>初期(5月)>中期(6-8月).相关分析表明,日补水量与各气象因子关系不大,仅与降水量显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤含水率、日间蒸腾量、日蒸腾总量极显著正相关(P<0.01).夜间补水的月蒸腾贡献率与月均土壤含水率、月均气温、月均日间蒸腾量、月总蒸腾量等显著相关(P<0.05);而夜间补水的日蒸腾贡献率与日最高气温、日均气温、日间蒸腾量、日均饱和水汽压差、日总蒸腾量、日均太阳辐射强度、日最低气温、日均空气相对湿度、日降水量、土壤含水率等极显著相关(P<0.01),经逐步回归分析建立了日补水量蒸腾贡献率与环境因子的多元线性模型.  相似文献   

6.
周非飞  林波  刘庆 《应用生态学报》2009,20(8):1783-1790
采用动态密闭气室红外CO2分析法,对青藏高原东缘云杉人工林的土壤呼吸进行连续定位测定,并用挖壕沟法区分土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸.结果表明:4种云杉林的土壤呼吸速率与土壤5 cm层温度有显著的正指数关系,与土壤含水量的相关性不显著.4种云杉林土壤呼吸年通量在792.08~1070.20 g C·m-2·a-1,大小依次为:天然云杉林>22年生云杉人工林>65年生云杉人工林>35年生云杉人工林,随着人工林的恢复呈先降低后升高的趋势.在森林恢复过程中,人工云杉土壤自养和异养呼吸年通量均先减少后增加, 在253.36~357.05 g C·m-2·a-1和538.69~703.82 g C·m-2·a-1范围变化.22年生、35年生、65年生云杉人工林和天然云杉林非生长季 (2007-11—2008-03)和生长季(2008-04—2008-10)的Q10值分别为:4.59、6.54、4.77、3.18和4.17、4.66、3.11、2.74.除22年生云杉人工林,Q10值随云杉林的恢复更新而逐渐降低, 且非生长季节Q10值均明显高于生长季节.  相似文献   

7.
 本文采用自行设汁的蒸散仪和加拿大Campbe 11科学仪器公司生产的自动气象设备测定了松嫩草原碱化草地角碱蓬群落的蒸散、蒸腾量、太阳辐射及空气温度等环境因子。分析结果表明生长季的睛天条件下,角碱蓬群落的蒸散、蒸腾速率的日进程均为单峰曲线,且各月份间差异很大。群落蒸腾速率与太阳辐射强度、空气温度、相对湿度、风速等环境因子紧密相关,其中与太阳辐射强度呈极显著正相关关系。生长季降雨量和土壤含水量在角碱蓬群落水分循环与平衡的过程中起重要调节作用。1992年6~8月的生长季中,角碱蓬群落总的水分亏缺较少(6.3mm),但各月份间差异很大,其中6月份水分亏缺最高(30.1mm)。  相似文献   

8.
黑河中游春小麦需水量空间分布   总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3  
王瑶  赵传燕  田风霞  王超 《生态学报》2011,31(9):2374-2382
合理估计春小麦的需水量(ETc)是进行干旱区水资源配置的有效方法,利用黑河中游14个气象站1970-2009年的逐日气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith公式估算各站点的参考作物蒸散量,并根据春小麦生长期的作物系数,在地理信息系统(GIS)技术支持下得出黑河中游春小麦需水量的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明:1970-2009年黑河中游春小麦作物需水量整体分布具有从南向北递增的趋势,全生长期需水量在573-781 mm之间;高台、张掖、临泽、民乐、山丹、酒泉的春小麦需水量分别为731.26、686.88、598.24、728.89、719.77、713.59 mm,其中生长中期需水量最大,分别占全生长期的51.67%、51.11%、50.96%、51.24%、50.83%和50.77%;日平均气温、日照时数、风速、降水量、最小相对湿度和各因子的影响力由大到小分别占总影响力的57.29%、26.92%、15.15%、1.41%和0.78%。  相似文献   

9.
樱桃冠层导度特征及模拟   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了揭示樱桃冠层蒸腾、冠层导度对环境因子的响应规律,评价Jarvis模型在樱桃冠层尺度上应用的适用性,利用Granier热消散式探针连续监测了北京四季青果林所试验地3年生盆栽樱桃(Prunus avium L.)4-8月份蒸腾动态变化,同步监测了气象与土壤水分数据。以实测液流为基础,利用Penman-Monteith方程反推方法获取了长期连续冠层导度,在分析樱桃冠层蒸腾、冠层导度的动态变化规律的基础上,采用十字交叉法对多元回归模型与Jarvis模型进行参数率与误差分析,结果显示盆栽樱桃冠层蒸腾规律性强、时滞效应小,不同辐射条件下,冠层导度随水汽压亏缺增加呈负指数函数下降趋势,采用水汽压亏缺、光合有效辐射、气温的不同组合方式构建了多元回归和Jarvis冠层模型,模拟结果显示Jarvis模型精度高于多元回归模型,环境因子对模型精度的影响程度依次为:水汽压亏缺光合有效辐射气温,考虑了水汽压亏缺和太阳辐射的Jarvis模型精度最高,最低相对误差仅为12.12%,均方根误差为0.271。  相似文献   

10.
宁夏六盘山人工林和天然林生长季的蒸散特征   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了系统地认识森林生态系统结构对蒸散特征的影响,2009年5—10月,应用热扩散技术和传统水文学方法,对六盘山香水河小流域华北落叶松人工林和华山松天然林的蒸散及分量进行对比研究.结果表明:华北落叶松人工林生长季总蒸散量为518.2mm,是同期降雨量的104.6%,远高于天然林蒸散量420.5mm.两种林分总蒸散量在其垂直层次上的分配比例相近,表现为冠层蒸腾量>草本+土壤层蒸散量>灌木蒸腾量,但林分各组成分量占总蒸散量的比例明显不同.其中,人工林冠层月均截留量和蒸腾量为19.6和25.2mm,分别是天然林的1.2和1.9倍;人工林灌木层月均蒸腾量为4.4mm,占天然林的23.4%;人工林草本+土壤层月均蒸散量为37.1mm,是天然林的1.8倍.采用Penman-Monteith方程对林分的实测蒸散量进行对比检验,两种方法对林分蒸散量的估计值基本接近.  相似文献   

11.
Terradas  J.  Savé  R. 《Plant Ecology》1992,(1):137-145
Several aspects of plant-water relationships and canopy behaviour have been studied over several years in two experimental areas of Quercus ilex L. forests in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Water requirements, water status limits necessary for a positive carbon budget and the functional canopy behaviour in the face of abiotic stress were evaluated, in order to determine which factors influence the geographical range of these forests.The results showed that holm oak has a conservative water use, a low cuticular transpiration, a high capacity for osmotic adjustement and xerophytic characteristics in leaf morphology and canopy arrangement. More than 440 mm of annual rainfall are required for these forests to persist. Summer drought and winter cold are thus important abiotic factors limiting the distribution of Quercus ilex. In both cases, drought stress is involved.  相似文献   

12.
Mechanistic information about tropical canopy function is emerging at the leaf, tree, stand and landscape levels. With improved canopy access, comprehensive data are accumulating about seasonal and spatial variation in light, temperature and humidity, and corresponding variation in leaf carbon gain and water loss. At the whole-plant level, simultaneous measurements at different spatial scales have revealed the role of boundary layer dynamics in regulating transpiration. Emergent properties of canopy function are being explored through models that integrate leaf and landscape-level exchange processes. Integration of exchange processes that include functional diversity at different scales has the potential to validate regional estimates of gas exchange, which are critical to our understanding of the role of tropical forests in global atmospheric carbon balance.  相似文献   

13.
Forest canopies buffer climate extremes and promote microclimates that may function as refugia for understory species under changing climate. However, the biophysical conditions that promote and maintain microclimatic buffering and its stability through time are largely unresolved. We posited that forest microclimatic buffering is sensitive to local water balance and canopy cover, and we measured this effect during the growing season across a climate gradient in forests of the northwestern United States (US). We found that forest canopies buffer extremes of maximum temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), with biologically meaningful effect sizes. For example, during the growing season, maximum temperature and VPD under at least 50% forest canopy were 5.3°C and 1.1 kPa lower on average, respectively, compared to areas without canopy cover. Canopy buffering of temperature and vapor pressure deficit was greater at higher levels of canopy cover, and varied with water balance, implying that buffering effects are subject to changes in local hydrology. We project changes in the water balance for the mid‐21st century and predict how such changes may impact the ability of western US forests to buffer climate extremes. Our results suggest that some forests will lose their capacity to buffer climate extremes as sites become increasingly water limited. Changes in water balance combined with accelerating canopy losses due to increases in the frequency and severity of disturbance will create potentially non‐linear changes in the microclimate conditions of western US forests.  相似文献   

14.
整树水力导度协同冠层气孔导度调节森林蒸腾   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:5  
赵平 《生态学报》2011,31(4):1164-1173
冠层气孔导度决定森林的蒸腾效率,它对驱动水汽移动的水汽应力的响应受树木水力结构的影响,并随水汽压亏缺上升和水力导度下降而降低,维持水势在最低阈值之上,避免出现水力灾变,调控冠层蒸腾。由于叶形和树冠结构的特点,部分脱耦联反映了湿润地区阔叶林冠层与大气的水汽交换特征,单纯以气孔导度的变化难以完整描述水分通量的调节规律,因而,需要考虑冠层气孔导度与水力导度协同控制冠层蒸腾的潜在机理。通过整合叶片气孔气体交换、树干液流、冠层微气象和其他环境因子的野外观测值,估测不同时间尺度的森林冠层气孔导度与大气的脱耦联系数和变异范围,以基于树干液流的冠层蒸腾,结合叶片/土壤水势梯度计算的水力导度,分析水力导度影响冠层气孔导度响应水汽压亏缺的敏感性,可以揭示和阐明水力导度和冠层气孔导度联合调节森林蒸腾的机理,对准确估测全球变化背景下森林对水资源利用的潜在生态效应有明显的理论意义。  相似文献   

15.
Abstract. Scaevola plumieri is an important pioneer on many tropical and subtropical sand dunes, forming a large perennial subterranean plant with only the tips of the branches emerging above accreting sand. In South Africa it is the dominant pioneer on sandy beaches along the east coast, less abundant on the south coast and absent from the southwest and west coasts. Transpiration rates (E) of S. plumieri are predictably related to atmospheric vapour pressure deficit under a wide range of conditions and can therefore be predicted from measurement of ambient temperature and relative humidity. Scaling measurements of E at the leaf level to the canopy level has been demonstrated previously. Using a geographic information system, digital maps of regional climatic variables were used to calculate digital maps of potential transpiration from mean monthly temperature and relative humidity values, effectively scaling canopy level transpiration rates to a regional level. Monthly potential transpiration was subtracted from the monthly median rainfall to produce a map of mean monthly water balance. Seasonal growth was correlated with seasonal water balance. Localities along the coast with water deficits in summer corresponded with the recorded absence of S. plumieri, which grows and reproduces most actively in the summer months. This suggests that reduced water availability during the summer growth period limits the distribution of S. plumieri along the southwest coast, where water deficits develop in summer. Temperature is also important in limiting the distribution of S. plumieri on the southwest coast of South Africa through its effects on the growth and phenology of the plant.  相似文献   

16.
中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。  相似文献   

17.
A striking coordination is observed in sugarcane between prevailing levels of stomatal opening and the hydraulic capacity of the soil, roots and stem to supply the leaves with water. This coordination of vapor phase and liquid phase conductances is associated with decreases in stomatal conductance on a leaf area basis that compensate for increasing leaf area during canopy development, causing transpiration to approach a maximum value on a per plant or ground area basis rather than increase linearly with leaf area. The resulting balance between water loss and water transport capacity maintains leaf water status remarkably constant over a wide range of plant. sizes and growing conditions. These changes in stomatal conductance during development are determined by changes in the composition of the xylem sap rather than by changes in leaf properties. Changes in boundary layer conductance resulting from non-developmental changes in canopy structure such as loding cause additional changes in stomatal conductance mediated by altered humidity at the leaf surface. These maintain a constant level of total canopy vapor phase conductance (stomatal and boundary layer in series) and a constant level of canopy transpiration. These patterns indicate that stomata exert an active role in regulating transpiration even in dense canopies. This control function is consistent with stomatal metering of transpiration, mediated by fluxes of root-derived materials in the xylem sap.  相似文献   

18.
《植物生态学报》1958,44(8):807
中国西北地区通过大量种植中间锦鸡儿(Caragana liouana)进行生态治理, 在荒漠草原带上形成人工灌丛景观, 改变了生态系统的结构和功能, 影响到地-气水汽循环过程, 研究该人工灌丛群落的蒸散特征, 对揭示其生态水文效应和指导地方生态治理实践具有重要意义。该文以宁夏盐池荒漠草原带上的人工灌丛群落为例, 利用茎流-蒸渗仪法测定了2018年5-8月的灌木蒸腾和丛下蒸散, 并分析了环境因子对人工灌丛群落蒸散的影响。结果表明: (1)茎流-蒸渗仪法所测的群落蒸散与水量平衡法、涡度相关法得到的群落蒸散有较好的一致性, 茎流-蒸渗仪法能适用于荒漠草原带人工灌丛群落蒸散及其组分结构的测定; (2)观测期内晴天的灌木蒸腾速率和丛下蒸散速率日变化趋势相近, 均为单峰曲线, 群落蒸散主要发生在日间, 但灌丛最大蒸腾速率的出现时间比丛下蒸散最大速率的出现时间晚1 h; (3) 5-8月间灌木累积蒸腾为83.6 mm, 日平均蒸腾量为0.7 mm·d-1, 季节变化呈抛物线状; 同期丛下累积蒸散为182.5 mm, 日平均蒸散量为1.5 mm·d-1; 丛下蒸散明显大于灌木蒸腾; (4)观测期间人工灌丛群落累积蒸散266.1 mm, 而同期的降水量为222.6 mm, 陆面水分收支处于亏缺状态; (5)净辐射是影响蒸散最主要、最直接的驱动因素, 且能够影响其他因子进而对人工灌丛群落蒸散产生作用。综上, 人工灌丛引发荒漠草原地带陆面水分收支亏缺的现象, 在生态恢复与重建中须引起注意。  相似文献   

19.
Seasonal variations in environmental conditions influence the functioning of the whole ecosystem of tropical rain forests, but as yet little is known about how such variations directly influence the leaf gas exchange and transpiration of individual canopy tree species. We examined the influence of seasonal variations in relative extractable water in the upper soil layers on predawn leaf water potential, saturated net photosynthesis, leaf dark respiration, stomatal conductance, and tree transpiration of 13 tropical rain forest canopy trees (eight species) over 2 yr in French Guiana. The canopies were accessed by climbing ropes attached to the trees and to a tower. Our results indicate that a small proportion of the studied trees were unaffected by soil water depletion during seasonal dry periods, probably thanks to efficient deep root systems. The trees showing decreased tree water status (i.e., predawn leaf water potential) displayed a wide range of leaf gas exchange responses. Some trees strongly regulated photosynthesis and transpiration when relative extractable water decreased drastically. In contrast, other trees showed little variation, thus indicating good adaptation to soil drought conditions. These results have important applications to modeling approaches: indeed, precise evaluation and grouping of these response patterns are required before any tree‐based functional models can efficiently describe the response of tropical rain forest ecosystems to future changes in environmental conditions.  相似文献   

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