奥尼维拉斯蝎尾蕉的组织培养和快速繁殖

1植物名称奥尼维拉斯蝎尾蕉（Heliconia stricta Huber cv．Oliveiras Sharonii）。 2材料类别吸芽。 3培养条件不定芽启动和丛生芽增殖培养基：（1）MS＋6-BA10．0mg．L^-1（单位下同）＋NAA1．0;（2）MS＋6-BA5．0＋NAA0．5;（3）MS＋6-BA5．0＋NAA0．5＋椰子水100g．L^-1。     

几种草坪草的引种栽培试验研究

通过对引种栽培的8种草坪草的物候期、覆盖度、再生速度、品质特性及抗逆性等方面进行分析研究和综合评价,筛选出适合北方温带环境条件下栽培的几种优良草坪草品种——新哥来德(Poa pratensis cv．Nugtade)、枪手股(P.pratensis cv．BlueChip)、午夜(P．pratensis cv．Midnight)、帕特(Agrostis tenuis cv．Putter)、贝克(碧西)(Festuca arundinacea cv．Plxie)等。对陕西关中草坪草的引种和适地栽植提供一定的理论依据。     

金嘴蝎尾蕉花部维管束系统的解剖学研究

利用石蜡切片技术对蝎尾蕉科代表植物金嘴蝎尾蕉（Heliconia rostrata Ruiz＆Pavon）的花部维管束系统进行了解剖学研究。结果表明,心皮背束在延长部的基部分裂为内外2分支,内方分支与胎座维管束汇合后进入花柱,远轴面2枚外方分支在延长部的顶部分裂为2～4束进入远轴面2枚外轮雄蕊,而近轴面1枚外方分支则进入退化结构成为其中脉;隔膜束在延长部顶部亦分裂为3～5束,最终分别进入3枚内轮雄蕊;子房壁其它维管束最终进入花被片。本研究认为金嘴蝎尾蕉花部花瓣状退化结构与另外2枚外轮雄蕊具有完全相同的维管束系统来源,应属于雄蕊成员,且支持Kress关于蝎尾蕉科是姜群的姊妹群,区别于芭蕉群其它3科的观点。     

迎红杜鹃（Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz）的花芽分化

迎红杜鹃（Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ　ｍｕｃｒｏｎｕｌａｔｕｍ　Ｔｕｒｃｚ）的花芽分化迎红杜鹃为杜鹃花科植物．北京百花山等地有分布。落叶灌木．植株矮小。春季先叶开花,花大而美丽．具观赏价值。北京市植物园引种栽培于卧佛寺樱桃沟。取其芽用ＦＰＡ固定,制成石...     

川南城市园林中紫薇开花物候变化特征及其影响因素

为了明确城市园林中紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)开花物候的变化特征,探讨花期影响因素和指导开花植物配置,对川南城市园林栽培的紫薇植株进行定期观测,记录了紫薇的2011—2014年开花物候,分析个体、群体水平上物候事件的差异以及植株大小和气候因子的影响。结果表明:紫薇个体在6月初至9月中旬进入花期,末花期多在10月,花期持续8~137 d,具有60~90 d花期的植株比例最高;不同年份开花植株比例和物候特征存在一定差异,种群水平花期持续时间最短为2014年的106 d,最长为2012年的130 d;但开花植株数量的时间格局总体相似,始花期与花期持续时间之间相关性显著;基径显著影响紫薇的开花物候特征,较大的植株往往开花较早,并且具有更长的花期;紫薇的盛花期多集中在7—9月;开花植株数量与前一个月的平均气温呈显著正相关,与同期温度、降雨量相关性不显著;紫薇开花物候在气候因子影响下年际间存在明显差异,也表现出一定规律性格局;园林中多样化的个体物候有利于维持群体水平上花期的观赏性,选择大植株可获得较稳定的观赏效果。     

华南地区冬季开花植物及其园林应用

据调查,华南地区常用园林植物在冬季开花的有48科100余种(含部分品种和变种)。根据其生物学与生态学特性可划分为冬季开花、早春开花、四季开花、热带引种、人工育成新品种或促成栽培等五大类型。在园林上可作年宵花卉、行道树或景观树、地被植物以及切花等用途。     

四川引种大花序桉花期与蒴果发育时空分布特征研究

为了探索大花序桉（Eucalyptus cloeziana）引种后花期和蒴果发育规律,对四川宜宾引种的5个种源7年生大花序桉花期和蒴果发育进行了研究。结果表明：（1）大花序桉花芽主要分布在树冠下层内膛,部分花芽直接从主干上萌发,同一个花枝的花蕾随机开放;（2）同一种源的大花序桉始花期差距不超过5 d,末花期差距不超过10 d,花期持续41~62 d,5个种源大花序桉花期从当年12月中下旬至翌年5月上旬,因此种源间存在花期不遇;（3）不同种源大花序桉开花率存在显著性差异,其中72号种源开花率（53.94%）最高,74号种源尚未生殖生长;（4）根据蒴果颜色和果爿状态将蒴果发育分为：发育早期、果爿形成期、果爿张开期和散种期。     

利用RAPD技术对葱属品种遗传关系的分析

利用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)技术分析了我国栽培的几个主要葱属品种。所用的20个引物,有11个能扩增出重现性好且稳定的谱带,10个品种共扩增出102条带,其中68条具多态性。根据DNA谱带计算的10个品种相似系数范围为0.571～0.947。对10个品种的UPGMA聚类分析表明,章丘大葱(Allium fistulosum var. gigantum cv. Zhangqiu Welsh onion)、天津五叶齐（A. fistulosum var.gigantum cv. Tianjin Wuyeqi Welsh onion）、上海分葱（A. fistulosum var. caepitosum cv.Shanghai Spring onion）、南京冬葱（A. fistulosum var. caepitosum cv. Nanjing Winter onion）和韩国大葱（A. fistulosum var .gigantum cv. Korea Welsh onion）关系较近。根据聚类结果,将章丘大葱、天津五叶齐、上海分葱、南京冬葱、韩国大葱、细香葱（A. schoenoprasum）以及楼葱（A. fistulosum var. viviparum）归为葱组;而将胡葱（A. ascalonicum）、洋葱（A. cepa）及洋葱和大葱的杂交种归为洋葱组。最后根据RAPD标记,讨论了各品种之间的亲缘关系。     

芋种质资源开花结实状况调查

对保存在国家种质武汉水生蔬菜资源圃中的芋属（Colocasia）种质资源的开花结实状况调查表明：（1）在自然条件下,所有滇南芋[Colocasia antiquorum (L.) Schott]（2n=2x）中的野芋[即原C. esculenta (L.) var. antiquorum]和花用芋（即原C. tonoimo Nakai）资源全部开花;芋[Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott]开花状况表现为：魁芋（2n=2x）、多头芋（2n=3x）、魁子兼用芋（2n=3x）都不开花,国内多子芋中,紫柄多子芋（2n=3x）都不开花,乌绿柄多子芋（2n=3x）和绿柄多子芋（2n=3x）有部分品种开花,但开花的品种具有不确定性;来源于东南亚国家的多子芋中,绿柄多子芋（2n=3x）开花率高,花期长,另有1份紫柄多子芋（2n=3x）开花,与国内多子芋（2n=3x）差异较大。开花率表现为东南亚多子芋（2n=3x）等于或高于国内芋;国内芋中,二倍体大于三倍体。花期最长的是东南亚的绿柄多子芋（2n=3x）,国内芋中,二倍体的开花率大于三倍体,二倍体的花期长于三倍体。（2）乌绿柄多子芋和花用芋的芽色都为红色,属于短附属器,其余类型的芽色为白色,属于长附属器。（3）在自然条件下,仅有2份紫柄野芋种质结实,其它种质未见结实。（4）本文还对不同类型芋的始花期、末花期、花期、单株花序丛数、单个叶轴花序数、单株总花序数、佛焰苞管部长度、佛焰苞檐部长度、附属器长、雄花序长、中性花序长、雌花序长等进行了比较。     

室内植肉桂空气保清馨

朱缨花（Calliandrahaemato－cephala）又名红绒花,属含羞草科朱缨花属的常绿灌木。原产南美洲;现在海南、台湾、广东、广西及云南有引种栽培。朱缨花高１—３米,二回羽状复叶,具一对羽片;头状花序,雄蕊深红色,数目众多,长而突露,状似一只只鲜红色的绒球绽放枝头,故有朱缨、红绒球之名。朱缨花花期特长,每年开两次花,第一次于３月中旬至７月上旬开花,第二次为１０月中旬至１２月上旬,其花姿奇特、色泽鲜艳美观,团团点缀于枝条众多的绿叶丛中,具有较高的观赏价值,是优良的观叶、观花植物,近几年广泛应用于庭园、公园、假…     

Honeyeater (Meliphagidae) pollination and the floral biology of PolynesianHeliconia (Heliconiaceae)

The primary pollinator of Polynesian heliconias,Heliconia laufao andH. paka, is the Wattled Honeyeater,Foulehaio carunculata. This report is the first documentation of pollination by honeyeaters in the genusHeliconia and the first record ofF. carunculata as a pollinator of a plant species. The Polynesian heliconias bear inflorescences that produce 2–4 hermaphroditic flowers per day for a period of 2–3 months. Each flower secretes abundant nectar (125–184 l) with low sugar concentration (15–18% sucrose-equivalents, weight per weight basis) which is available at anthesis just before dawn. Ninety percent of flower visits occur between anthesis and mid-morning. The honeyeaters perch on inflorescence bracts, and probing of the flower results in pollen deposition on the head and bill from where pollen is transferred between flowers. No statements on compatibility can be made forHeliconia paka; however,Heliconia laufao appears to be self-compatible. Calculations of energetic values of nectar of the Polynesian heliconias and Daily Energy Expenditures ofF. carunculata suggest that populations ofH. laufao andH. paka serve as rich energy resources for their pollinators.     

Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for two Caribbean Heliconia (Heliconiaceae: H. bihai and H. caribaea)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were developed to characterize genetic variation and population subdivision in Heliconia bihai and H. caribaea from the Caribbean Islands. ? Methods and Results: A total of 13 new microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in the two Caribbean heliconias. Di-, tri-, and tetranucleotide repeats were identified with one to 17 alleles per locus, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.13 to 0.87. Additionally, cross-species amplification was successful in eight out of 13 loci. ? Conclusions: The microsatellite loci developed have discriminatory potential to be used in genetic characterizations of Caribbean Heliconia. Both H. bihai and H. caribaea are known to have adaptive interactions with their hummingbird pollinators, and the characterized microsatellite markers will be used to study mating system, genetic structure, and phylogeographic patterns in Caribbean Heliconia.     

A Geographic Mosaic of Plant–Pollinator Interactions in the Eastern Caribbean Islands

The interplay between generalized and specialized plant–animal interactions is a core concept in understanding the evolution of mutualisms. Within the Eastern Caribbean, Heliconia bihai is a dominant forest species in the southern island of St. Vincent where H. caribaea is virtually absent. Heliconia caribaea is most common on the northern island of St. Kitts where H. bihai is restricted to the tops of the highest peaks. Both species are abundant on the central island of Dominica. We compared flowering patterns, nectar characteristics, and visitation frequency of hummingbirds in the two heliconias on the three islands to determine the extent of geographic variations in this plant–pollinator mutualism. The peak flowering season of the two heliconias was observed to be in April–May on all three islands with little within‐ and between‐island variations. Nectar production significantly varied between species and between islands. Visitation patterns by the principal hummingbird pollinators also varied between the islands: (1) on Dominica, only females of a single species of hummingbird pollinated the flowers of H. bihai (sexual specialization), whereas both sexes of the same hummingbird pollinated the flowers of H. caribaea (species specialization); (2) on St. Vincent, both sexes of the same hummingbird pollinated the flowers of H. bihai (species specialization); and (3) on St. Kitts, only females pollinated the flowers of H. bihai (sexual specialization), whereas several species of hummingbird visited the flowers of H. caribaea (species generalization). We propose that the Heliconia–hummingbird interactions in the Eastern Caribbean represent a geographically variable coevolutionary mosaic of plant–pollinator interactions.     

Effects of recent warm and cold spells on European plant phenology

Climate change is already altering the magnitude and/or frequency of extreme events which will in turn affect plant fitness more than any change in the average. Although the fingerprint of anthropogenic warming in recent phenological records is well understood, the impacts of extreme events have been largely neglected. Thus, the temperature response of European phenological records to warm and cold spells was studied using the COST725 database. We restricted our analysis to the period 1951–2004 due to better spatial coverage. Warm and cold spells were identified using monthly mean ENSEMBLES temperature data on a 0.5° grid for Europe. Their phenological impact was assessed as anomalies from maps displaying mean onsets for 1930–1939. Our results clearly exhibit continental cold spells predominating in the period 1951–1988, especially during the growing season, whereas the period from 1989 onwards was mainly characterised by warm spells in all seasons. The impacts of these warm/cold spells on the onset of phenological seasons differed strongly depending on species, phase and timing. “False” phases such as the sowing of winter cereals hardly reacted to summer warm/cold spells; only the sowing of summer cereals mirrored spring temperature warm/cold spells. The heading dates of winter cereals did not reveal any consistent results probably due to fewer warm/cold spells identified in the relevant late spring months. Apple flowering and the harvest of winter cereals were the best indicators of warm/cold spells in early spring and summer, also being spatially coherent with the patterns of warm/cold spells.     

Cross adaptation of potato plants to low temperatures and potato cyst nematode infestation

Effect of short-term (2 h a day) and long-term (6 days) exposure to low temperature (5°C) on cold tolerance was investigated in two cultivars of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.): resistant (Sudarynya) and susceptible (Nevskii) to potato cyst nematode (Globodera rostochiensis Woll.). The extent of their infestation and changes in the expression of the genes of resistance to nematode (H1 and Gro1-4) were also analyzed. In both cultivars, exposure to low temperature enhanced cold resistance of potato plants. Enhancing cold resistance of cv. Sudarynya induced by a short-term exposure to chilling did not affect the extent of nematode infestation, whereas in susceptible cv. Nevskii, the extent of infestation decreased by almost three times. The level of expression of H1 gene in the leaves of the susceptible cultivar rose almost twofold both after short-term and long exposure to chilling, while in the resistant cultivar, gene expression increased only after a short-term effect of cold. The level of Gro1-4 gene expression increased after both temperature treatments only in the resistant cv. Sudarynya. Thus, the expression of genes for potato resistance to nematode infestation became more active in the susceptible cultivar as regards the gene H1 and in the resistant cultivar, regarding the gene Gro1-4. In the nematode-susceptible cv. Nevskii, the level of infestation decreased and cold resistance increased, apparently indicating cross adaptation to two factors of different nature.     

Differential effect of short-term cold stress on growth, anatomy, and hormone levels in cold-sensitive versus -resistant cultivars of Digitaria eriantha

Two cultivars of Digitaria eriantha (cold-sensitive cv. Sudafricana and cold-resistant cv. Mejorada INTA) were exposed to cold stress (5?°C) for 0, 6, 24, or 72?h, and compared in terms of leaf and root growth, recovery period, shoot and leaf anatomy, and levels of chlorophyll, auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA) and cytokinins (CKs). In Sudafricana, cold treatment caused reduced growth, slight changes in chlorophyll level, reduced levels of IAA and CK iso-pentenyladenine (iP), and reduced leaf dry weight (DW) and fresh weight (FW) during the recovery period. Anatomical damage was observed in chloroplasts, main stem, and axillary buds. Ultrastructural study showed reduced numbers of starch grains in chloroplasts of the bundle sheath and mesophyll. In Mejorada, cold treatment had no significant effect on growth or chlorophyll level. Leaf DW and FW quickly returned to normal levels during the recovery period. Anatomy of ground meristem was affected, but ultrastructure of bundle sheath and mesophyll chloroplasts was not. The cold tolerance of cv. Mejorada appears to be related to the stability of chlorophyll and CK levels, increase of IAA, and maintenance of normal shoot and leaf anatomy and ultrastructure.     

上海地区郁金香引种栽培与品种综合评价

通过建立郁金香(Tulipa gesneriana)品种评价体系,筛选生长适应性好、观赏价值高,适宜应用于园林景观的郁金香品种。对29个郁金香进口品种在上海地区进行引种栽培,观察记录其物候期,并对植株高、冠幅等12个生长特性,以及开花整齐度、花型、花色等32个观赏特性进行了观测。从观测指标中筛选出了包括开花整齐度、花色均匀度、花色等27个评价指标,使用层次分析法与灰色关联度分析法建立了评价体系。综合评价将29个品种分成了4个等级：Ⅰ级包含10个品种, Ⅱ级12个品种,而Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级包含品种数较少,分别只有4和3个品种。Ⅰ、Ⅱ级品种普遍具有较高的观赏价值,同时适应性较强,适合今后推广应用于上海及周边地区园林绿化。这对筛选适于上海及周边地区园林种植的郁金香品种有重要的指导作用,建立的评价体系对评价其他郁金香品种在园林中应用也有积极参考意义。     

An island in the stream: Australia's place in the cosmopolitan world of Indo-West Pacific freshwater shrimp (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridina)

Mitochondrial DNA sequences were used to investigate phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships among Australian freshwater shrimp from the genus Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Atyidae) and congeners from potential source populations throughout the Indo-West Pacific region. Numerous Australian taxa have close evolutionary relationships with non-Australian taxa from locations throughout the region, indicating a diverse origin of the Australian freshwater fauna. This implies many colonisations to or from Australia over a long period, and thus highlights the surprising adeptness of freshwater shrimp in dispersal across ocean barriers and the unity of much of the region's freshwater biota. Interestingly, a study on Australia's other main genus of atyid shrimp, Paratya Miers, 1882, inferred only a single colonisation. A number of potential species radiations within Australia were also identified. This agrees with patterns detected for a large number of Australian freshwater taxa, and so implies a vicariant explanation due to the development of colder, dryer climates during the late Miocene/early Pliocene.     

Increasing the robustness of phenological models for Vitis vinifera cv. Chardonnay

Phenological models are important tools for planning viticultural practices in the short term and for projecting the impact of climate change on grapevine (Vitis vinifera) in the long term. However, the difficulties in obtaining phenological models which provide accurate predictions on a regional scale prevent them from being exploited to their full potential. The aim of this work was to obtain a robust phenological model for V. vinifera cv. Chardonnay. During calibration of the sub-models for budburst, flowering and veraison we implemented a series of measures to prevent overfitting and to give greater physiological meaning to the models. Among these were the use of experimental information on the response of Chardonnay to forcing temperatures, restriction of parameter space into physiologically meaningful limits prior to calibration, and simplification of the previously selected sub-models. The resulting process-based model had good internal validity and a good level of accuracy in predicting phenological events from external datasets. Model performance was especially high for the prediction of flowering and veraison, and comparison with other models confirmed it as a better predictor of phenology, even in extremely warm years. The modelling study highlighted a different phenological behaviour at the only mountain station, Cembra. We hypothesised that phenotypical plasticity could lead to growth rates adapting to a lower mean temperature, a mechanism not usually accounted for by phenological models.