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1.
人视网膜在组织学上分为十层,色素上皮(RPE)和感光细胞(PRC,包括视锥细胞cone和视杆细胞rod)是位于视网膜最外面的两层细胞。视网膜色素变性(retinitispigmentosa,RP)是一组以进行性感光细胞及色素上皮功能丧失为共同表现的遗传性视网膜变性疾病,主要临床特征为夜盲、进行性视野损害、眼底色素沉着和视网膜电图(ERG)异常或无波。RP是遗传性视觉损害和失明的最常见原因之一,发病....  相似文献   

2.
电子仿生眼     
仿生眼主要供因视网膜色素变性而致盲的患者使用。视网膜色素变性是一种常见的与遗传相关的致盲性眼病,表现为渐进式周边视野缺损和夜间视力模糊,最终失明。  相似文献   

3.
伊贝母黄化茎段培养在含有NAA 0.5 mg/1 6BA 0.2 mg/l的MS培养基上。鳞茎发生过程中过氧化物酶活性及同工酶带逐渐增加。AMD和CHM都抑制鳞茎的发生,茎段培养后最初12 h对AMD最为敏感,以后敏感程度逐渐减弱,茎段对CHM的敏感程度更强,敏感时期亦更长。茎段培养后过氧化物酶活性和同工酶的出现和增加受到CHM的抑制,而不受AMD的抑制。  相似文献   

4.
自由基是不配对的电子结构,具有极其活泼的化学特性,体内过剩的自由基可与细胞和生物大分子相互作用,从而引起机体的过氧化损伤。视网膜色素上皮处在高氧和光照环境中,其发挥生理功能时容易受氧化损伤。本文介绍了自由基的概念、自由基致视网膜色素上皮氧化损伤机制、一氧化氮自由基与视网膜色素上皮和抗氧化剂等方面的内容。  相似文献   

5.
视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigm entosa,RP)是一组与多个基因相关而任一单基因突变可致病的视网膜退化疾病,是造成失明的常见病因之一。患者多初起夜盲,随之发现周边视野逐渐缩小,成为管状视野,最终至完全失明。它以视网膜进行性感光细胞和色素上皮功能丧失为共同表现。临床上以眼底色素沉着和视网膜电图异常或无波为特征。不同基因所致的RP病在临床上无特征性差异。全球约有400 万人患有此病,我国的发病率约是1/3500。该病的遗传方式有:常染色体隐性(Autosom alRecessive,AR);常染色体显性(Autosom alDom inant,AD);X连锁隐性(X-linkedRecessive,XR)和X连锁显性(X-linked Dom inant,XD);Y连锁RP家系也有报道。X连锁RP发病率较低,在我国约为7.7% (美国为6% ),但它发病早,进展快,病情严重,30- 45 岁就有严重视力损伤甚至失明。临床上大部为隐性,散发病例可以认为属于隐性遗传,因为无先辈病史的患者可以认为是新突变,无后代患者的不会是显性遗传,而隐性纯合体患者的配偶若不携带同一突变基因,则后代无患者,本人于是表现为散发。未成年无家史患者则难以判断。照此计算,这部分约占患者总数的81.3% (美国为84% );其次为常染色体显性遗传,约占11% (美国为10% )[1,2]。已发现的RP相关基因有27个。位于X染色体上的RP基因有5 个。RP3 位于X染色体短臂Xp21.1,是一种隐性遗传RP病。RPGR(retinitis pigm entosa GTPase regulator,视网膜色素变性GTP酶调节物)基因是RP3的致病基因,已于1996 年被克隆
。  相似文献   

6.
目的:观察竹红菌乙素.光动力治疗(HB-PDT)对青紫蓝兔脉络膜毛细血管的生物学效应的特点,探讨HB-PUF治疗脉络膜新生血管以及绿光作为PUF治疗的光源的研究前景。方法:使用光纤连接532nm激光器和裂隙灯显微镜,选用青紫兰兔2.5k~3.5kg,全麻生效后,耳缘静脉内注射HB1.0mg/kg,532nm光线作为光源激发光敏剂,眼底光斑功率密度300mW/cm^2,能量密度30J/cm^2,注射药物后立刻照光,光斑直径2000μm,6例,于PDT后1d.7d、28d观察视网膜,荧光眼底造影、光学显微镜和电子显微镜观察照光部位视网膜和脉络膜的生物学效应。结果:PDT后1d,照光区域脉络膜毛细血管管腔内形成光动力血栓,视网膜的损伤以外层为主,内层没有明显改变。第7d脉络膜毛细血管内皮细胞损伤加重,脉络膜大血管无明显改变,第28d后在原来毛细血管的部位出现纤维组织,玻璃膜增厚;照光区域的RPE细胞出现修复、增殖。结论:PDT后第1d至第7d靶组织的生物学效应和非靶组织的非选择性开始出现并不断增强,第28d后逐渐以纤维组织恢复。HB-PDT治疗AMD或其它以脉络膜新生血管为特点的眼底疾病,有进一步研究价值。  相似文献   

7.
取老年猫(12龄,2.5~3 kg)和青年猫(1~3龄,2~2.5 kg)各4只的视网膜,经4%多聚甲醛处理后用H.E染色以显示视网膜和脉络膜的结构。光学显微镜下观察感光细胞层、玻璃膜(Bruch’s membrane)结构的变化,计数色素上皮层(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)细胞数、脉络膜毛细血管数,测量玻璃膜、脉络膜厚度,脉络膜毛细血管之间的距离。结果显示,与青年猫比较,老年猫视网膜感光细胞层结构杂乱;色素上皮细胞数显著下降;玻璃膜厚度无显著变化,出现较多碎片;脉络膜厚度明显变薄,脉络膜毛细血管数显著减小,脉络膜毛细血管之间的距离显著增大。推测老年猫脉络膜的退化可能是导致玻璃膜、色素上皮层的退化,进而导致感光细胞的功能衰退的重要原因。  相似文献   

8.
视网膜色素上皮(RPE)对视觉功能的维持起着至关重要的作用。视网膜变性是全球不可治愈性致盲疾病的重要原因,它由视网膜色素上皮功能失常所引起。因此,视网膜色素上皮移植是视网膜变性患者恢复视力的一种最有前景的手段之一。随着干细胞技术的快速发展,从多能干细胞(PSC)到有功能的视网膜色素上皮细胞的体外分化诱导技术已经成熟,其中包括胚胎干细胞(ESCs)和诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)等。此外,从患者特异性iPSCs分化而来的RPE更能用于阐明发病机理并有针对性地个体治疗。更值得一提的是,经诱导得到RPE的移植不论在动物模型中,还是在临床试验里都已经得到了可喜的治疗效果。本文回顾PSC来源RPE干预治疗视网膜变性的最新研究进展。  相似文献   

9.
色素上皮细胞衍生因子   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
色素上皮细胞衍生因子(pigment epithelium-derived factor,PEDF)最初从视网膜色素上皮细胞分离,是维持角膜、玻璃体无血管状态的主要血管增生抑制因子。体内外试验证明:PEDF具有高效的抗血管生成活性,成为治疗血管增生性疾病的候选药物。  相似文献   

10.
目的:探讨年龄相关性黄斑变性黄斑区脉络膜新生血管(CNV)的特征。方法:对41例(41只眼)年龄相关性黄斑变性患者CNV进行荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)和相干光断层扫描(OCT)检查,并对两种不同的图像检查结果进行对比分析。结果:FFA发现典型CNV29眼,FFA早期黄斑区可见边界清晰的高荧光区,FFA晚期荧光扩大并增强;隐匿型CNV10眼,FFA早期可见边界欠清的强荧光,FFA晚期持续为荧光素渗漏或染色,边界多不清晰。OCT发现典型CNV33眼,显示CNV多位于视网膜神经上皮层下,呈边界清晰的纺锤形或圆形强反射,隐匿型CNV8眼,表现为视网膜色素上皮层平面不规则增强紊乱的反射信号。两种检查对黄斑区CNV的检出率对比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:结合FFA和OCT的图像特征对年龄相关性黄斑变性黄斑区脉络膜新生血管形态学改变进行对比分析,有助于明确病变的性质,为临床诊疗提供帮助。  相似文献   

11.
We mapped a new X-linked recessive atrophic macular degeneration locus to Xp21.1-p11.4 and show allelic involvement of the gene RPGR, which normally causes severe peripheral retinal degeneration leading to global blindness. Ten affected males whom we examined had primarily macular atrophy causing progressive loss of visual acuity with minimal peripheral visual impairment. One additional male showed extensive macular degeneration plus peripheral loss of retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaries. Full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) showed normal cone and rod responses in some affected males despite advanced macular degeneration, emphasizing the dissociation of atrophic macular degeneration from generalized cone degenerations, including X-linked cone dystrophy (COD1). The RPGR gene nonsense mutation G-->T at open reading frame (ORF)15+1164 cosegregated with the disease and may create a donor splice site. Identification of an RPGR mutation in atrophic maculardegeneration expands the phenotypic range associated with this gene and provides a new tool for the dissection of the relationship between clinically different retinal pathologies.  相似文献   

12.
The human retinal pigment epithelium forms early in development and subsequently remains dormant, undergoing minimal proliferation throughout normal life. Retinal pigment epithelium proliferation, however, can be activated in disease states or by removing retinal pigment epithelial cells into culture. We review the conditions that control retinal pigment epithelial proliferation in culture, in animal models and in human disease and interpret retinal pigment epithelium proliferation in context of the recently discovered retinal pigment epithelium stem cell that is responsible for most in vitro retinal pigment epithelial proliferation. Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation-mediated wound repair that occurs in selected macular diseases is contrasted with retinal pigment epithelial proliferation-mediated fibroblastic scar formation that underlies proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We discuss the role of retinal pigment epithelial proliferation in age-related macular degeneration which is reparative in some cases and destructive in others. Macular retinal pigment epithelium wound repair and regression of choroidal neovascularization are more pronounced in younger than older patients. We discuss the possibility that the limited retinal pigment epithelial proliferation and latent wound repair in older age-related macular degeneration patients can be stimulated to promote disease regression in age-related macular degeneration.  相似文献   

13.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common yet complex retinal degeneration that causes irreversible central blindness in the elderly. Pathology is widely believed to follow loss of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor degeneration. Here we report aberrant expression of interleukin-17A (IL17A) and the receptor IL17RC in the macula of AMD patients. In vitro, IL17A induces RPE cell death characterized by the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipids and autophagosomes with subsequent activation of pro-apoptotic Caspase-3 and Caspase-9. This pathology is reduced by siRNA knockdown of IL17RC. IL17-dependent retinal degeneration in a mouse model of focal retinal degeneration can be prevented by gene therapy with adeno-associated virus vector encoding soluble IL17 receptor. This intervention rescues RPE and photoreceptors in a MAPK-dependent process. The IL17 pathway plays a key role in RPE and photoreceptor degeneration and could hold therapeutic potential in AMD.  相似文献   

14.
The major hydrophobic fluorophore of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is A2E, a pyridinium bis-retinoid derived from all-trans-retinal and phosphatidyl-ethanolamine. The accumulation of fluorophores such as A2E is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a disease associated with the deterioration of central vision and a leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Recent chemical and biological studies have provided insight into the synthesis and biosynthesis of A2E, the spectroscopic properties of this pigment, and the role of A2E and RPE cell death.  相似文献   

15.
The discovery of how a photon is converted into a chemical signal is one of the most important achievements in the field of vision. A key molecule in this process is the visual chromophore retinal. Several eye diseases are attributed to the abnormal metabolism of retinal in the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Also, the accumulation of two toxic retinal derivatives, N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine and the retinal dimer, can damage the retina leading to blindness. RPE65 (Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein) is one of the central enzymes that regulates the metabolism of retinal and the formation of its toxic metabolites. Its inhibition might decrease the rate of the retina’s degeneration by limiting the amount of retinal and its toxic byproducts. Two RPE65 inhibitors, (R)-emixustat and (R)-MB001, were recently developed for this purpose.  相似文献   

16.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive eye disease that usually does not lead to complete blindness, but can result in severe loss of central vision. Risk factors for AMD include age, genetics, diet, smoking, oxidative stress and many cardiovascular-associated risk factors. Autophagy is a cellular housekeeping process that removes damaged organelles and protein aggregates, whereas heterophagy, in the case of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), is the phagocytosis of exogenous photoreceptor outer segments. Numerous studies have demonstrated that both autophagy and heterophagy are highly active in the RPE. To date, there is increasing evidence that constant oxidative stress impairs autophagy and heterophagy, as well as increases protein aggregation and causes inflammasome activation leading to the pathological phenotype of AMD. This review ties together these crucial pathological topics and reflects upon autophagy as a potential therapeutic target in AMD.  相似文献   

17.
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) with abnormal deposit formation under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the major cause of blindness in the Western world. basal laminar deposits are found in early ARMD and are composed of excess basement membrane material produced by the RPE. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking the basement membrane component collagen XVIII/endostatin have massive accumulation of sub-RPE deposits with striking similarities to basal laminar deposits, abnormal RPE, and age-dependent loss of vision. The progressive attenuation of visual function results from decreased retinal rhodopsin content as a consequence of abnormal vitamin A metabolism in the RPE. In addition, aged mutant mice show photoreceptor abnormalities and increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the neural retina. Our data demonstrate that collagen XVIII/endostatin is essential for RPE function, and suggest an important role of this collagen in Bruch's membrane. Consistent with such a role, the ultrastructural organization of collagen XVIII/endostatin in basement membranes, including Bruch's membrane, shows that it is part of basement membrane molecular networks.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Inherited retinal degenerations, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), represent leading causes of incurable blindness in humans. This is also true in dogs, where the term progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is used to describe inherited photoreceptor degeneration resulting in progressive vision loss. Because of the similarities in ocular anatomy, including the presence of a cone photoreceptor-rich central retinal region, and the close genotype-phenotype correlation, canine models contribute significantly to the understanding of retinal disease mechanisms and the development of new therapies. The screening of the pure-bred dog population for new forms of PRA represents an important strategy to establish new large animal models. By examining 324 dogs of the Swedish vallhund breed in seven countries and across three continents, we were able to describe a new and unique form of PRA characterized by the multifocal appearance of red and brown discoloration of the tapetal fundus followed over time by thinning of the retina. We propose three stages of the disease based on the appearance of the ocular fundus and associated visual deficits. Electroretinography revealed a gradual loss of both rod and cone photoreceptor-mediated function in Stages 2 and 3 of the disease. In the few dogs that suffered from pronounced vision loss, night-blindness occurred first in late Stage 2, followed by decreased day-vision in Stage 3. Histologic examinations confirmed the loss of photoreceptor cells at Stage 3, which was associated with the accumulation of autofluorescent material in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium. Pedigree analysis was suggestive of an autosomal-recessive mode of inheritance. Mutations in six known canine retinal degeneration genes as well as hypovitaminosis E were excluded as causes of the disease. The observed variability in the age of disease onset and rate of progression suggest the presence of genetic and/or environmental disease modifiers.  相似文献   

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