昆虫趋光行为的光胁迫假说

趋光性是昆虫的固有行为特征之一,被广泛的应用在害虫物理防治中。本文综述了几种主流的昆虫趋光性假说,着重介绍了昆虫在趋光过程中的行为反应、受光胁迫后生理应激和补偿效应,提出了昆虫趋光行为的光胁迫假说,以期为昆虫趋光性理论研究提供新的思路。     

菜区趋光性昆虫物种多样性与季节动态分析

菜区趋光性昆虫包含10目47科173种,以鳞翅目和鞘翅目的数量最大,分别占总类数的54.33%和20.81%.3月中旬～5月上旬、10月上旬～12月中旬间物种数出现两个高峰,且后者明显高于前者.物种多样性在4月上旬～5月上旬、9月份、11月下旬～翌年1月份较高,其变化同物种数和个体数量有关.不同季节均以鞘翅目、同翅目和鳞翅目的优势集中性较高.     

昆虫趋光性及其机理的研究进展

依据目前已有资料 ,从行为学、生理学及田间应用调查等方面概述了近几十年昆虫趋光性的国内外研究进展。其中 ,行为学与生理学研究较多 ,且两者结果基本一致 ,相互补充 ,为趋光性机制的假说提供了可靠的依据。关于昆虫趋光性机制的假说较多 ,其中报道较多的是光干扰假说、光定向行为假说和生物天线假说 3种 ,现在较为普遍接受的是前两者。光干扰假说是指刺眼作用干扰昆虫的正常活动导致趋光 ,而光定向行为假说则指昆虫趋光是由于光定向行为所致     

鸣翠湖湿地昆虫群落功能团组成及其多样性

为研究鸣翠湖湿地昆虫群落功能团结构及其多样性的变化,于2016年5—10月,采用棋盘式扫网和陷阱捕捉的方法对鸣翠湖湿地昆虫进行调查,共采集昆虫11780只,隶属11目81科271种。根据食性归为4个亚群落和8个功能团,分析了昆虫群落的物种、功能团和亚群落多样性的时序动态。结果表明:刺吸类、中性昆虫和寄生类昆虫为优势功能团,个体数量分别占总数量的35.02%、32.67%和13.51%;优势类群为摇蚊科昆虫,个体数量占总数量的20.44%;在不同季节,植食性和中性昆虫的相对丰富度总体高于寄生性和捕食性昆虫;不同功能集团的优势类群丰富度随季节变化明显;不同月份昆虫群落的相对稳定性波动较大,但随季节演替时序分明。     

中国特有植物四合木的昆虫群落与多样性特征

对中国特有植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)植株上昆虫群落进行调查和多样性特征分析,共采得四合木上昆虫标本1935号,隶属于8目42个科(或总科)136种。包括同翅目、膜翅目、半翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、缨翅目、直翅目和脉翅目的种类。同翅目昆虫在数量上占有绝对的优势,达67.96%。膜翅目丰富度最高,有59种;优势类群(>10%)是叶蝉,常见类群(1%～10%)包括小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、天牛、蚂蚁、皮蝽、蚜虫和盲蝽等。调查所得昆虫群落中植食性昆虫有59种共1610只,丰富度和个体数量在群落中占有绝对的优势。其中尤以吸食类昆虫为最,其个体数量和优势度指数最大,但均匀度最低。寄生性天敌昆虫在群落中多样性最大,优势度最低,多为膜翅目种类。中性昆虫优势度指数较高。捕食性昆虫物种丰富度和个体数量较小,但多样性高,仅次于寄生性昆虫。     

桂林两江国际机场内草坪动物与鸟类关系

2005年7月～2006年7月对桂林两江国际机场草坪动物及鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类9目23科48种,其中优势种是:田鹨、家燕、小云雀、棕背伯劳、黑卷尾、针尾沙锥、红隼、黑翅鸢;记录到昆虫13目76科,其中优势种有:直翅目、鞘翅目、双翅目、膜翅目、半翅目等昆虫和各种蜘蛛.鸟类数量和昆虫数量存在密切联系,鸟类数量峰值和昆虫数量峰值有部分重叠,说明昆虫数量对鸟类数量有影响.严格控制草坪昆虫数量能有效控制机场草坪的鸟类数量.蛙鼠类对草坪鸟类数量影响不大.     

四合木(Tetraenamongolica)林地昆虫群落的组成、结构及多样性特征

濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为我国特有的蒺藜科单种属落叶小灌木.对四合木林地昆虫群落进行了调查,共得昆虫标本11363号,263种.隶属于67个科(或总科)11个目.同翅目的个体数量和优势度指数最高;膜翅目的物种丰富度和多样性指数最大;双翅目的均匀度最大.数量优势类群(＞10％)为木虱和叶蝉类,常见类群(1％～10％)是象甲、小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、拟步甲、蚂蚁、蝽科、皮蝽、盲蝽、斑翅蝗科昆虫.营养结构中植食性类群在种类和数量上占绝对优势,其中的吸食类昆虫优势度最大;天敌昆虫以寄生性类群为主,多样性最高;捕食性和中性昆虫的种类和数量相对较少,但捕食者的均匀度最高.灌木层与草本层相比,灌木层昆虫群落的物种丰富度和个体数量明显占优;优势种的优势度大.而草本层昆虫群落的多样性和均匀度高.2层整体的相似性低.膜翅目的共有种最多.     

在昆虫普查和测报中利用黑光灯的几点意见

<正> 黑光灯能诱到很多有趋光性的昆虫,是普查昆虫强有力的手段之一。同时也可做为预测预报的依据。但是目前有很多单位对诱到的昆虫在记载方法上多是印一张表,左边是虫名,上边为日期,由1号至31号,将诱到的昆虫种类、数量逐日记在表内。在1个月内每天诱到虫种不同,不认识的昆虫可能更多,照这样下去,经过8个月的诱集,年终对每种昆虫很难进行系统总结,浪费了人力、物力。为了克服这些问题,我们采取了以下措施,提出来供参考。     

中川机场及其周边生境昆虫群落组成

采用网捕法和徒手捕捉法对中川机场及其周边生境中的昆虫进行了调查研究,探究中川机场及其周边生境昆虫群落组成。结果表明:采集到的昆虫分属于9目56科,其中鞘翅目、双翅目和鳞翅目为优势类群;聚类分析结果显示,机场控制区与混合类型生境中的昆虫群落组成相似,农田与水库区生境中的昆虫群落组成相似。     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区实蝇多样性研究

2011年对南岭国家级自然保护区实蝇科昆虫进行了诱集采集,得到实蝇科昆虫标本1640号,隶属于2亚科11属19种。不同海拔高度实蝇科昆虫群落组成不同,在6个采样地中海拔最高点实蝇科昆虫种类和数量发生都较少。不同时间实蝇科群落组成及数量也呈现一定的差异。调查发现,7、8月份诱集的数量最多,分别为525头和537头。不同采样地和不同时间实蝇科昆虫的总体优势度指数（D）、多样性指数（H′）、物种丰富度指数（E）、均匀度指数（J）随时间的变化趋势基本一致。     

花椒园节肢动物群落特征与气象因子的关系

分析了云南永善县金沙江畔花椒园节肢动物群落特征与园内最低温度、平均温度、最高温度、最低湿度、平均湿度、最高湿度及月降雨量等7个气象因子的关系。结果表明:节肢动物群落个体数、物种数受最低湿度变化影响最大,表现为正相关的变化趋势;群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度指数变化与最高温度、最高湿度变化的关联度较大,表明节肢动物群落在相对较高的温、湿度环境下具有更高的群落多样性、丰富度及均匀度;优势集中性及优势度指数变化与最高温度、最低湿度变化的关联度较大,表明优势种类在高温或低湿环境下更易出现;稳定性S_s/S_i、S_n/S_p指数与平均湿度的关联度较大,表明适度的湿度变化范围更利于增强群落物种间数量上的制约作用。降雨量对群落特征的影响最小,在月均降雨量小于99.3 mm的3-6月、9月-翌年2月,节肢动物群落特征指标与降雨量成正相关关系,7、8月份月均降雨量大于164.5 mm,群落特征与降雨量表现为负相关性。综合分析表明,气象因子对节肢动物群落特征的影响较大,而温、湿度及降雨量的测量和分析较为方便,研究气象因子与节肢动物群落特征的关系,对了解节肢动物群落特征变化规律和主要害虫种群数量的发生规律具有实际意义。     

辽东栎叶片昆虫取食形状多样性及其变化模式

取食辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)叶片的植食性昆虫有丰富的多样性和重要的生态功能,昆虫取食叶片留下的形状变化多,易观察,可以作为昆虫物种多样性监测的手段之一。研究北京西部东灵山地区辽东栎叶片被植食性昆虫取食状况,发现昆虫对辽东栎叶片的危害非常普遍,叶片被食频率约为90％,被食面积约5％,取食状可分为9类,其中以缘食和孔食为主,共记录20余种植性昆虫,其中蛾类幼虫和甲虫是主要取食种类,植食性昆虫集中出现在叶片发育的早期阶段（5－6月份）,7月份后,大多数幼虫发育成熟,取食叶片的面积减少。各取食状所涉及昆虫种类的组成不同,面积呈不同的季节变化模式,其中缘食状和孔食状之间有显著的正相关关系;辽东栎叶片在展叶初的叶面积最低,在7月底均达到最大值,然后呈下降趋势,单位面积重量也在展叶初最低,在6月底接近最大值,不同坡向的辽东栎林和叶片面积,单位面积重量及叶片被食面积均有显著差异,偏阳坡（东南坡） 高于偏阴坡（西北坡）。以上结果表明,辽东栎叶片维持了昆虫物种多样性,昆虫的生长发育与辽东栎的物候规律相互协调,昆虫种类的取食呈季节和空间变化。     

湖北神农架自然保护区昆虫的数量变化与环境关系的初步研究

昆虫物种多样性在生物多样性保护研究中有重要地位。湖北神农架自然保护区生物多样性极其丰富,保存状态相对良好,是我国生物多样性研究的关键地区之一。然而该地区的昆虫多样性研究极为薄弱,就是一般的物种调查也为数不多,所以调查主要昆虫类群的组成与数量变化,能为本区的生物多样性研究积累资料,并为长期监测打下基础。我们选择暖温带针叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、亚高山草甸、箭竹林及溪边灌丛6种不同环境,以23块样地为代表,以巴氏罐诱法为主,结合网筛、扫网等方法,进行全面的标本采集与数据收集。经初步整理鉴定和数据分析,得到如下结果：（1）共获得标本58 368号,昆虫标本46 213号,其中膜翅目和鞘翅目数量较多,其次为半翅目、同翅目、双翅目、直翅目及脉翅目等。此外,环节动物、软体动物、多足纲及蛛形纲动物也有相当数量。在膜翅目中,个体数量最多的是蚂蚁（蚁科）;在鞘翅目中个体数量较多的类群依次是隐翅虫科、步甲科和叶甲科。（2）昆虫分布与环境的关系非常密切：仅从较高分类阶元来看,如昆虫纲的鞘翅目、双翅目、直翅目、膜翅目等,不同环境对昆虫数量分布的影响并不显著;而从相对低的分类阶元来看,如统计鞘翅目中步甲科、隐翅虫科等,则可以显示不同环境对昆虫数量分布的显著影响。（3）在一些特殊地点,发现若干比较特殊的昆虫物种,这表明神农架地区在昆虫物种保护上具有特殊地位。     

Some aspects of frugivory by bird populations using coastal dune scrub in Lincolnshire

The fruit diets of Sylvia warblers, and some thrushes, were studied during 1989 at a coastal scrubland site, using faecal examination. Fruit feeding commenced as the earliest berries ripened in late July, but there were differences of timing between species. Amongst both warblers and thrushes, the larger species commenced earlier and ate more fruit. Almost all Blackcap and Garden Warbler faeces examined from early August contained some fruit remains, as did most Whitethroat faeces from mid-month. Mean fruit contents of faecal samples exceeded 80% infrequently, indicating that even the most frugivorous species always took other food, normally insects, to supplement their diet. Each species differed in their fruit diet: Blackcaps, and to a lesser extent Garden Warblers, ate Woody Nightshade berries in preference to Blackberries, as they are structurally adapted for feeding on the former plant. Only inexperienced juveniles of other species regularly chose the Nightshade berries. Elder berries, abundant from late August, became the preferred fruit for all Sylvia species. Using data from an earlier investigation, 1 it is shown that by feeding on Elder berries, migrating Blackcaps can obtain 75–90% of their daily energy requirements in 10% of daylight hours.     

Evolution of the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase II Gene in Collembola

The sequence of the mitochondrial COII gene has been widely used to estimate phylogenetic relationships at different taxomonic levels across insects. We investigated the molecular evolution of the COII gene and its usefulness for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships within and among four collembolan families. The collembolan COII gene showed the lowest A + T content of all insects so far examined, confirming that the well-known A + T bias in insect mitochondrial genes tends to increase from the basal to apical orders. Fifty-seven percent of all nucleotide positions were variable and most of the third codon positions appeared free to vary. Values of genetic distance between congeneric species and between families were remarkably high; in some cases the latter were higher than divergence values between other orders of insects. The remarkably high divergence levels observed here provide evidence that collembolan taxa are quite old; divergence levels among collembolan families equaled or exceeded divergences among pterygote insect orders. Once the saturated third-codon positions (which violated stationarity of base frequencies) were removed, the COII sequences contained phylogenetic information, but the extent of that information was overestimated by parsimony methods relative to likelihood methods. In the phylogenetic analysis, consistent statistical support was obtained for the monophyly of all four genera examined, but relationships among genera/families were not well supported. Within the genus Orchesella, relationships were well resolved and agreed with allozyme data. Within the genus Isotomurus, although three pairs of populations were consistently identified, these appeared to have arisen in a burst of evolution from an earlier ancestor. Isotomurus italicus always appeared as basal and I. palustris appeared to harbor a cryptic species, corroborating allozyme data. Received: 12 January 1996 / Accepted: 10 August 1996     

Chemoattraction in Pristionchus nematodes and implications for insect recognition

Nematodes and insects are the two dominant animal taxa in species numbers, and nematode-insect interactions constitute a significant portion of interspecies associations in a diversity of ecosystems. It has been speculated that most insects represent mobile microhabitats in which nematodes can obtain food, mobility, and shelter. Nematode-insect associations can be classified as phoretic (insects used for transportation, not as food), necromenic (insect used for transportation, then carcass as food), and entomopathogenic (insect is killed and used as food). To determine how nematodes target their hosts, we analyzed the chemosensory response and behavioral parameters of closely related Pristionchus nematodes that form species-specific necromenic associations with scarab beetles and the Colorado potato beetle. We found that all four studied Pristionchus species displayed unique chemoattractive profiles toward insect pheromones and plant volatiles with links to Pristionchus habitats. Moreover, chemoattraction in P. pacificus differs from that of C. elegans not only in the types of attractants, but also in its tempo, mode, and concentration response range. We conclude that Pristionchus olfaction is highly diverse among closely related species and is likely to be involved in shaping nematode-host interactions.     

Diet variability in the White Stork Ciconia ciconia in eastern Algeria

The diet of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia was studied at El Merdja, Algeria, from 1997 to 1999 and in 2007 by analysing 240 regurgitated pellets. A total of 12 234 prey types were identified and classified into six categories. Insects dominated during each month and year of the study. Three orders of insects were mainly consumed. Coleoptera species were the most frequently consumed prey during all months and years, followed by Dermaptera species, except in 1998 when Orthoptera were more frequent. The frequency of families of prey insects varied considerably depending on the year: Carabidae were dominant in 2007, Tenebrionidae in 1999 and Carcinophoridae in 1997.     

Ecological diversity of edible insects and their potential contribution to household food security in Haut‐Katanga Province,Democratic Republic of Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) has a wide diversity of edible insects making it one of the most important biodiversity hot spots in Africa. The aim of this study was to give the first insight into the food plant range, seasonal availability of edible insects, community preference and willingness to consume them. The study revealed a list of eleven edible insect species belonging to four families. Twenty‐six plant species were recorded as food plants of nine edible caterpillar species. Seasonal availability of these insects coincided with the rainy season and was strongly linked to relatively high level of consumption. The caterpillars Elaphrodes lactea Gaede, Lobobunaea saturnus Fabricius and Cinabra hyperbius (Westwood) as well as the termites Macrotermes falciger Gerstäcker were the most dominant species of edible insects preferred and consumed among the different communities. Our study demonstrates that entomophagy is a common practice among the ethnic populations with married, tertiary and university‐level individuals recording significantly higher consumption of edible caterpillars. Populations between the ages of 18 and 45 years as well as the Bemba tribe were also more actively involved in entomophagy. Further research would be necessary to exploit edible insect biodiversity and ethno‐entomophagy and initiate actions for food plant conservation in DR Congo.     

甘肃省苏干湖浮游植物多样性研究

于2006年春季(5月)、夏季(8月)和秋季(10月)对大、小苏干湖水体进行采样分析,以研究特殊地理位置和气候条件下苏干湖中浮游植物的物种组成和季节变化特征.结果表明,(1)大苏干湖中共有浮游藻类61种(含变种),其中:硅藻18属,37种;蓝藻11属,15种;绿藻7属,8种;而甲藻仅1属,1种.(2)小苏干湖水体中共发现浮游藻类68种(含变种),其中:硅藻16属,42种;蓝藻9属,13种;绿藻6属,11种;裸藻及甲藻仅各1属,1种.(3)硅藻在苏干湖水体中始终占据着绝对优势;夏季小苏干湖中蓝、绿藻开始复苏并大量繁殖.各季节两湖中都存在特定的优势属,在春、夏、秋三季,大苏干湖中优势属分别为桥穹藻属、小环藻属、粘杆藻属;而小苏干湖中分别为针杆藻属、菱形藻属、脆杆藻属.纤细舟形藻,长圆舟形藻,湖沼色球藻等为常年优势种,且这种优势物种和季节变化主要是由湖泊中盐度和气温等因素决定的.     

红火蚁对荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性及稳定性的影响

对红火蚁发生区和对照区荔枝园无脊椎动物群落多样性的研究表明:红火蚁发生区的荔枝园树冠、地面植被、地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物群落的物种数和个体数都较对照区出现了明显的下降,群落结构特征也发生了明显的变化,群落及各亚群落的物种多样性﹑物种丰富度减小,优势度﹑优势集中性上升,群落由稳定走向波动,群落可侵入性进一步增强。在荔枝树冠,受红火蚁捕食或其它作用影响而明显减少的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目幼虫,天敌主要包括广斧螳Hierodulapatellifera(Serville)、锥盾菱猎蝽Isyndus reticulatesSt、中华草蛉Chrysopa sinica Tieder、平腹小蜂Anastatus japonicus、斜纹猫蛛Oxyopessertatus(L.Koch)及白条锯足蛛Runciniaal bostriata Boes.et Str.等。在地面植被上,受红火蚁影响的害虫种类主要是一些鳞翅目夜蛾科的幼虫,天敌种类主要包括中华大刀螳Tenodera aridifolia sinensis、丽眼斑螳Creobroter gemmata(Stoll)、中华草蛉Chrysopasinica Tieder、线纹猫蛛Oxyope slineatipes(L.Koch)及草皮逍遥蛛Philodromus cespitum(Walckenaer)等。但值得注意的是,在红火蚁轻度发生区,地面植被上的四斑月瓢虫Chilomenes quadriplaglata Swartz和六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius的种群数量却出现增加。在荔枝园地表及土壤中的无脊椎动物中,以步甲﹑隐翅甲等作为生物指示物反映环境条件变化的物种受影响下降明显。但在红火蚁轻度发生区,一些种类(如独角仙Xylotrupes gideon L幼虫)与红火蚁存在互利共生的关系,其数量非但没有减少,反而有所增加,这在一定程度上增加了对荔枝园有害生物防治的难度。相关分析的研究表明,红火蚁种群数量与荔枝园无脊椎动物群落各特征指数存在一定的相关关系,其中与重度发生区地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落各特征指数高度相关。红火蚁发生区无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分分析表明,影响荔枝园树冠和地面植被无脊椎动物群落多样性的主要成分都是优势集中性,而影响荔枝园地表及土壤无脊椎动物群落多样性的主成分却是均匀度。