苹果蠹蛾性信息素诱捕器田间诱捕效应影响因子

苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的果树害虫和检疫对象.本文比较研究了性信息素诱捕器颜色、类型、放置位置、诱芯颜色及诱芯数量等对苹果蠹蛾雄性成虫诱捕效果的影响.结果表明：白色和绿色诱捕器的诱捕量是蓝色的2倍以上,诱捕效果显著优于后者;三角形诱捕器与水瓶式诱捕器的诱捕效果间不存在显著差异;放置在树冠中部的诱捕器诱蛾量是树冠上部的2倍左右,诱捕效果显著优于后者;诱芯颜色及诱芯数量对诱蛾量无显著影响.本研究结果可为苹果蠹蛾的性信息素监测技术提供指导.     

实蝇类昆虫的引诱剂和诱捕器

实蝇科昆虫的许多种类是重要的入侵物种, 在国际植物检疫领域具有重要地位。联合国粮农组织（FAO）和《国际植物保护公约（IPPC）》积极倡导国际合作实施对实蝇类害虫的有效控制, 不断完善和出版实蝇控制技术手册并制定相关的国际植物检疫标准。引诱剂和诱捕器是实蝇类害虫监测、调查和防治中最重要的手段之一, 被广泛采用。国际上普遍认可的实蝇诱剂主要包括蛋白质诱剂（PA)、甲基丁香酚（ME）、诱蝇酮（CUE）、乙酸铵诱剂（AA）、乙酸铵盐诱剂（AS）、TML 诱剂、己酸丁酯诱剂（BuH）、吡嗪诱剂（MVP）等, 我国也研发了大量植物型和食物型诱剂。国际上常用实蝇诱捕器有20多种, 依据捕获实蝇的不同方式分为干型诱捕器、湿型诱捕器和干湿综合型诱捕器3类。同时, 我国利用各种塑料瓶研制了多种多样的诱捕器。本文对国际、国内实蝇诱剂和诱捕器等研究和利用情况进行了总结, 提出我国在建设外向型水果非疫区的实蝇监测中应使用国际标准的诱剂和诱捕器, 以便获得国际认可并促进我国优势农产品顺利进入国际市场, 在研发诱剂和诱捕器时做到标准化并及时申请专利保护、推向国际市场以便获得国际有关标准的采用和认可。     

两种性信息素诱捕器对棉铃虫雄蛾的诱捕效果比较

1995年在山东和安徽棉区4个地点比较研究了性信息素笼罩诱捕器和水盆诱捕器对棉铃虫雄蛾的诱捕效果。试验结果表明;4地点笼罩诱蛾量分别是水盆诱蛾量的2.8、3.5、2.5和2.0倍;平均2.7倍。两种诱捕器诱蛾量倍数的变异系数分别为22.9%、31.5%、50.7%和51.2%。可见笼罩诱捕器比水盆诱捕器对棉铃虫雄虫具有更高的诱捕效率。考虑到笼罩诱捕器高效、稳定及简便;建议在我国尽快用其取代水盆进行棉铃虫成虫的标准化监测。     

三种诱捕器对天牛科昆虫的诱集效率

【目的】不同诱捕器类型可以有效诱集不同昆虫物种,为了更准确的判断某地区的物种丰富度,更高效的进行不同物种的诱集,开展不同诱捕器类型对昆虫诱集效率的对比研究是至关重要的。【方法】研究了档板、漏斗和马氏3种不同类型诱捕器在吉林省松花湖库区蒙古栎林中对天牛科昆虫的诱集数量和种类。【结果】在相同地点和相同时间段内,漏斗诱捕器共诱集189头天牛科昆虫、分属于4亚科、11属、12种;挡板诱捕器共诱集134头天牛科昆虫,分属于5亚科、15属、17种;马氏诱捕器共诱集99头天牛科昆虫,分属于4亚科、16属18种。从诱集到的物种丰富度看,诱集效率顺序为:马氏诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>漏斗诱捕器;从诱集到的个体数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器;从诱集到的优势种数量看,诱集效率顺序为:漏斗诱捕器>挡板诱捕器>马氏诱捕器。【结论】从成本和效率的综合因素考虑,在一般性天牛科昆虫调查和种群监测时,可以选择以联合使用挡板和漏斗诱捕器为主,马氏诱捕器辅之的调查设计,可达到高效且经济的调查天牛科昆虫的目的。     

性信息素水盆诱捕器和黑光灯诱捕棉铃虫成虫数量的比较

棉铃虫 (Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ(Ｈ櫣ｂｎｅｒ) )已成为我国头号害虫 ,1 992年在华北棉区暴发 ,造成直接经济损失 1 0 0亿元 ,此后种群水平居高不下 ,严重威胁我国棉花的正常生产。为避免大面积防治失效 ,标准化测报是重要前提[1 ,2 ] 。根据目前我国棉铃虫测报标准化方法 ,黑光灯 ( 2 0Ｗ)诱蛾是成虫种群动态监测的主要手段 ,对越冬代更是唯一手段[3] 。然而 ,近年报道黑光灯在气温低时诱效低 ,前期诱蛾少 ,对防治指导性差[4] ,而全季性信息素(性诱剂 )水盆诱捕器的诱蛾效率均高于黑光灯[5] 。为进一步明确性信息素的监测…     

水盆与饮水瓶诱捕器诱捕棉铃虫雄蛾效果的比较

2005年在北疆棉区棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera2代成虫期田间试验表明,水盆诱捕器每个每晚平均诱捕头数是饮水瓶的6.3倍(瓶竖放)和18.4倍(瓶斜放),差异均达显著水准(P=0.05)。比较单个诱捕器1晚最大诱蛾数,水盆是饮水瓶的8.0倍(瓶竖放)和24.0倍(瓶斜放),差异均达显著水准(P=0.05)。比较逐日平均诱蛾数,水盆是饮水瓶的9.44倍,差异达极显著水准(P=0.01)。综合考虑经济成本,在此条件下用饮水瓶制作棉铃虫诱捕器是不可取的。     

三种性信息素诱捕器对烟田棉铃虫的诱捕效果比较

比较了笼罩、水盆、盘式粘胶诱捕器对烟田棉铃虫的诱捕效果。结果表明,3种诱捕器的诱蛾量变化趋势基本一致,其中笼罩诱捕器的诱蛾量最大,显著高于另外两种诱捕器,且诱捕效果比较稳定。水盆、盘式粘胶诱捕器诱蛾量差异不显著。笼罩诱捕器更适用于烟田棉铃虫成虫的防治及监测。     

不同剂型迷向剂处理对苹果蠹蛾控制效果比较

【背景】苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的检疫性害虫,目前从新疆迅速向东部扩散。苹果蠹蛾性信息素胶条迷向剂对防控苹果蠹蛾高效、安全,但成本较高。【方法】2013年在宁夏中卫市常乐镇马路滩村果园使用3种不同剂型的迷向剂对苹果蠹蛾进行了防治试验,每个处理果园面积3.3 hm~2,分别使用性诱剂处理后,用诱捕器监测处理后的诱蛾量,在生长期调查果实为害率,比较防治效果。【结果】通过整个生长季诱捕器监测,悬挂点以900个·hm~(-2)双层处理,胶条迷向剂在开花前处理1次,整个生长季处理区中心部位没有监测到苹果蠹蛾成虫;透明塑管迷向剂分别在开花前和6月底处理2次,整个生长季中心部位平均每个诱捕器诱到3.3头雄蛾;膏体迷向剂分别在开花前和6月底处理2次,整个生长季中心部位平均每个诱捕器诱到12头雄蛾。在6月下旬和果实采收前进行果实为害率调查,胶条迷向剂区平均蛀果率分别为0和0.56%,透明塑管迷向剂区蛀果率分别为0.89%和1.38%,膏体迷向剂处理区蛀果率分别为0.79%和1.38%。常规农药防治区2个时期蛀果率分别为1.44%和3.13%。【结论与意义】综合考虑防治效果和使用成本,在虫口密度高、效益高的果园可以使用胶条迷向剂,膏体迷向剂和透明塑管迷向剂只有在虫口密度较低的情况下使用。     

斜纹夜蛾性诱剂的诱蛾效果

对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptern litura(Fabricius)性引诱剂诱芯的型状、盛虫器的颜色以及夜间不同时间段的诱蛾效果进行试验。结果表明,线状诱芯比杯状诱芯有效期长;不同颜色的盛虫器对诱虫效果没有影响;上半夜诱蛾百分率显著比午夜和下半夜的少,午夜与下半夜的之间没有显著性差异。筒型性诱捕器比水盆(用杯状诱芯)诱集斜纹夜蛾成虫效果好。     

利用人工合成性信息素诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟的影响因素分析

采用自行设计式及仿制圆筒式诱捕器,以人工合成性信息素(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (简称TDA) 为引诱源在实验室条件下对影响诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella效果的几个因素进行分析测定。多元线性回归分析结果表明：日平均温度在18.5～26.2℃,人工合成性信息素TDA散发日数9～37天,温度(X₁)、TDA散发日数(X₂)、当日释放蛾(雄)量(X₃)、累计2日释放蛾量(X₄)、累计3日释放蛾量(X₅)等5个因素与每日诱捕蛾量间存在着相关关系。对5个因素进行逐步回归分析和筛选,得出线性回归方程：Y=-27.31+1.37X₁+0.28X₃,回归系数R（0.90）>R_0.01(n-2,0.63)。统计分析结果表明：日平均温度(X₁)、当日释放蛾量(X₃)与诱蛾量(Y)之间呈显著线性相关关系。卡方测验表明预测值与实测值之间差异不显著。     

Mapping of pachytene bivalents of female codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lep., Tortricidae)

Spread pachytene nuclei of codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lep., Tortricidae) females of a Syrian strain (SY) were used to investigate chromomere patterns of chromosome bivalents and determine their length. The karyotype of female codling moths consists of 28 chromosome bivalents, of which seven are clearly distinguishable using chromosome length and the number and size of the chromomeres in the pachytene stage. One autosome bivalent has two nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) that are located at the opposite ends of the chromosome and appear as distinct structural landmarks. In female codling moths, the WZ sex chromosome bivalent was easily identified in pachytene oocytes according to the heterochromatic thread of the W chromosome. This study contributed to the knowledge and identification of pachytene chromosomes of female codling moths.     

Antennal and behavioural response of codling moth Cydia pomonella to plant volatiles

Identification of host volatile compounds attractive to codling moth Cydia pomonella, a most important insect of apple, will contribute to the development of safe control techniques. Synthetic apple volatiles in two doses were tested for antennal and behavioural activity in codling moth. Female antennae strongly responded to (Z)3‐hexenol, (Z)3‐hexenyl benzoate, (Z)3‐hexenyl hexanoate, (±)‐linalool and E,E‐α‐farnesene. Two other compounds eliciting a strong antennal response were the pear ester, ethyl (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate, and its corresponding aldehyde, E,E‐2,4‐decadienal, which is a component of the larval defence secretion of the European apple sawfly. Attraction of codling moth to compounds eliciting a strong antennal response was tested in a wind tunnel. Male moths were best attracted to a blend of (E,E)‐α‐farnesene, (E)‐beta‐farnesene and ethyl (E,Z)‐2,4‐decadienoate. The aldehyde E,E‐2,4‐decadienal had an antagonistic effect when added to the above mixture.     

Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) against codling moth,Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in temperate regions

The biocontrol potential of South African isolates of Heterorhabditis zealandica, Steinernema citrae, S. khoisanae, S. yirgalemense, and Steinernema sp., was evaluated against codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Codling moth was susceptible to all six nematode isolates at a concentration of 50 infective juveniles/insect (78–100% mortality). Low temperatures (10 h at 17°C; 14 h at 12°C) negatively affected larvicidal activity (≤3%) for all isolates. All tested isolates were most effective at higher levels of water activity (a _w=1). The average a _w50-values for all isolates tested was 0.94 (0.93–0.95), except S. khoisanae 0.97 (0.97–0.98). Regarding host-seeking ability, no positive attraction to host cues could be detected amongst isolates, except for H. zealandica. Three of the isolates, H. zealandica, S. khoisanae, and the undescribed Steinernema sp., were selected for field-testing and proven to be effective (mortality >50%). Insect containment methods used during field experimentation was shown to influence larvacidal activity, as different levels of mortality were obtained using various containment methods (wooden planks vs. pear tree logs vs. mesh cages). Pear tree logs were impractical. Predictive equations were subsequently developed, enabling future trials to be conducted using either planks or cages, enabling the prediction of the expected level of control on tree logs. All tested isolates therefore showed a certain degree of biological control potential, however, none of the experiments showed clear efficacy-differences amongst isolates. The study highlighted the importance of environmental factors to ensure the successful application of these nematodes for the control of diapausing codling moth larvae in temperate regions.     

Diapause induction in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella: effect of prediapause temperatures

The effect of four prediapause temperatures (18, 22, 26 and 30°C) on the photoperiodic response of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was studied under controlled conditions. The highest rates of diapause were recorded, for all day-lengths, at temperatures of 22 and 26°C while relatively lower rates of diapause were elicited at 18 and 30°C. The same trend was demonstrated by projecting the values of the critical photoperiod which induces 50% diapause (=CPhP₅₀) over the prediapause temperature. The change in diapause incidence as a function of photoperiod, at all prediapause temperatures, exhibited a response characteristic of long-day insects, i.e. high rates of diapause at short days (12–13.5 h) and a decrease in diapause incidence at long days (14–15 h). The results for temperatures 22, 26 and 30°C support the view that lower prediapause temperatures enhance diapause induction, at a give photoperiod, while higher temperatures tend to avert or diminish the process. On the other hand, the low rates of diapause obtained at 18°C contradict this view. Nevertheless, high correlation was found between the laboratory evidence and field data, indicating the adaptability of the Israeli codling moth to subtropical climate.     

Diapause induction in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella: effect of larval diet

The effect of larval diet on diapause induction in the Israeli strain of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was studied in a field trial using intact apple fruits of two varieties: Ana (early-ripening, in the end of June) and Granny Smith (late-ripening, in October). Diapause incidence increased as fruit age (determined as days from fruit-set) progressed. These results corroborate former studies on other strains of the codling moth, where excised fruits were used.The combination of 80-day-old, fully ripe, Ana fruit treatment with the longest days of the year, yielded 38% diapause. This result demonstrates that mature fruit (inducing diapause) cannot completely override the effect of long day (averting diapause), but does confirm that larval diet modifies the photoperiodic induction of diapause in the codling moth.Deceased, October 1988     

Dual pheromone dispenser for combined control of codling moth Cydia pomonella L. and oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lep., Tortricidae) in pears

Codling moth (CM) and oriental fruit moth (OFM) are very important orchard pests worldwide, and particularly in Victoria, Australia, where both species damage pome fruit. Individually CM and OFM have been controlled successfully by pheromone‐mediated mating disruption, but treatment of pome fruit with full registered rates of two individual hand‐applied dispensers for CM and OFM could be uneconomical for growers. Field trials conducted over three seasons in plots sprayed with insecticides consistently demonstrated that dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers, designed to disrupt both CM and OFM, were as effective as Isomate CTT and Isomate OFM Rosso dispensers applied individually in pears for control of CM and OFM respectively. The dual‐ and individual‐species dispensers reduced moth catches and fruit damage to a similar degree. The results suggest that combined control of CM and OFM in pears by applying dual Isomate C/OFM TT dispensers at the full‐recommended rate of 500 dispensers per hectare will be more economical than use of individual species dispensers, because the price and application cost of dual dispenser is about half that for individual dispensers.     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素缓释剂的控害效果

2010年在甘肃、宁夏、黑龙江3地对苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella(L.)性信息素缓释剂(购自澳大利亚Bioglobal公司;性信息素含量为0.16g/根)对苹果蠹蛾的迷向防治效果进行了试验;观察了不同生态区设置不同缓释剂密度的防治效果和持效期。结果表明,在低虫口密度下,在不同生态区每公顷悬挂660、990和1320根性信息素迷向丝,均能取得较好的防治效果;在越冬代活动前处理,基本上可以控制整个生长期苹果蠹蛾对果实的为害。在新侵入的低密度果园,通过诱蛾监测、调查蛀果和树干绑诱虫带等验证方法,初步证明使用该性信息素缓释剂处理1年可以达到铲除的效果。依据本研究结果,结合防治成本,在苹果蠹蛾发生地区,采用660根/hm2的悬挂密度使用进口性信息素缓释剂处理果园可以达到良好的防治效果。     

Sex pheromone traps for monitoring the codling moth: effect of dispenser type, field aging of dispenser, pheromone dose and type of trap on male captures

The effects of dispenser type, dispenser aging in the field, pheromone dose in the dispenser and trap type on trapping efficiency of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.), males were investigated in Israel. An Israeli-manufactured rubber septum was significantly better than the CM Pherocon cap in attracting males to a Pherocon 1C cap trap or an IPS trap. The effect of aging of the dispenser in the field on trapping efficiency was significant in CM Pherocon caps and the Israeli septa. Captures in traps were negatively correlated with aging of septa. The effect of aging of dispensers was more marked during summer than during spring. The fairly rapid loss of attractancy indicates that the lures should be replaced after 2 weeks at the most. The release rate of the pheromone from the dispensers was measured in a flow system. The emission from the Israeli septa and Pherocon caps decreased sharply after 2 weeks and then was almost constant, which explains the lower attractancy of aged septa. However, there was a marked difference in the release profiles of the pheromone from the two types of dispensers, which may explain the different performance of the two dispensers. Within the range of 0.1 to 100 μg pheromone per dispenser, male response increased positively with the pheromone dose. Pheromone loadings of 100 or 1000 μg per dispenser did not differ significantly in their attractiveness for males. A load of 5000 μg per dispenser was significantly less attractive to males than was 100 or 1000 μg per dispenser. The non-sticky IPS trap was significantly better in capturing codling moth males than was the sticky, commonly used Pherocon 1C trap, provided it was baited with the Israeli dispenser. The two traps were equally effective when baited with the CM Pherocon caps. The possibility of using the non-sticky, nonsaturating and easy-to-handle IPS traps for monitoring codling moth is of great importance. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50-250, Israel. No 3702-E, 1992 series.     

Quantitative studies on the pathogenicity of Nosema carpocapsae,a microsporidian pathogen of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella,in New Zealand

The pathogenicity of Nosema carpocapsae for codling moth was studied using dose-infectivity experiments. The IC₅₀ (median infective concentration) was similar for the five larval instars (range 4.0 × 10³ to 6.7 × 10⁴ spores/ml). Spore loads in moths ranged from 6.0 × 10⁶ to 7.1 × 10⁷ spores per moth and varied with dose and with larval age at infection. The infection does not cause mortality but does reduce the fecundity and fertility of infected moths. Nosema carpocapsae is transmitted transovarially as well as horizontally. Infected eggs were not produced by healthy females mated with infected males, although such pairs generally produced fewer eggs than healthy pairs.     

苹果蠹蛾诱芯性信息素含量变化及其有效时间

载有反口橡皮塞诱芯的三角式诱捕器是我国目前进行苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella（L.）监测的主要工具。在室内理论条件下悬挂自制的橡皮塞信息素诱芯,苹果蠹蛾性信息素释放持续时间为20周,最后1周的信息素剩余含量仍在500μg左右。在室外自然条件下,2个处理能够检测到信息素剩余含量的最后时间分别为第9周和第5周,剩余含量分别为33.3μg和37.7μg;装有该信息素诱芯的诱捕器能够诱集到苹果蠹蛾成虫的时间可达15周。综合室内和室外结果,得到该自制苹果蠹蛾诱芯的最长有效时间为15周,高效时间为4周。