桑天牛头部附器感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜观测桑天牛Apriona germari(Hope)成虫的触角、下颚须和下唇须上感器的分布及超微结构。结果表明,雌、雄桑天牛触角上共存在6种感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、芽形感器、鳞形感器和棒形感器,其中锥形感器分5种亚型,刺形感器分2种亚型,且部分感器在雌雄成虫触角上的分布模式及数量存在差异,如棒形感器及角锥形感器丛模式仅在雄虫触角上发现,而雌虫触角上的细锥形感器和耳锥形感器多于雄虫,芽形感器少于雄虫;下颚须和下唇须存在5种感器,即毛形感器、刺形感器、末梢锥形感器、钟形感器和隙缝感器,各种感器在雌、雄天牛下颚须和下唇须上的分布和数量无明显的区别。     

三种隐翅虫下颚须和下唇须感器超微结构的比较研究(鞘翅目:隐翅虫总科)

利用扫描电子显微镜对3种隐翅虫成虫的下颚须和下唇须外部形态进行观察,结果表明,3种隐翅虫成虫的下颚须、下唇须末节感器变化较大。梭毒隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes Curtis下颚须末节有毛形感器、刚毛形感器、柱形感器、感器簇和板形感器,其中柱形感器、感器簇和板形感器在其它昆虫下颚须中未见报道,下唇须末节有锥形感器。闪蓝束毛隐翅虫Dianous coeruleotinctus Puthz和瘦突眼隐翅虫Stenus tenuipes Sharp下颚须、下唇须末节较光滑,仅闪蓝束毛隐翅虫下颚须末节有孔状结构。此外,文中还探讨了这些感器的功能及在分类学上的意义。     

越北腹露蝗成虫口器的感器

利用扫描电子显微镜观察了越北腹露蝗Fruhstorferiola tonkinensis Will.成虫口器的上唇、下颚须和下唇须上的感器形态和数量分布.结果表明:越北腹露蝗下唇须3节,下颚须5节,在上唇和唇基、下唇须和下颚须端点及各节上具有感器.口器感器共5种:毛形感器(sensilla trichodea)、刺形感器(sensilla chaetica)、锥形感器(sensilla basiconica)、腔锥形感器(sensilla coeloclnica)和盾形感器(sensilla scutellatum),其中毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器分别着生于上唇和唇基、下唇须和下颚须端点及各节表面,腔锥形感器(sensilla coeloclnica)只限于上唇外表面,盾形感器只限于下唇须和下颚须端点.推测了口器感器的功能,为了解越北腹露蝗的取食行为奠定基础.     

红缘天牛嗅觉感受器的类型及特点

利用扫描电镜对红缘天牛Asias halodendri（Pallas）的触角、下颚须和下唇须上嗅觉感受器的类型、超微形态结构及分布等特点进行观察。结果表明,红缘天牛触角、下颚须和下唇须上的嗅觉感器共有6类14种。触角上感器共有2类9种,即毛形感器1种,锥形感器8种;触角上毛形感器和Ⅱ型锥形感器长度在雌雄间有显著性差异;Ⅲ型、Ⅶ型和Ⅷ型锥形感器为雌性触角上所特有;Ⅵ型锥形感器仅见于雄性触角;触角上的感受器总数雌性数量多于雄性,背面略多于腹面和侧面。下颚须及下唇须上嗅感器共4类5种,即栓锥形感器2种、板形感器、钟形感器和边缘凹槽形感器各1种;雌性的边缘凹槽形感器明显高于雄性;下颚须和下唇须上雄性感器总数较多,腹面数量多于背面。     

松墨天牛成虫头部感受器超微结构的观察

扫描电镜观察表明 ,松墨天牛MonochamusalternatusHope成虫头部存在 1 1种感受器。触角有 8种 ,下颚须和下唇须有 6种。栓锥感受器Ⅰ型、毛形感受器Ⅰ型及刺形感受器为触角、下颚须和下唇须共有。触角特有栓锥感受器Ⅱ型、毛形感受器Ⅱ型、锥形感受器以及柱形感受器Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。下颚须及下唇须特有钟形感受器、坛形感受器和板形感受器。松墨天牛成虫触角感受器在种类、数量和分布上存在性别差异 ,雌雄虫的下颚须和下唇须感受器数量有所不同。     

锈翅蚁蛉头部附器感器的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对锈翅蚁蛉Myrmeleon ferrugineipennis Bao&Wang雌雄成虫头部触角及口器感器的形态进行观察,描述了感器的种类、数量和分布,以期解析其取食机制。结果表明:锈翅蚁蛉触角上存在10种感器,即毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、腔形感器、钟状感器、鳃形感器、耳形感器、盘形感器、舌形感器和Bhm氏鬃毛,其中毛形感器有3种亚型,数量最多;耳形感器、腔形感器和钟状感器仅在雌成虫触角上发现,而舌形感器和鳃形感器仅在雄成虫触角上发现;在锈翅蚁蛉触角鞭节近末端扁平匙状处各有1枚盘形感器,其形状和位置在雌雄虫上有差异。鳃形感器和盘形感器在已有的昆虫感器研究中未见报道,是新发现的昆虫触角感器。下颚须、下唇须上均发现锥形感器,下唇须上的数量多于下颚须;此外,下颚须上还存在钟状感器。     

筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫对不同食物源的趋向行为及头部感器电镜扫描观察

筛胸梳爪叩甲(Melanotus cribricollis)是我国南方竹林区重要的地下害虫,监测及防治相当困难。为了探索竹林金针虫搜索地下食物的机制,利用四臂嗅觉仪测定了筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫对不同食物的行为反应,并通过扫描电镜技术观察了筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫触角、下颚须和下唇须感器的类型、数量、形态及分布特征。结果表明:发芽的玉米、小麦种子及竹笋均能吸引到金针虫,鲜竹笋的引诱能力显著强于发芽种子和燕麦。筛胸梳爪叩甲幼虫触角上分布有刺形感器、锥形感器、钩形感器、圆盘形感器4类8种,下颚须上分布有锥形感器、腔锥形感器和坛形感器3类4种,下唇须上则分布有锥形感器、腔锥形感器、坛形感器、毛形感器、乳突形感器、凹槽形感器、哑铃形感器7类9种。这些研究结果证实了植物挥发物在金针虫觅食过程中发挥着重要作用,同时为揭示幼虫头部感器在觅食过程中的功能和作用奠定了基础。     

中华蚊蝎蛉成虫口器感器的超微结构

口器感器在昆虫取食活动中起着重要作用, 但蚊蝎蛉成虫口器上感器的种类和形态迄今未见报道。我们利用扫描电子显微镜, 观察了中华蚊蝎蛉Bittacus sinensis Walker成虫口器上的感器。结果显示: 中华蚊蝎蛉口器上共有8种感器, 分别为锥形、毛形、刺形、指形、掌状、钟形、柱状感器及Böhm氏鬃毛, 主要集中于内唇、 下颚须以及下唇须上。锥形感器和刺形感器数量最多; 毛形感器主要在下颚轴节、 茎节和下唇的亚颏和前颏有分布; 钟形感器和Böhm氏鬃毛只存在于下唇须和下颚须上。下颚须端节和下唇须端节的感器种类相同, 以锥形感器为主。高度骨化的上颚以及下颚内颚叶与外颚叶上未发现感器分布。简要讨论了口器感器在昆虫分类中的意义。     

宽胫夜蛾成虫触角和下唇须感器的超微形态

触角和下唇须是昆虫头部的重要感觉器官,其上被有多种类型的感器。宽胫夜蛾Protoschinia scutosa是一种重要的农业害虫,但其触角和下唇须感器研究较少。本研究利用扫描电子显微镜观察了宽胫夜蛾的触角和下唇须感器的类型、分布和超微形态。宽胫夜蛾的雌雄触角均为丝状,雌虫触角鞭节明显短于雄虫。雌雄触角均分布有8种类型感器,分别为Bhm氏鬃毛、鳞形感器、毛形感器、刺形感器、耳形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器和栓锥形感器。其中,毛形感器数量最多,且雄性毛形感器的数量明显多于雌性。宽胫夜蛾的下唇须为长管状,雌雄下唇须长度无显著差异。共观察到5种类型感器,即毛形感器、钟形感器、鳞形感器、刺形感器和棒形感器。毛形感器分布在下唇须基部第1节和端部第3节的陷窝器内,钟形感器位于第1节毛形感器簇之中,鳞形感器在各节均有分布,刺形感器和棒形感器只见于第3节。并对宽胫夜蛾的触角和下唇须感器的功能进行初步的推测和讨论。为昆虫感器功能分析、分类学和行为学研究提供依据。     

小菜蛾成虫下唇须感器的超微结构及其神经元中枢投射

【目的】明确小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫下唇须感器的形态结构及感器神经元的投射。【方法】利用光学显微镜观察和扫描电子显微镜观察下唇须结构和感器类型,利用神经回填技术和激光共聚焦显微镜观察下唇须感器神经元在脑部的投射。【结果】小菜蛾成虫下唇须共3节,其上存在Böhm氏鬃毛、钟形感器、鳞形感器、锥形感器、微毛形感器5种不同类型的感器和一个陷窝器结构。Böhm氏鬃毛短小尖细,钟形感器形如顶部凹陷的圆帽,两种感器均分布于下唇须第1节,且大小上均无雌雄二型差异;鳞形感器形同柳叶,锥形感器粗而直,均散生于下唇须的第2和3节,两种感器在大小上均存在雌雄二型差异,其中雌性的鳞形感器显著大于雄性的,根据其雌雄二型差异现象推测雌蛾的鳞形感器可能与感受寄主植物挥发物有关;下唇须第3节中上部具有一个圆形陷窝器结构,雄虫的陷窝器内径为5.68±0.33μm,雌虫的为6.03±0.23μm,雌雄间无显著性差异;凹坑内长有表面光滑的微毛形感器。小菜蛾下唇须感器神经元主要投射于脑部咽下神经节、每个触角叶的下唇须陷窝器神经纤维球和腹神经索3条通路。【结论】阐明了小菜蛾下唇须感器的类型、分布和形态特征及其感器神经元在脑部的投射形态,为深入了解小菜蛾下唇须感器的生理和功能奠定了基础。     

External morphology and abundance of mouthpart sensilla in Australian Gryllacrididae,Stenopelmatidae, and Tettigoniidae

Sensilla diversity and abundance were extremely high on the apex of the maxillary and labial palpi of two species of Gryllacrididae. The terminal segment of the maxillary palpi of these species had 9 and 15 sensilla types, respectively, and up to 2,834 sensilla. The labial palpi had 7 and 12 types, respectively, and up to 5,195 sensilla. Several types of multiporous smooth and ridged olfactory basiconic sensilla, and coeloconic, coelosphaeric, placoid, and multipapilliform sensilla occurred, as well as many trichoid sensilla and the more typical uniporous basiconic contact receptors. Two species of the closely related Stenopelmatidae were compared to the gryllacridids and found to have similar sensillar diversity and abundance, but three species of the more distantly related Tettigoniidae had only 4 or 5 sensilla types and a total number ranging from 320 to 960 on their maxillary palpi.     

Sensilla on the mouthparts and antennae of the elephant louse,Haematomyzus elephantis piaget (Phthiraptera: Haematomyzidae)

The labial palpus of the elephant louse Haematomyzus elephantis has six sensilla that represent three different types: trichoid, basiconic, and styloconic. Two rows of basiconic sensilla are situated on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the rostrum, and each row consists of three sensilla. Male and female antennae have 15–17 trichoid sensilla situated on the scape, pedicel, and three antennal annuli. Both sexes have two sensilla basiconica on the dorsal surface of the pedicel near the junction of the scape and pedicel. Two coeloconic (tuft) sensilla are situated on the antennae of both sexes, one sensillum on each of the last two annuli. There are three plate organs, two on the last annulus and one on the penultimate annulus of the male and female antennae. Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in the male and female antennae, in that the male has about twice as many sensilla basiconica on the apex of the last annulus as does the female. The total number of sensilla basiconica on the apex of the male antennae is at least two times the number that is known to be present in any other species of lice. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Sensory receptors on the adult labial and maxillary palpi and galea of Cicindela sexguttata (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)

Five types of sensilla are situated on the apical area of the labial and maxillary palpi and galea of Cicidela sexguttata. Large, conical, and peg-like sensilla are in rows on the central region of each palpus. These sensilla have a hollow cuticular peg, with an apical pore and multi-innervation. This central region of palpal sensilla is surrounded by campaniform sensilla that are disc-shaped and small conical peg sensilla. A similar type of conical sensillum as the found in the palpal central region is situated around the periphery of the palpal apex and apex of the galea. This conical peg sensillum is located in a shallow depression and is structurally similar to the other peg sensilla, but it has a mechanoreceptor neuron attached to the cuticular base of the sensillum. A long, single, trichoid sensillum is situated in the center of the galea and is hollow, thick-walled, porous, and multi-innervated. The apices of the palpi and galea have a large number of dermal gland openings that actively secrete a substance during the feeding process of the tiger beetle. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

长刺萤叶甲属与短鞘萤叶甲属的外部形态扫描电镜观察

本文对长刺萤叶甲属和短鞘萤叶甲属的头部,口器,触角,体毛,刻点,前胸背板,鞘翅缘折,足的外部形态首次进行了扫描电镜观察,并对结果进行了分析,比较,发现纬度变化引起的形态变异不显著,而海拔的变化引起形态的适应性变化比较显著。因此,对两种不同海拔的萤叶甲进行形态比较,研究萤叶甲在不同地理环境下,其形态的适应性变化提供了有价值的依据。     

七星瓢虫唇须感器分布和统计特征的雌雄差异

应用扫描电镜观察七星瓢虫Coccinella septempunctata的唇须和附节,以便确认在感应农药残留时起主要作用的化学感受器。研究证明分布在下颚须上的感器类型包括两种锥形感器（兼有机械感受器和化学感受器的功能）和一种钟形感器。同时本文首次报道了对这些感器精确的形态测量,明确了其性二型性。对下颚须的测量表明其左右末节的长度差异与七星瓢虫的性别之间有明显的相关性。文中还记述了下唇须上一种新的钟形感器,其在每个下唇须上的数量大约为12～17个。经测量这些机械感受器的平均直径为2.4 μm。早期研究中所记述的锥形感器被证实是下唇须上仅有的化学感应器,并且首次证明这些锥形感器的数量与性别相关,雄性平均为18个,雌性平均为16个。附节上也存在性别差异： 第2跗节跗垫的宽度在雄性中是从后向前逐渐增大,而在雌性中刚好相反。本文还就这些差异的意义以及新发现感器的功能进行了讨论。     

Distribution of chemo- and mechanoreceptors on the antennae and maxillae of Busseola fusca larvae

The stem borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a major pest of maize, Zea mays L., and sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (both Poaceae), in sub-Saharan Africa. Like in many other lepidopteran insects, the success of B. fusca in recognizing and colonizing a limited variety of plants is based on the interaction between its sensory systems and the physicochemical characteristics of its immediate environment. The sensilla on the maxillary galeae of B. fusca larvae are typical of Lepidoptera and comprise two uniporous styloconic sensilla, which are contact chemoreceptors, three basiconic sensilla, and two aporous sensilla chaetica. The maxillary palp is two-segmented and has eight small basiconic sensilla at the tip, which were also found to be gustatory. The antennae of B. fusca larvae are short and simple. The sensilla of the antenna are composed of two aporous sensilla chaetica, three multiporous cone-shaped basiconic sensilla, three small basiconic sensilla, and one aporous styloconic sensillum. The basiconic sensillum located on the third antennal segment displayed a contact chemoreception response. The other basiconic sensilla did not show any action potential activity in tip-recording tests. The significant and positive dose–response curve obtained for the antennal basiconic sensillum with sucrose indicated for the first time the presence of gustatory chemoreceptors on the antennae of a lepidopteran larva.     

Functional anatomy of sensory structures on the antennae of Psylliodes chrysocephala L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

The ultrastructure and distribution of sensilla on the antennae of the cabbage stem flea beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala, were investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Eight different sensillar types were distinguished. These were; hair plate sensilla, sensilla chaetica, three types of sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconica, grooved peg sensilla and styloconic sensilla. The sensilla chaetica are known to be gustatory receptors. Ultrastructure indicates that the hair plate sensilla and sensilla trichodea type one are probably mechanoreceptors, whilst the sensilla styloconica are probably thermo-hygro receptors. These thermo-hygroreceptors are unusual in that they are innervated by two sensory cells (one hygroreceptor and one thermoreceptor) rather than the more usual triad. The remaining four sensillar types all have a porous hair shaft, indicating an olfactory role. One of these (the grooved peg sensillum) may also have a thermoreceptive function. No sexual dimorphism was found in the structure, number or distribution of the antennal sensilla.