新疆阿勒泰地区草地类型特征及其分类经营

草地退化已严重制约着阿勒泰地区畜牧业的健康发展．通过分析不同草地类型的群落特征、生态服务价值、功能多样性和主导性,提出了阿勒泰地区草地资源分类经营的模式和策略．研究表明,生态功能区面积为164．66×10^4hm^2,占草地面积的16．73％,草地类型主要有高寒草甸和草原、沼泽、山地荒漠草原、山地草原化荒漠和部分平原荒漠,经营策略为禁牧和封育;经济功能区面积为116．33×10^4hm^2,占草地面积的11．82％,主要草地类型有山地草甸、低地草甸和草甸草原,经营策略为通过施肥、灌溉等手段,集约化管理,提高单位面积产值;混合功能区的面积为703．21×10^4hm^2,占草地总面积的71．45％,草地类型主要有山地草原、平原荒漠草原和大部分平原荒漠,经营策略是以草定畜,合理轮牧．     

基于组合赋权的TOPSIS 法与灰色关联度的秦岭生态功能区水土保持治理效益评价

针对TOPSIS 模型在多指标评价中的不足, 提出了基于灰色关联系数矩阵的改进TOPSIS 模型, 运用AHP 法和熵值法组合赋权的方法, 克服了传统主客观赋权方法的缺点, 建立了秦岭生态功能区水土保持治理效益评价模型,通过该评价模型的应用, 较好反映了水土保持治效益变化趋势。结果表明, 秦岭生态功能区水土保持治理效益逐年增长, 2009 年较2002 年相比, 治理效益增长1.24 倍, 表明秦岭生态功能区各项水土保持措施已经发挥作用, 生态环境逐步向良性发展, 有利于秦岭生态环境及其各项功能的改善。该评价方法计算简单, 结果合理, 具有很好的应用前景, 为区域水土保持措施有效开展提供新的思路, 也为政府决策与综合管理、宏观调控提供科学的理论依据。     

北方牧区草地资源分类经营机制与可持续发展

草地是畜牧业生产和生态保护的重要资源.在短期经济利益的驱动下造成北方牧区草地大面积退化和荒漠化、生产力下降、自我恢复能力降低、水土流失加剧和涵养功能减弱,对牧区经济发展、社会稳定和生态安全构成了威胁,严重影响着草地畜牧业的可持续发展.以新疆阿勒泰为例,依据草地资源的生产经济性能、生态服务价值重要性和季节放牧利用特征,构建了基于GIS 技术的草地生产力指数、草地生态服务价值指数和草地资源分类经营的功能分区模型,建立以主导功能和时空格局为主的草地资源分类经营调控机制,将阿勒泰牧区的草地从空间上划分为经济功能区、混合功能区和生态功能区.结果表明:(1)经济功能区,以获取最大的经济效益为目的,面积约648.69万hm2,占总可利用草地面积的65.8%,主要分布在平原荒漠;(2)生态功能区,以生态保护和社会效益为目的,面积约136.4万hm2,占总可利用草地面积的13.9%,主要分布在平原荒漠草原、山地草原、高寒草甸;(3)混合功能区,在适度利用条件下,生态效益与经济效益并重,面积约200.1万hm2,占总可利用草地面积的20.3%,主要分布在山地草原化荒漠、山地草甸草原、平地草甸、山地荒漠草原、山地草甸和高寒草原.通过对草地资源的分类经营,将畜牧业生产重心转向经济功能区,转移生态功能区的放牧家畜,减轻混合功能区的放牧压力,形成草地资源在功能、系统、时序和空间的耦合结构,实现牧区草地资源利用的可持续发展.     

新疆阿勒泰地区草地资源可持续管理分析

通过分析新疆阿勒泰地区草地资源的利用现状,草地类型的生产性能、生态服务价值和在区域发展中的主导功能,指出分类经营是该区草地资源可持续管理的有效途径。研究表明,阿勒泰地区的草地资源在空间上可划分为生态功能区(高寒草甸和草原、沼泽、山地荒漠草原、山地草原化荒漠和部分平原荒漠),经济功能区(山地草甸,低地草甸和草甸草原)和混合功能区(山地草原、平原荒漠草原和大部分平原荒漠),在时间上可采取不同的经营策略。生态功能区经营策略是禁牧和封育,经济功能区的经营策略是通过施肥、灌溉等手段,集约化管理,提高单位面积产值I混合功能区的经营策略是以草定畜,合理轮牧。     

基于主导生态功能价值核算的生态补偿研究——以若尔盖重要生态功能区为例

重要生态功能区是指在保持流域、区域生态平衡,防止和减轻自然灾害,确保国家和地区生态安全方面具有重要作用的区域。我国重要生态功能区生态破坏形势十分严峻,严重阻碍了区域社会经济的可持续发展。为此,国家非常重视重要生态功能区的环境保护和生态建设,提出通过建立生态补偿机制,加强对重要生态功能区的保护。重要生态功能区的主导生态功能不仅是保护的主要对象,而且通常还是区外受益区经济利益的关切点,以主导生态功能价值作为生态补偿标准的参考依据,更具有现实性和可操作性。本文以若尔盖重要生态功能区为例进行了研究,对主导生态功能进行了分析和价值评价,从理论核算价值上,提出了若尔盖重要生态功能区生态补偿的参考标准。     

秦岭山地生态分界线的论证

山地自然生态分界线,实际为一条生态过渡带。分界线位置的准确划分,有助于把握现代气候-植被-土壤的敏感变化特征,也是指导当地大农业生产的基础依据。秦岭山地长期以来被认为是中国东部重要的南北生态分界线,即亚热带和暖温带的分界线。但对该界线的具体位置,历来存在着北坡、分水岭和南坡3种争议。根据作者多年的工作积累和对相关问题的思考,以文献评析为基础,以气候-植被参数计算结果为依据,并通过对秦岭山地不同区域植物区系和植被垂直带谱已有研究结果的比较分析,从中得出如下主要结论:(1)根据秦岭地区气候-植被参数等值线的分布,整个秦岭山地都应属于暖温带,这一结论可与国际有关研究相互接轨。(2)根据对秦岭不同区域植物区系调查结果的比较分析,秦岭南坡大部分区域都应属于暖温带,而南麓海拔1000m等高线附近很可能是暖温带的南缘。(3)根据对秦岭南北坡植被垂直带谱的比较分析,南麓海拔1000m等高线应该是一条重要的生态分界线。综合来看,将秦岭山地的南北分界线放在南坡海拔1000m附近比较适宜。上述归纳研究所获结论,将通过在秦岭山地深入开展现代"3S"技术支撑下的植被、土壤、气候等生态与地理方面的综合研究,最终得到完全验证。     

我国西部地区两个重要生态功能保护区建设的要点分析

分析了我国西部两个重要生态功能区———黄河源生态功能保护区和塔里木河流域生态功能保护区建设中应把握的要点。强调了生态系统的多视角描述方法 ,分析了两个重要生态功能区存在的生态环境问题和引起生态环境退化的可能原因 ,确定了两个生态功能区的主导生态功能 ,并对生态功能保护区建设提出了建议     

秦岭山地碳中和空间服务范围及其模拟预测

在当前碳中和背景下,秦岭山地碳中和的量化及其空间服务范围的测算对于碳中和合理规划和快速实现具有重要意义。采用IUEMS （Intelligent Urban Ecosystem Management System）系统对秦岭山地的固碳量进行核算,利用DMSP/OLS （Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System）和NPP-VIIRS （Net Primary Productivity-Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer）夜间灯光数据和各地市的能源消耗数据通过模型拟合对秦岭山地碳排放量进行空间量化,基于固碳量和碳排放量得到秦岭山地空间碳中和量。利用PLUS （Patch-generating Land Use Simulation Model）模型模拟了2030和2050年的碳中和空间分布,结合常见气体扩散系数计算得到常温常压下秦岭山地碳中和对周边区域的服务范围。结果表明：2000-2020年秦岭山地固碳量呈现上升的趋势,大部分区域不同时间尺度上的固碳速率呈正向趋势,空间上秦岭山地中西部区域固碳量整体较大;对秦岭固碳量影响较大的地形特征为海拔1200m左右、斜坡、半阳坡和半阴坡;研究区内碳排放量空间上整体较低,碳排放低值区面积占到了秦岭总面积的90%,碳排放较大区域主要位于秦岭北坡的城区区域,时间上碳排放量最大值为先增加后减少的变化趋势;2000-2050年秦岭山地碳汇服务范围为174-262.63km,服务范围在空间上呈逐渐扩大趋势,2030年后其扩大程度将略有减少。     

水生态功能区划流程:双关系树框架与概念模型

水生态区划和水生态功能区划是流域水环境管理与水生态系统合理利用的重要基础,国内已经研究十年有余.本文针对该领域的一些共性问题,通过对水生态区划分与水生态功能类型划分的系统分析,探讨了水生态区划与水生态功能区划的关联性,提出了基于双树结构的RFCH流程和钻石概念模型;并以辽河流域为例,参照其他研究者的区划方案,开展了以水生态三级区为基础的水生态功能分类,为流域水生态功能区划提供了一种可借鉴的流程框架.     

试论山地的生态特征及山地生态学的研究内容

山地是一个生态复杂系统,它具有特定的结构和功能,拥有丰富的生物多样性资源、水资源、矿产资源和旅游资源。开展山地生态学研究对阐明山地系统的结构与功能、山地的生态现象与过程,以及合理开发利用和保护山地资源都有极为重要的意义。本文在简要分析山地地形的主要要素对生态因子影响的基础上,对山地的生态效应进行了归纳,探讨了山地生态学应包含的主要研究内容。作者认为,在山区,地形地貌是形成山地结构和功能以及各种生态现象和过程的最根本因素,它通过改变地表的光、热、水、土、肥等生态因子而发生作用。因此,山地生态学应把地形地貌与各种生态现象和过程的相互作用作为其核心的研究内容。作者提出,山地生态学研究主要包括：山地生态复杂性与生物多样性、山地气候变化、山地生态工程、山区可持续发展综合研究以及山地生态学研究技术与方法论等内容。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.