Prostacyclin receptor-induced STAT3 phosphorylation in human erythroleukemia cells is mediated via Galpha(s) and Galpha(16) hybrid signaling

Human prostacyclin receptor (hIP) stimulates STAT3 via pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins in human erythroleukemia (HEL) cells. Since hIP can utilize G(s) and G(q) proteins for signal transduction and that both G proteins can induce STAT3 phosphorylation and activation via complex signaling networks, we sought to determine if one of them is predominant in mediating the hIP signal. Stimulation of STAT3 Tyr(705) and Ser(727) phosphorylations by the IP-specific agonist, cicaprost, was sensitive to inhibition of protein kinase A, phospholipase Cbeta, protein kinase C, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and Janus kinase 2/3. Unlike Galpha(16)-mediated regulation of STAT3 in the same cells, cicaprost-induced STAT3 Tyr(705) phosphorylation was resistant to inhibition of Src and MEK while STAT3 Ser(727) phosphorylation distinctly required phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase. This unique inhibitor-sensitivity pattern of STAT3 phosphorylation was reproduced in HEL cells by stimulating the G(16)-coupled C5a receptor in the presence of dibutyryl-cAMP, suggesting that the change in inhibitor-sensitivity was due to activation of the G(s) pathway. This postulation was confirmed by expressing constitutively active Galpha(16)QL and Galpha(s)QL in human embryonic kidney 293 cells and the inhibitor-sensitivity of Galpha(16)QL-induced STAT3 phosphorylations could be converted by the mere presence of Galpha(s)QL to resemble that obtained with cicaprost in HEL cells. In addition, the restoration of the Galpha(16)-mediated inhibitor-sensitivity upon cicaprost induction in Galpha(s)-knocked down HEL cells again verified the pivotal role of G(s) signal. Taken together, our observations illustrate that co-stimulation of G(s) and G(q) can result in the fine-tuning of STAT3 activation status, and this may provide the basis for cell type-specific responses following activation of hIP.     

不同细胞中STAT元件对刺激因子的特异性应答

以高通量药物筛选为目的,构建转录因子STAT元件驱动的萤火虫荧光素酶报告载体,并进行功能初步验证.人工合成含IRF－1和C－FOS基因上游调控序列中的2个STAT元件的DNA片段,克隆于pGL3－promoter报道质粒作为报道载体pSTAT luc|为检测其对不同有效因子刺激的反应性,该报道载体与荧光内参照载体pRL－SV40瞬时共转染不同细胞,在各种因子刺激条件下,双荧光素酶检测系统测定化学发光强度. 结果显示,pSTAT－luc的报道基因载体符合预期设计|该载体转染细胞实验显示,在STAT途径阳性的HeLa、A549和MCF 7细胞中,特异刺激因子INF－γ和抑瘤素OSM处理能够剂量依赖性的引起细胞内萤火虫荧光素酶的升高|在STAT途径阴性的PC－12细胞,上述因子不能引起荧光素酶的活性改变|以非该途径因子刺激时,HeLa、A549和MCF－7细胞未见发光水平的改变.结果表明,构建的报道系统具有阳性细胞反应特异性以及阳性刺激 反应特异性,能够用于建立靶向STAT信号通路的高通量药物筛选平台.     

Mitogen-activated protein kinase plays an essential role in the erythropoietin-dependent proliferation of CTLL-2 cells

Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) are required for development of erythrocytes. It has been shown that the ectopic expression of EPOR confers EPO-dependent proliferation on an interleukin 3 (IL3)-dependent cell line, Ba/F3, whereas the IL2-dependent T cell line, CTLL-2 expressing the EPOR (T-ER), fails to proliferate in response to EPO. However, the molecular basis of the EPO unresponsiveness in CTLL-2 has not been clarified. We found that the expression level of JAK2 in T-ER cells was much lower than that in Ba/F3 cells. Therefore, we examined the effects of forced expression of JAK2 in T-ER cells. In T-ER transformants expressing JAK2 (T-JER), EPO induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the EPOR, JAK2, and STAT5, and consequently STAT5-responsive genes including bcl-X and cis1 were normally induced. Furthermore, T-JER cells were resistant to apoptosis until at least 72 h after switching from IL2 to EPO. Although T-JER cells could not continuously proliferate in the presence of EPO, additional expression of JAK2 in T-JER (T-JJER) to a level similar to that in Ba/F3 cells supported long term proliferation in response to EPO. JAK2 was equally co-immunoprecipitated with the EPOR among T-JER, T-JJER, and Ba/F3 cells expressing the EPOR (BF-ER). However, EPO-dependent mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation was observed in T-JJER and BF-ER cells but not in T-JER cells. EPO-dependent long term proliferation of T-JER cells was conferred by expression of the constitutively activated form of MEK1. Our results suggest that MAP kinase activation is, at least in part, an important component for mitotic signal from the EPOR, and CTLL-2 cells probably lack signaling molecule(s) in JAK2 and the Ras-MAP kinase pathway.     

Efficient internalization of IL-2 depends on the distal portion of the cytoplasmic tail of the IL-2R common gamma-chain and a lymphoid cell environment

The common gamma-chain (gammac), a subunit of the IL-2R, is essential for high affinity ligand binding and signal transduction due to Jak3 association to gammac. Another consequence of IL-2/IL-2R interaction is rapid receptor-mediated endocytosis of the receptor-ligand complex. In the present study, we establish that this rapid endocytosis of IL-2 in a T cell tumor line is dependent upon the cytoplasmic tail of gammac. Deletion mutants of the cytoplasmic tail mapped this activity to 9 aa of gammac, 45-54 aa distal to the transmembrane region. In contrast, ligand-independent constitutive endocytosis of gammac occurred more slowly and was dependent upon a PEST sequence in a more membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic tail of gammac. Thus, this receptor subunit may use distinct sorting signals for its constitutive regulation and ligand-induced endocytosis. Rapid endocytosis of IL-2 was inhibited by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, implicating a role for a signal transduction pathway in IL-2 internalization. However, one T cell line bearing a mutant gammac exhibited impaired endocytosis of IL-2, despite normal IL-2-induced Jak/STAT activation. Furthermore, inefficient endocytosis of IL-2 was noted after transfection of the COS7 epithelial cell line with the IL-2R, and further reconstitution of these cells with Jak/STAT proteins did not enhance this internalization. Collectively, these latter findings indicate that rapid endocytosis of IL-2 is dependent upon cellular signaling in lymphoid cell environment that is not solely a consequence of the presence of the Jak/STAT pathway.     

人骨髓瘤细胞中两条IL-6信号转导途径的相互调控方式

首先利用凝胶阻滞电泳 ( electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA )和免疫沉淀( immunoprecipitation,IP)方法观察两条 IL- 6信号转导途径—— JAK/STAT和 Ras/NF- IL- 6在人骨髓瘤细胞系 Sko- 0 0 7中的诱导激活状态 ;继而采用分别作用于两条途径的蛋白激酶抑制剂或激动剂以及转录因子的反义核酸与 IL- 6共同作用 Sko- 0 0 7细胞 ,观察一条途径激活信号上调 (或下调 )时 ,另外一条途径活化状态的变化 .结果显示 :1 .JAK/STAT和 Ras/NF- IL- 6信号转导途径都能够在 Sko- 0 0 7细胞中诱导激活 ;2 .与 JAK/STAT途径活化相关的某个酪氨酸磷酸化作用参与了Ras途径的诱导激活 ;Ras途径可通过蛋白激酶 MAPK( motigen- activated protein kinase)对 JAK/STAT途径的激活起正调控作用 .这说明在人骨髓瘤细胞 Sko- 0 0 7中两条 IL- 6信号途径可相互调控彼此的活化 .     

STAT蛋白在心脏疾病中作用的研究进展

细胞信号转导途径JAK-STAT通路是细胞因子由细胞膜外向细胞核内传递信号的主要途径,参与了介导细胞生长,增殖分化,炎症反应,细胞凋亡等多种病理生理过程。STAT蛋白是JAK-STAT通路的核心分子,且所有的STAT蛋白在心脏中均有表达,改变其分子结构能调节STAT蛋白的生物学活性。目前,已有大量文献报道了STAT1、STAT3在心脏疾病中的作用,缺血性心脏疾病、缺血再灌注引起心肌损伤、心肌肥大、心肌梗塞后的心脏衰竭以及缺血预/后处理介导的心脏保护作用等均与STAT蛋白密切相关。本文主要就近年来STAT蛋白在心脏疾病中作用的研究进展进行了综述。     

The JAK-STAT signaling pathway: input and output integration

Universal and essential to cytokine receptor signaling, the JAK-STAT pathway is one of the best understood signal transduction cascades. Almost 40 cytokine receptors signal through combinations of four JAK and seven STAT family members, suggesting commonality across the JAK-STAT signaling system. Despite intense study, there remain substantial gaps in understanding how the cascades are activated and regulated. Using the examples of the IL-6 and IL-10 receptors, I will discuss how diverse outcomes in gene expression result from regulatory events that effect the JAK1-STAT3 pathway, common to both receptors. I also consider receptor preferences by different STATs and interpretive problems in the use of STAT-deficient cells and mice. Finally, I consider how the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins regulate the quality and quantity of STAT signals from cytokine receptors. New data suggests that SOCS proteins introduce additional diversity into the JAK-STAT pathway by adjusting the output of activated STATs that alters downstream gene activation.     

Thrombin stimulates the production of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate in human erythroleukemia cells.

The human erythroleukemic cell line, HEL, which has numerous platelet markers, shows enhanced inositol phosphate production in response to thrombin. We investigated the production of phosphoinositides in HEL cells and showed that thrombin stimulates the turnover of several phosphoinositides including the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4)P2). Phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate is also produced in HEL cells and its synthesis is not stimulated by thrombin. Pretreatment of HEL cells with the stable prostacyclin analog iloprost inhibits the thrombin-induced increase in the production of PtdIns(3,4)P2. 3-Phosphorylated phosphoinositides have been implicated in signal transduction and regulation of cell proliferation in other cells and may be involved in signal transduction in HEL cells.