云南省斑翅果蝇寄生性天敌昆虫种类调查

斑翅果蝇作为危害蓝莓、杨梅、葡萄、樱桃等软皮水果的重要害虫之一,已经引起国内外广泛关注,明确斑翅果蝇寄生性天敌昆虫的种类、分布和自然寄生状况,可以为斑翅果蝇天敌的保护利用提供科学依据。本文通过在云南省斑翅果蝇适生区采集斑翅果蝇的栽培寄主和野生浆果果实,带回实验室培养5~8d,解剖果实并挑出斑翅果蝇蛹,收集其中羽化的斑翅果蝇寄生性天敌昆虫,并记录其种类和数量,计算寄生率。本研究共采集调查了45种植物果实,有15种植物果实可被斑翅果蝇危害,其中杨梅中的斑翅果蝇种群数量最大,达到96.03头/百果;共收集到5种斑翅果蝇的寄生蜂,其中幼虫寄生蜂有丽盾瘿蜂Ganaspis brasiliensis、细毛瘿蜂Leptopilina japonica和反颚茧蜂Asobara sp.,蛹寄生蜂有果蝇锤角细蜂Trichopria drosophilae和蝇蛹金小蜂Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae,寄生蜂的自然寄生率最高可达27.81%。结果表明,丽盾瘿蜂的虫口数量最多,分布最广,为斑翅果蝇的田间优势种寄生蜂。斑翅果蝇的寄生性天敌昆虫在斑翅果蝇化蛹后的1~2周达到羽化高峰期,对斑翅果蝇具有较好的自然控制作用。     

外来种刺槐叶瘿蚊的重要寄生性天敌——刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在中国的地理分布

刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso(膜翅目:细蜂科)是我国外来有害生物刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae(Haldeman)(双翅目:瘿蚊科)十分重要的寄生性天敌,为卵-幼虫跨期寄生蜂,专化性强,在自然抑制害虫虫口密度中起着非常重要的作用。为摸清刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在我国的地理分布,探讨其与刺槐叶瘿蚊的相互关系,本文根据寄主刺槐叶瘿蚊在我国的分布范围,采用踏查的方法,对全国17个省、市、自治区的29个地区进行了调查。结果显示,刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂在其寄主分布区都有分布,分布范围在26°35.451′-43°53.482′N,103°51.816′-125°15.969′E,海拔4-1 097 m。     

布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂的生物学特性及其寄生对黑腹果蝇生长发育的影响

【目的】调查布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂Leptopilina boulardi的生物学特性,明确该寄生蜂寄生对寄主黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster生长发育的影响。【方法】运用形态成像和统计学的方法,对布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂的发育历期和寄生效率等生物学特性进行研究,同时对布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂寄生后寄主黑腹果蝇发育历期以及蛹期体长和体重的变化进行统计分析。【结果】布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂的卵期平均为0. 98±0. 22 d,幼虫期为10. 22±0. 57 d,雄虫蛹期为8. 09±0. 19 d,雌虫蛹期10. 07±0. 30 d,雌蜂平均比雄蜂约晚2 d羽化。布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂寄生黑腹果蝇2龄幼虫后,黑腹果蝇幼虫出现明显的黑化包囊反应,幼虫发育显著延缓,蛹长和蛹重也显著降低。【结论】布拉迪小环腹瘿蜂是黑腹果蝇的专性寄生蜂。本研究的结果为寄生蜂调控寄主的机制提供了实验依据。     

香橼柠檬捕食螨和叶螨发生动态初报

【目的】为了明确香橼柠檬园中,捕食螨及叶螨发生动态,明确天敌捕食螨对叶螨的自然控制作用。【方法】定期定点,在果园中采用振落法统计捕食螨和叶螨数量;田间采集叶片室内统计柑橘瘿螨数量;盘拍后采集捕食螨标本,室内玻片鉴定捕食螨种类。【结果】在不使用化学杀螨剂的香橼柠檬园中,植绥螨科种类是香橼柠檬树上天敌捕食螨中的优势种类;植绥螨科中的优势种类是纽氏肩绥螨Scapulaseius newsami;纽氏肩绥螨种群在田间可以保持稳定的增长;镰螯螨科种群受环境影响较大,种群数量变化趋势和柑橘瘿螨Phyllocoptes oleiverus相似。【结论】在不使用化学杀螨剂的香橼柠檬园中,捕食螨种类丰富,自然天敌可以有效的发挥对柑橘全爪螨Panonchus citri的控制作用。     

中国棘锤角细蜂属新记录

报道中国锤角细蜂科Diapriidae 1新记录属:棘锤角细蜂属Lyteba Thomson,1859以及1新记录种,双畦棘锤角细蜂Lyteba bisulca (Nees ab Esenbeck,1834),附详细描述和特征图.     

栗瘿蜂生物学及其防治研究

栗瘿蜂的蛹可化分为前蛹、白蛹和黑蛹。生殖方式为孤雌生殖,平均单瘿内幼虫数与每米枝条瘿数为正相关关系。自然种群密度呈周期性猖獗发生,其主要原因是寄生天敌的作用,研究中查获我省寄生蜂28种,主要天敌有10种。发生期的预测可根据板粟的物候期进行。发生量的预测可用有效基数预测式的简式“(1-d)(1-M)”,进行种群数量变动趋势的估测。采用早春人工修剪,邻地助迁、枯瘿挂笼等保护利用寄生蜂的方法,并适当辅助以化学防治:涂环内吸防治瘿内幼虫及成虫期喷雾等综合防治措施。使防治区比对照区当年虫口减退率达95％以上。     

外来入侵害虫刺槐叶瘿蚊的重要天敌——刺槐叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂

外来入侵害虫刺槐叶瘿蚊Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldemann) 原产北美洲东部, 2006 年在中国发现, 危害刺槐叶片, 严重影响刺槐的健康生长, 已经列入我国检疫性害虫名单。在河北省秦皇岛市野外调查, 发现了一种广腹细蜂科天敌--叶瘿蚊广腹细蜂Platygaster robiniae Buhl and Duso, 该寄生蜂属中国新记录种。野外观察表明其对刺槐叶瘿蚊最高寄生率达84.8%, 具有良好的生物防治应用前景。本文对该广腹细蜂的外部形态和初步观察的生物学特性进行了描述。     

稻田及其毗邻杂草地寄生蜂群落结构与特征

通过在稻田及其毗邻杂草地的系统调查、采集和室内标本鉴定,获知稻田中有67种寄生蜂,隶属16科;毗邻杂草地中有96种寄生蜂,隶属19科。稻田生境中的寄生蜂物种数占稻田天敌总物种数的45．89％,杂草生境中的寄生蜂物种数占杂草地天敌总物种数的46．60％。对稻田及其毗邻杂草地寄生蜂群落的各种属性指标进行比较研究,结果表明：杂草地寄生蜂群落的丰富度、多样性、优势集中度指数均比稻田高,而均匀性指数值比稻田低。对杂草生境和稻田生境寄生蜂群落的优势种动态比较可知,寄生蜂优势种在水稻的不同生育期是不相同的,在稻田生境中,优势种稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus sp．)出现在水稻生育前期和中后期,等腹黑卵蜂(Telenomus dignus)出现在水稻生育后期,稻苞虫黑卵蜂(Telenomus sp．)在水稻生育前中期及后期出现。然而在杂草地中,作为优势种,稻虱缨小蜂出现在水稻生育前期和中期,等腹黑卵蜂出现在水稻生育前中期和后期,稻苞虫黑卵蜂在水稻整个生育期均有出现。两种锤角细蜂(Monelata sp．1和Acropiesta sp．2)是稻田的重要优势种,但不是杂草地的优势种;相反,稻蝽小黑卵蜂(Telenomus gifuensis)是杂草地的重要优势种,但不是稻田的优势种。由此可见,杂草地生境是稻田寄生蜂的种库之一,对稻田节肢动物群落的重建和种群保存有重要影响,因而适当保留田埂杂草和稻田周围的杂草地,减少对天敌的损害,提高天敌对害虫的自然控制作用,是水稻害虫持续控制的途径之一。     

粗放管理的苹果园系统内金纹细蛾发生及其寄生蜂种类与控害作用

【目的】明确粗放管理的苹果园系统内金纹细蛾Lithocolletis ringoniella发生为害动态规律、其寄生蜂种类和对金纹细蛾的控害作用,为金纹细蛾生物防治提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2018年在烟台福山区管理粗放的苹果园内,通过系统调查和实验室解剖对金纹细蛾的发生及其寄生蜂种类进行调查。【结果】在粗放管理的苹果园系统内,5月中旬-6月中旬是金纹细蛾成虫发生的全年最高峰,幼虫发生的两个高峰期分别在5月底和6月中下旬,而田间叶片被害率在6月中旬以后明显升高,7月初出现大量落叶。在自然生态系统下,共调查发现金纹细蛾姬小蜂SympiesislaevifronsKamijo、金纹细蛾绒茧蜂Apanteles theivorae、金纹细蛾跳小蜂Ageniaspis pestacsipes Rate、金纹细蛾羽角姬小蜂Eulopaus longulus Zett、柠黄姬小蜂Cirros-pilues ogimae (Howard) 5种寄生蜂;在5月底至6月初和7月下旬出现2个寄生高峰,其中6月底以前,金纹细蛾姬小蜂、金纹细蛾绒茧蜂寄生率高,分别达到33.69%和29.48%,是优势种寄生蜂,7月份以后金纹细蛾跳小蜂是优势种寄生蜂,平均寄生率为38.54%,最高达71.72%。【结论】在粗放条件下,金纹细蛾寄生蜂自然寄生率高,不同时期优势种寄生蜂不同,应注意保护天敌,充分发挥寄生蜂对金纹细蛾的控害作用。     

冀西北农牧交错区草地螟寄生蜂及其控害作用

【目的】寄生蜂是草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.卵期和幼虫期的重要天敌,但冀西北地区的发生种类、控害作用尚不明确。【方法】通过1997年以来历年田间调查,结合多年室内饲养。【结果】明确了当地草地螟寄生蜂共14种,其中卵期1种,幼虫期13种,1~5龄幼虫各龄期均有不同种寄生蜂寄生,寄生蜂种类多,种群数量大,寄生率高,控害和压低草地螟种群作用显著。【结论】该调查研究为开展草地螟预测预报,保护利用天敌资源和综合治理提供了科学依据。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.