十一星瓢虫在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了十一星瓢虫在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各 虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在16℃下世代的发育历期最长(64.2天),而32℃时仅为16.4天,24℃和28℃时分别为27.1天和21.5天。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为10.9℃,11.1℃,12.5℃和10.6℃,有效积温分别为40.9,110.3,39.7,359.4日·度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,16℃时最长,为34.7天,在32℃下最短,为14.1天; 单雌产卵量在24℃时最高,平均为463.8粒,32℃时最低,为96.4粒。在恒温24℃～28℃内, 十一星瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力较高, 种群加倍时间较短。16℃时种群增长受到较大制约,种群趋势指数仅为24℃时的10.7%,种群加倍时间约22.3天,为24℃时的4.1倍。32℃时十一星瓢虫的发育历期缩短,存活率、繁殖力降低。     

不同变温组合条件下二点委夜蛾的生长发育

【目的】为明确变温条件对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone (Möschler) 实验种群生长发育的影响。【方法】分别设置6个变温组合（20/24℃, 20/28℃, 20/32℃, 24/28℃, 24/32℃和28/32℃）,通过测定和计算各虫态发育起点温度和有效积温及生命表参数来研究变温对二点委夜蛾卵、幼虫、蛹、世代平均发育历期、存活率和繁殖力的影响。【结果】不同变温组合对二点委夜蛾各虫态的发育历期、存活率及种群繁殖力有显著影响。发育历期随着变温组合平均温度的升高而缩短,二点委夜蛾世代存活率由大到小的顺序为24/28℃>20/32℃>28/32℃>20/28℃>24/32℃>20/24℃。24/28℃时产卵量最高,单雌产卵量为390.70粒。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为10.37℃和663.17日·度。在不同变温组合下内禀增长率r_m值随着平均温度的升高先上升后降低。在24/28℃时,二点委夜蛾r_m、净增殖率R₀和周限增长率λ最大,种群加倍时间 t 和世代平均周期 T 最小。【结论】24/28℃是二点委夜蛾实验种群生长发育及繁殖的最适变温组合,本研究结果为二点委夜蛾的预测预报及综合防治提供了科学依据。     

南瓜寄主上扶桑绵粉蚧不同温度下的发育历期和实验种群生命表

为了探明温度对扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley发育的影响, 本研究在光周期14L∶10D, 相对湿度75%±1%及不同温度（18, 20, 24, 26, 28和30℃）的实验室条件下, 测定了以南瓜为寄主的扶桑绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期和存活率, 组建了扶桑绵粉蚧的实验种群生命表。结果表明： 在18~30℃温度范围内, 随着温度的升高扶桑绵粉蚧的发育速率加快, 且其温度与发育速率的关系符合 Logistic模型。在18~30℃恒温条件下, 扶桑绵粉蚧的雌虫世代发育历期为40.24~80.64 d, 雄虫世代发育历期为25.21~54.31 d; 雌虫世代的发育起点温度为7.39℃, 有效积温为889.89日·度; 雄虫世代的发育起点温度为8.58℃, 有效积温为523.47日·度。在26℃时, 扶桑绵粉蚧的世代存活率最高(77.03%), 种群趋势指数也最高(22.98), 有利于种群增长; 而在18℃和30℃, 扶桑绵粉蚧的种群趋势指数分别为2.99和9.80。扶桑绵粉蚧有较强的种群发展能力, 但高温和低温都不利于其种群增长。扶桑绵粉蚧发育历期和实验种群表的研究为其控制措施的制定提供了科学依据。     

不同温度下茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表

近年来,茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata在江汉平原地区危害严重,本研究旨在探明温度对该地区茄二十八星瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响,组建茄二十八星瓢虫的实验种群生命表,为该虫防治提供一定的理论依据。本研究采用室内恒温饲养方法,分别设置19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃、31℃和34℃等6个温度,测定各温度下用马铃薯饲养不同虫态的生长发育历期。结果表明,茄二十八星瓢虫在不同恒温条件下各虫态的发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,19℃恒温下发育历期最长为3219 d,31℃恒温下仅为1315 d。幼虫期和蛹期的发育起点温度分别为1093和1213℃,日有效积温为18604和5706 d·℃。在19-31℃5个温区下幼虫和蛹的存活率都很高,并依据该温区内的发育起点温度和有效积温建立了发育历期预测式与Logistic模型。在25℃时单雌平均产卵量达到最大值107450粒,世代存活率和种群趋势指数最高,分别为9333%和50147,高温和低温均不利于其种群数量增加。     

温度对新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响

新菠萝灰粉蚧是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫,温度是决定新菠萝灰粉蚧能否建立稳定种群的最基本因素.本研究以南瓜作为寄主,探索恒温条件对新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响.在17、20、23、26、29和32 ℃,光周期14L∶10D,相对湿度(75±5)%的实验室条件下,测定了新菠萝灰粉蚧各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力,组建了新菠萝灰粉蚧的实验种群生命表.结果表明: 在20～29 ℃,各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,在20 ℃下雌、雄若虫期的发育历期最长,分别为46.95和50.26 d;29 ℃时雌虫若虫期的发育历期最短,为20.28 d;而雄虫若虫期在32 ℃时最短,为20.70 d.各虫态的温度与发育速率的关系均符合二次回归关系.此外,温度显著影响新菠萝灰粉蚧的存活率,在29 ℃时雌、雄若虫期的存活率均最高,分别为70.3%和69.3%;雌虫世代的发育起点温度为13.80 ℃,有效积温为491.50日·度;雄虫世代的发育起点温度为11.61 ℃,有效积温为388.85日·度.新菠萝灰粉蚧的产卵前期和成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短;成虫产卵量在29 ℃时最高,达每雌442.2粒;最小为20 ℃,仅为每雌111.8粒;29和20 ℃下种群趋势指数分别为168.2和19.1,且在17和32 ℃时,新菠萝灰粉蚧1龄若虫和3龄若虫均表现为生长停滞.说明温度过高或过低均不利于其生长发育.温度对新菠萝灰粉蚧的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,23～29 ℃是最适宜新菠萝灰粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的温度范围.     

温度对军配盲蝽生长发育及繁殖的影响

【目的】为明确温度对军配盲蝽Stethoconus japonicus生长发育及繁殖的影响。【方法】以悬铃木方翅网蝽Corythucha ciliata为猎物,置于15、20、25、30和35℃的人工气候箱恒温条件下饲养军配盲蝽,统计恒温处理下军配盲蝽发育历期、存活率和成虫繁殖力等指标,计算其发育起点温度与有效积温。【结果】在15-35℃内,军配盲蝽各虫态发育历期均随温度升高而缩短。军配盲蝽卵、若虫、卵-成虫、产卵前期及世代存活率随温度升高均先增加后降低,在25℃下的存活率最高。军配盲蝽全世代的发育起点温度为10.59℃,有效积温550.22日·度。随着温度升高,成虫寿命和雌虫产卵期逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命较雄虫长,25℃时单雌平均产卵量最大,为218.36粒,35℃时最低,为47.62粒。25℃下军配盲蝽实验种群趋势指数值最大,为I=18.01,是20℃的2.05倍,30℃的7.97倍。【结论】25-30℃最有利于军配盲蝽实验种群的增长。研究结果为室内人工繁殖军配盲蝽提供基础参考数据。     

温度对三叶草彩斑蚜种群参数的影响

为了探讨温度对三叶草彩斑蚜种群增长的影响,在实验室研究了15～35℃范围内共9个温度下三叶草彩斑蚜的发育、繁殖和生命表.结果表明:三叶草彩斑蚜种群在35℃下不能存活.若虫的发育历期随着温度的上升而显著缩短,在15 ～ 32℃内为18.33～4.02 d,存活率在40.0％～83.6％,25℃下若虫的存活率最高、32℃下存活率最低.成蚜的平均寿命在10.64 ～ 20.87 d,23℃下寿命最长、32℃下最短.产蚜高峰期随温度的上升而提前,除15℃为15 d以外,其余温度下均在3～6d.平均繁殖力和单头最高繁殖力以25℃下最高,分别为82.0和149.0头.平均世代周期随着温度的上升从15℃的31.17 d逐渐缩短到32℃的10.17 d.净增殖率在25℃下最大(68.62),32℃下最小(13.96).内禀增长率在0.10 ～0.30 d-1,其中28 ℃下最高、15℃下最低.若虫的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为9.35℃和97.83 d·℃.繁殖力、净增殖率和内禀增长率与温度的关系均可用一元二次方程描述.     

温度对石蒜绵粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani是近年在我国新发现的一种重要检疫性害虫,温度是决定石蒜绵粉蚧能否建立稳定种群的最基本因素。本研究旨在探索温度对莴苣Lactuca sativa上石蒜绵粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在20, 23, 26, 29和32℃,光周期14L∶10D,相对湿度80%±5%的实验室条件下,测定了莴苣上石蒜绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力,组建了石蒜绵粉蚧的实验种群生命表。【结果】石蒜绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期均随温度的升高而缩短,在20℃下若虫发育历期最长,为35.75 d; 32℃时若虫发育历期最短,为17.90 d。此外,温度显著影响石蒜绵粉蚧的存活,在26℃时若虫期的存活率最高,为67.33%;世代的发育起点温度为12.23℃,有效积温为770.90日·度。石蒜绵粉蚧的产卵前期和成虫寿命随着温度的升高而缩短。成虫产卵量在20℃时最高,达88.02粒/雌;32℃时最低,仅为37.61粒/雌。在20～32℃种群趋势指数都大于1,说明石蒜绵粉蚧对温度的适应范围广。但在32℃时,产卵前期存活率明显降低,说明高温不利于石蒜绵粉蚧的繁殖。【结论】温度对石蒜绵粉蚧的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,26℃是最适宜石蒜绵粉蚧生长发育和繁殖的温度。     

温度对微小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】明确温度对微小花蝽Orius minutus生长发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】本研究以腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putresceniae为猎物,分别在5个恒温(15,20,25,30和35℃)条件下室内饲养,调查了温度对微小花蝽各虫态发育历期、存活率、成虫繁殖力以及种群参数的影响。【结果】在15~35℃范围内,各虫态平均发育历期均随温度升高而缩短,15℃下完成一个世代发育需要52.45 d,而35℃下仅需14.85 d。直线回归分析表明,微小花蝽世代发育起点温度为8.89℃,有效积温为359.20日·度。世代存活率和单雌平均产卵量均在25℃时最高,分别为17.07%和41.00粒。种群趋势指数在15℃和35℃下小于1,种群呈负增长;20~30℃下大于1,且25℃时最高,为3.92。净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均在25℃时最高,分别为3.32,0.04和1.04;种群世代周期以15℃时最长,为57.76 d,35℃时最短,为17.50 d。【结论】取食腐食酪螨的微小花蝽发育适宜温度范围为25~35℃,存活、繁殖和种群增长的最适温度均为25℃。这些结果为利用腐食酪螨人工饲养微小花蝽提供了基础参考数据。     

不同温度下康氏粉蚧实验种群生命表

为了探索温度对康氏粉蚧Pseudococcus comstocki发育和繁殖的影响, 经室内实验, 建立了康氏粉蚧在17℃,20℃,23℃,26℃,29℃和32℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明： 在17~29℃温度范围内, 随着温度的升高康氏粉蚧的世代发育历期缩短, 在17℃下雌雄世代的发育历期最长（分别为121.27 d和89.64 d）, 而29℃时仅分别为52.10 d和36.01 d,且其温度与发育速率的关系符合 Logistic模型。雌虫世代的发育起点温度为8.69℃, 有效积温为1 020.90日·度; 雄虫世代的发育起点温度为10.27℃, 有效积温为659.04日·度。在26℃时, 康氏粉蚧的世代存活率最高(81.94%), 种群趋势指数(I)也最高(322.27), 有利于种群增长; 而在17℃和29℃, 康氏粉蚧的世代存活率分别为64.85%和67.23%, 种群趋势指数(I)分别为69.91和42.19, 且32℃时康氏粉蚧1龄若虫生长停滞。说明高温和低温都不利于康氏粉蚧的种群增长, 且高温的影响大于低温。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.