几种蔬菜对外源碘的吸收与积累特性

在盆栽条件下研究了小白菜、芹菜、辣椒和萝卜4种蔬菜对2种外源碘(海藻固体碘肥和KI)的吸收与积累特性.结果表明:蔬菜体内的碘含量均随外源碘浓度的提高而逐渐增加;不同蔬菜种类对碘的吸收与积累能力存在较大差异,叶菜类的小白菜对碘的积累能力最强,其次为茎菜类的芹菜,而根菜类的萝卜和果菜类的辣椒吸收与积累碘的能力较弱;碘在蔬菜体内的分布一般为根>叶>茎>果实,但萝卜地下块根的碘含量低于地上部分.低浓度碘处理(0～25mg.kg-1)对蔬菜生长没有明显的影响,但高浓度的外源碘(≥50mg.kg-1)对蔬菜生长有抑制作用,导致蔬菜生物量减少.不同蔬菜对碘的敏感反应表现为辣椒>小白菜>芹菜>萝卜.与海藻固体碘肥相比,KI处理的第1茬蔬菜生物量下降明显(P<0.05),而2种外源碘对第2茬蔬菜的生长均无显著影响.蔬菜对2种外源碘的吸收和积累效果同样存在很大差异(P<0.05),第1茬蔬菜对KI的吸收能力强于海藻碘肥(P<0.05),第2茬蔬菜对KI的吸收量迅速下降,而对海藻固体碘肥的吸收下降不明显,说明海藻固体碘肥比KI具有更长的持效性.     

碘对黄豆芽生长及其可食部分氨基酸、Vc和纤维素含量的影响（简报）

含低浓度碘(0.5～1.0 mg@L-1)的营养液培养黄豆芽可增加其可食部分游离氨基酸总量、维生素(Vc)和纤维素含量.碘浓度超过1.5 mg@L-1时即出现高碘毒害.豆芽可食部分碘含量随着培养液中碘浓度的增加而上升,上升存在品种间及浸种加碘与否之间的显著差异.     

CdCl2对豌豆种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

以豌豆为实验材料,采用水培方法研究了Cd2 单盐胁迫对豌豆种子萌发与生长的影响。结果显示:(1)Cd2 质量浓度≤1 mg/L时,促进种子萌发,Cd2 质量浓度达到5 mg/L时抑制种子的萌发。(2)随Cd2 质量浓度的增加Cd2 对幼苗根生长的抑制作用逐渐增强;Cd2 质量浓度≤5 mg/L时,促进茎的生长,≥10 mg/L时,抑制茎的生长;且Cd2 对幼苗根生长的抑制作用大于茎。(3)低浓度Cd2 能促进幼苗叶绿素合成,当Cd2 质量浓度高于1 mg/L时,则对幼苗叶绿素合成有抑制作用,且随Cd2 质量浓度增加叶绿素含量逐渐下降。(4)Cd2 诱发的胚根细胞核、染色体畸变率随着Cd2 质量浓度增加而增大。(5)过氧化物酶(POD)同工酶的活性随着Cd2 质量浓度升高而明显增强,Cd2 质量浓度为1 mg/L时POD活性最强,但当Cd2 质量浓度达10 mg/L时,POD的灰度值明显下降。     

假单胞菌诱导筛选菌株PhA苯酚降解动力学及SDS对其影响

为提高苯酚降解速率,由假单胞菌(Pseudonomonas．sp)诱导筛选得到了一株能以苯酚为唯一碳源生长的新菌株Pha,并使其苯酚选择压力从400mg／L逐步提高到了700mg／L。且Pha菌株降解苯酚过程符合一级反应动力学方程。使用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)作为增溶剂来促进降解时,发现在SDS浓度为50～150mg／L时,降解苯酚的速率随SDS浓度增加而提高。SDS在低浓度时对其生长影响很小,但浓度达到300mg／L时,对其生长开始有了明显的抑制作用。结果标明PhA菌株有着较高的苯酚耐受浓度,SDS可以显著的提高苯酚的降解速率。SDS的理论最佳投放量为150mg／L。     

NaCl胁迫对坪山柚、福橘实生苗矿质营养吸收特性的影响

通过沙培和水培实验,采用原子吸收分光光度计法和离子吸收动力学方法,对NaCl胁迫下坪山柚(Citrus grandis Osbeck 'Pingshanyou')和福橘(C. reticulata Blanco 'Fuju')实生苗矿质营养吸收特性进行研究. 结果表明, 随NaCl浓度增加, 坪山柚和福橘幼苗地上部及根部Na 、 Cl-含量明显增加, K 、 Ca2 含量降低. 相同浓度NaCl胁迫下, 坪山柚地上部及根部Na 、 Cl-含量分别低于福橘, 而根部K 、 Ca2 含量及地上部K 含量、 K /Na 值、 Ca2 /Na 值均高于福橘.NaCl胁迫下,坪山柚、福橘幼苗Na 吸收量高于Cl-吸收量,Na 及 Cl-的吸收速率均随NaCl浓度的增大而增加.相同浓度NaCl胁迫下,坪山柚对Na 、Cl-的吸收速率低于福橘,这与坪山柚对Na 、Cl-的吸收具有较大的Km值及较小的Vmax值一致,表明坪山柚幼苗比福橘幼苗耐盐性强.     

柽柳组培苗抗氧化酶及渗透调节物质对NaCl胁迫的响应

以柽柳种子为材料,利用组培方法建立其无菌离体培养体系而获得组培苗。向培养基(MS+1.0 mg/L6-BA+0.1mg/L NAA)中添加不同浓度NaCl(0、50、80、100、120、150和200mmol/L)建立胁迫条件,测定各浓度NaCl胁迫下柽柳组培苗抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质含量、质膜透性及超氧阴离子(O-·2)生成速率等的变化,探讨柽柳组培苗应对NaCl胁迫的生理机制。结果显示:(1)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,柽柳组培苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性表现出先增加后降低的趋势,并均在100mmol/L NaCl的胁迫下达到最大值,而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性则表现出逐渐下降的趋势;(2)随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,组培苗体内有机渗透调节物质游离脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性蛋白(Pr)和可溶性糖的含量逐渐升高且显著高于同期对照,在200mmol/L浓度下分别比对照显著增加53.77%、47.38%和67.65%;(3)组培苗过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子(O-·2)生成速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及细胞质膜透性也随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加均表现出逐渐增加的趋势且显著高于同期对照,在200mmol/L浓度下分别比对照显著增加36.42%、58.71%、82.60%和42.54%。研究表明,柽柳组培苗抗氧化酶系统在低浓度NaCl(≤100mmol/L)胁迫下表现出良好的活性氧清除活性,而其体内渗透调节物质在各浓度胁迫下均发挥着积极的调节作用,从而使柽柳表现出较强的耐盐性。     

珙桐幼苗生理生化指标对重金属铅、镉胁迫的响应

铅和镉在土壤中表现出很强的毒性,严重危害植物的生长发育。该研究着眼于中国特有濒危珍稀植物珙桐,探究盆栽实验条件下其抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)以及游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白对不同浓度重金属铅、镉胁迫的响应规律。结果表明:(1)不同浓度铅处理下,珙桐幼苗MDA浓度均显著高于对照组,而镉胁迫条件下除10 mg·kg~(-1)浓度外,其余处理组MDA浓度也显著高于对照组,表明了铅和镉污染加剧了珙桐膜脂过氧化进程。(2)游离脯氨酸随着铅、镉浓度的增加,表现出先增加后降低的现象,分别在铅浓度≥800 mg·kg~(-1)和镉浓度≥20 mg·kg~(-1)处理下显著低于对照组。可溶性蛋白浓度随着铅浓度的增加也表现出先增后减的规律,其浓度在镉胁迫下均显著高于对照组。可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸的增加可以提高珙桐抵抗低浓度重金属危害的能力,高浓度重金属对珙桐则产生抑制作用。(3)随着铅和镉浓度的增加,珙桐抗氧化酶活性也表现出先增加后降低的特征,表明了低浓度重金属(铅浓度≤600 mg·kg~(-1),镉浓度≤5mg·kg~(-1))容易激活珙桐抗氧化应激反应,有效地减少重金属的危害,高浓度的重金属则会抑制抗氧化酶活性。(4)通过相关性和主成分分析表明,珙桐幼苗中抗氧化酶、游离脯氨酸可以较好地反映珙桐对两种重金属胁迫的响应规律。     

汞胁迫对白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗生理生态的影响

为了解红树植物的重金属抗性机制,对白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗进行不同浓度Hg2+(1、5、10、50、100 mg·L-1)的胁迫实验,测定并分析了Hg2+胁迫对白骨壤幼苗叶片的光合作用和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:叶片净光合速率随着胁迫时间的延长而降低,高浓度(≥150 mg·L-1)Hg2+胁迫下叶片的净光合速率低于中低浓度胁迫,且高浓度胁迫的叶片净光合速率在48 h后快速下降;叶片净光合速率与胞间二氧化碳浓度呈极显著负相关,叶绿素含量随Hg2+浓度的增加而降低.气孔导度在不同浓度胁迫下反应不同,低浓度Hg2+对白骨壤幼苗光合的影响可能是气孔因素,中高浓度Hg2+对白骨壤幼苗光合作用的抑制主要是非气孔因素.低浓度Hg2+胁迫,白骨壤幼苗叶片SOD、POD活性升高,表现了一定的抗逆性,而高浓度表现为抑制作用,基本在100 mg·L-1 Hg2+胁迫下活性达到最低值.说明Hg2+可以抑制白骨壤叶片的光合活性,高浓度Hg2+胁迫削弱了白骨壤的活性氧清除能力,植物极易受到伤害.     

镉对花生幼苗生长及生理生态特性的影响

通过溶液培养,研究不同浓度镉(Cd2 ,0～1.00mmoL/L)时花生幼苗生长及生理生态特性的影响.结果表明,Cd2 影响花生种子的萌发和幼苗的生长.当Cd2 浓度高于0.50mmol/L时,显著抑制种子的发芽率,随Cd2 浓度的增加,苗高、根长和侧根数减少;叶绿素含量随Cd2 浓度的增加而下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性随Cd2 浓度增加而增加;丙二醛(MDA)含量同样呈上升趋势;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)与根系活力表现为低浓度下升高、超过0.5mmoL/L后下降的变化趋势.     

Al2O3纳米颗粒对梨形四膜虫细胞毒性机理研究

采用模式生物梨形四膜虫为研究对象,探讨了Al2O3纳米颗粒对生物细胞的毒性。分别研究了纳米Al2O3对梨形四膜虫生长繁殖、乙酰胆碱酯酶(True choline esterase,TChE)活性、琥珀酸脱氢酶(Succinatedehydrogenase,SDH)活性以及对热激蛋白70(HSP70)和多药耐药(MDR1)基因的表达活性的影响。结果表明:Al2O3纳米颗粒对梨形四膜虫的生长繁殖具有显著的抑制作用,并延长了传代时间,减少了繁殖代数;Al2O3纳米颗粒对梨形四膜虫TChE的活力表现为中低浓度(10 mg/L与100 mg/L)激活,高浓度(500 mg/L)抑制的趋势,而对SDH的活力具有抑制作用,浓度越高作用越明显,尤其在500 mg/L浓度下抑制作用极显著(p<0.01);Al2O3纳米颗粒对梨形四膜虫HSP70及MDR1基因表达均有显著作用,HSP70表现为低浓度抑制、高浓度诱导,而MDR1表现为低浓度诱导、高浓度抑制。可知,Al2O3纳米颗粒对梨形四膜虫是具有毒性的,但是其机制还需要更进一步的研究探索以及验证。     

Selecting iodine-enriched vegetables and the residual effect of iodate application to soil

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to select vegetables for iodine uptake. The residual effect of iodate fertilization on the growth of and iodine uptake by spinach plants were also investigated. Six vegetables, including leafy vegetables (pakchoi [Brassica chinensis L.], spinach [Spinacia oleracea L.]), tuber vegetables (onion [Allium cepa L.]), shoot vegetables (water spinach [Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.], celery [Apium graveolens L.]), and root vegetables (carrot [Daucus carota var. sativa DC.]) were examined. Results showed that the concentrations of iodate in soil had significant effect on the biomass of edible parts of pakchoi and spinach (p<0.01), whereas the concentrations of iodate in soil had no significant effect on that of carrots, water spinach, celery, and onion. Iodine concentrations in edible parts of vegetables and the transfer factors (TF_{edible parts}) of soil-to-edible parts of vegetables significantly increased with increasing iodine concentrations in soil (p<0.001), and iodine concentrations in edible parts and TF_{edible parts} of spinach were much higher than those of other vegetables at any treatment. Both transfer coefficients for edible parts (TC_{edible parts}) and for aerial parts (TC_{aerial parts}) of vegetables changed differently with increasing iodine concentrations in the soil, and TC_{edible parts} and TC_{aerial parts} of spinach were higher than those of other vegetables. Therefore, spinach (leafy vegetable) was considered as an efficient vegetable for iodine biofortification. Further experiment showed that there is considerable residual effect of soil fertilization with iodate.     

Mechanism of Iodine Uptake by Cabbage: Effects of Iodine Species and Where It is Stored

Iodine-enhanced vegetable has been proven to be an effective way to reduce iodine deficiency disorders in many regions. However, the knowledge about what mechanisms control plant uptake of iodine and where iodine is stored in plants is still very limited. A series of controlled experiments, including solution culture, pot planting, and field experiments were carried out to investigate the uptake mechanism of iodine in different forms. A new methodology for observing the iodine distribution within the plant tissues, based on AgI precipitation reaction and transmission electron microscope techniques, has been developed and successfully applied to Chinese cabbage. Results show that iodine uptake by Chinese cabbage was more effective when iodine was in the form of IO₃ ⁻ than in the form of I⁻ if the concentration was low (<0.5 mg L⁻¹), but the trend was opposite if iodine concentration was 0.5 mg L⁻¹ or higher. The uptake was more sensitive to metabolism inhibitor in lower concentration of iodine, which implies that the uptake mechanism transits from active to passive as the iodine concentration increases, especially when the iodine is in the form of IO₃ ⁻. The inorganic iodine fertilizer provided a quicker supply for plant uptake, but the higher level of iodine was toxic to plant growth. The organic iodine fertilizer (seaweed composite) provided a more sustainable iodine supply for plants. Most of the iodine uptake by the cabbage is intercepted and stored in the fibrins in the root while the iodine that is transported to the above-ground portion (shoots and leaves) is selectively stored in the chloroplasts.     

Availability of iodide and iodate to spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in relation to total iodine in soil solution

A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out to investigate the availability of iodide and iodate to soil-grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in relation to total iodine concentration in soil solution. Four iodine concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg kg⁻¹) for iodide (I⁻) and iodate (IO₃⁻) were used. Results showed that the biomass productions of spinach were not significantly affected by the addition of iodate and iodide to the soil, and that iodine concentrations in spinach plants on the basis of fresh weights increased with increasing addition of iodine. Iodine concentrations in tissues were much greater for plants grown with iodate than with iodide. In contrast to the iodide treatments, in iodate treatment leaves accounted for a larger fraction of the total plant iodine. The soil-to-leaf transfer factors (TF_leaf) for plants grown with iodate were about tenfold higher than those grown with iodide. Iodine concentrations in soil solution increased with increasing iodine additions to the soil irrespective of iodine species. However, total iodine in soil solution was generally higher for iodate treatments than iodide both in pots with and without spinach. According to these results, iodate can be considered as potential iodine fertilizer to increase iodine content in vegetables.     

Interactions between selenium and iodine uptake by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) in solution culture

Interactions between Se (as selenate) and I (as iodate) uptake by spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.) were studied under controlled conditions using solution culture. Spinach readily accumulated both Se and I in the edible parts, the leaves, with solution-to-leaf transfer factors ranging from 3.5 to 13.4. The distribution coefficients between leaves and roots ranged from 4.07 to 5.66 for I and 4.51 to 8.59 for Se. Selenium concentrations in plant tissues were unaffected by addition of I to the nutrient solution. Similarly, plant I concentrations were unaffected by addition of Se to the nutrient solution, except in nutrient solution with I at a concentration of 50 μM, in which addition of Se lowered shoot I concentrations significantly, but the effect was of low magnitude. These results indicate the possible feasibility of dual supplementation of plant growth substrates with Se and I to improve human nutrition where these two elements are deficient in the diet. The data also indicate the involvement of a positive feedback mechanism in the uptake of Se by spinach plants, since Se concentrations in leaves increased disproportionately with increasing Se concentration in the nutrient solution.     

4种常用水产药物对青虾幼虾的毒性研究

采用静水法研究了4种常用水产药物对青虾幼虾的毒性。结果表明：水温29℃~30℃时,溴氯海因对青虾幼虾24 h、48 h和72 h的LC50分别为19.05 mg/L、11.75 mg/L、11.75 mg/L,安全浓度为1.24 mg/L;聚维酮碘对青虾幼虾的24 h、48 h和72 h的LC50分别为49.27 mg/L、44.61 mg/L、43.68 mg/L,安全浓度为10.52 mg/L;甲醛对青虾幼虾的24 h、48 h和72 h的LC50分别为72.47 mg/L、66.41 mg/L、53.71 mg/L,安全浓度为10.93 mg/L;高锰酸钾对青虾幼虾的24 h、48 h和72 h的半致死浓度（LC50）分别为6.06 mg/L、4.07 mg/L、3.79 mg/L,安全浓度为0.48 mg/L。4种药物对青虾幼虾的毒性依次为高锰酸钾〉溴氯海因〉聚维酮碘〉甲醛。     

Uptake of Different Species of Iodine by Water Spinach and Its Effect to Growth

A hydroponic experiment has been carried out to study the influence of iodine species [iodide (I(-)), iodate ([Formula: see text]), and iodoacetic acid (CH(2)ICOO(-))] and concentrations on iodine uptake by water spinach. Results show that low levels of iodine in the nutrient solution can effectively stimulate the growth of biomass of water spinach. When iodine levels in the nutrient solution are from 0 to 1.0 mg/l, increases in iodine levels can linearly augment iodine uptake rate by the leafy vegetables from all three species of iodine, and the uptake effects are in the following order: [Formula: see text]. In addition, linear correlation was observed between iodine content in the roots and shoots of water spinach, and their proportion is 1:1. By uptake of I(-), vitamin C (Vit C) content in water spinach increased, whereas uptake of [Formula: see text] and CH(2)ICOO(-) decreased water spinach Vit C content. Furthermore, through uptake of I(-) and [Formula: see text], the nitrate content in water spinach was increased by different degrees.     

福建省土壤－蔬菜系统中铬转移规律研究

调查福建省28个蔬菜品种及其土壤铬含量,研究铬在土壤－蔬菜系统中的转移规律。结果表明,供试土壤全铬含量平均值为53.61 mg·kg-1,未超过国家土壤环境质量标准中铬的限量(pH<6.5,农田旱地 <150 mg·kg-1)。供试土壤有效铬含量平均值为0.92 mg·kg-1。蔬菜可食部分铬含量0.001～0.321 mg·kg-1,调查区蔬菜样品铬含量均低于食品安全国家标准。其中,萝卜、空心菜铬含量与土壤全铬呈显著正相关。采样区大部分蔬菜铬含量与土壤有效铬之间相关性不显著。利用DPS统计软件,将蔬菜对土壤全铬和有效铬的转移能力分为高、中、低三等进行分析。根据土壤-蔬菜高、中、低转移规律可指导蔬菜的区域规划种植。     

Iodine biofortification and antioxidant capacity of lettuce: potential benefits for cultivation and human health

Iodine is considered an essential trace element for mammals, and its deficiency is related to numerous pathologies as severe as goitre, reproductive failure, mental retardation and brain damage, among others. Currently, about 30% of the world's population are affected by this deficiency, and thus, in an attempt to ameliorate these nutritional disorders, we propose a biofortification programme with iodine by an application of different dosages and forms of this element (iodide versus iodate) in lettuce plants. In this work, a study has been made of the iodine concentration in roots and edible leaves and their influence on nutritional quality through an analysis of its antioxidant capacity. The results showed that the most appropriate application rates in hydroponic cultivation were 40 μM or lower in the form I⁻ because these concentrations did not reduce biomass in the treated plants with respect to control plants and caused a foliar accumulation of this element that guarantees the viability of this type of programmes. Furthermore, these data are novel, given that the treated plants show a significant increase in antioxidant compounds after the application of iodine.     

KCl和NaCl处理对盐生植物碱蓬幼苗生长和水分代谢的影响

研究了用不同浓度KCl和等浓度NaCl处理的盐生植物碱蓬幼苗水分代谢的变化.结果表明,NaCl处理显著促进碱蓬生长,根吸水增加,含水量高于对照.而相同浓度KCl处理却严重抑制碱蓬生长,含水量显著下降,400 mmol/L的 KCl处理后6 d,地上部分发生萎蔫,尔后死亡.KCl处理伤害碱蓬的原因之一是抑制根系吸水,而对蒸腾速率无显著影响,即水分吸收速率与蒸腾速率比值下降,植株缺水引起伤害.