利用红酵母发酵生产β—胡萝卜素的研究进展

对红酵母β－胡萝卜素的提取方法以及菌株的发酵生理学条件研究作了小结,并讨论了未来的发展方向。结论认为：破壁效果是提取色素的关键,酸－热处理法是一种较好的破壁方法,但机械法应是大规模细胞玻碎更适用的方法;红酵母产β－胡萝卜素的特性（产量和产品组成）,不仅与所使用的菌株有关,还与培养条件特别是发酵生理学条件及提取方法有密切关系;超临界CO2萃取技术的应用和高产菌种的选育与构建,将是今后红酵母β－胡萝卜素实现产业化开发的主要研究方向。     

β—胡萝卜素高产丛霉菌株的筛选及发酵

从自然界中分离出２７株丛霉菌,筛选了β－胡萝卜素高产菌株,考察了液态发酵和半固态发醇生产胡萝卜素的适宜条件。在含糖蜜和尿素的液态培养中进行静态发酵时,每升发酵液中生成２０ｍｇ～９０ｍｇβ－胡萝卜素。在用玉米胚、糖蜜和尿素制成的半固态培养基上进行发酵时,获得较高浓度（０．８４６ｍｇ／ｇ干基）的β－胡萝卜素。     

三孢布拉氏霉发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的研究

利用三孢布拉氏霉发酵生产天然β－胡萝卜素。在30L发酵罐中,平均生物量31．3g干菌重／L发酵液和胡萝卜素1213．1mp／L;在3M³发酵罐中,平均生物量38.0g干菌重／L发酵液和胡萝卜素1146．5mg／L。将中试样品经HPLC分析,在总色素中β-胡萝卜素占92～96％,其他类胡萝卜素占8～4％;在β-胡萝卜素中,反式异构体占90～95％,9－、13－、15－顺式异构体占10～5％。结晶β－胡萝卜素呈多种形状,但大多数为两端锥形的棱柱体。在胡萝卜素提取中,工艺和技     

三孢布拉霉JM9207胞外脂肪酶活性的研究

研究了三孢布拉霉ＪＭ９２０７胞外脂肪酶的特性,适宜的酶反应条件是温度２７℃,ｐＨ中性,在利用该菌发酵β－胡萝卜素的过程中,发酵３０－９６ｈ的时间段内酶活性可维持１０个单位以上,发酵３６ｈ和７２ｈ时分别出现两个活性高峰。     

溶氧对Blakeslea trispora分批发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的影响

在摇瓶和5 L发酵罐中研究了溶氧 (DO) 对Blakeslea trispora分批发酵生产β-胡萝卜素的影响,总结了5 L发酵罐中β-胡萝卜素发酵过程中溶氧的变化规律.结果表明,当500 mL摇瓶装液量为50 mL,转速为240 r/min条件下发酵生产β-胡萝卜素产量最大,达到3.416 g/L; 5 L发酵罐中,在搅拌转速为1 000 r/min,通气量为1.5 vvm的条件下,β-胡萝卜素的产量可达到3.712 g/L,略高于摇瓶,这可能是由于5 L发酵罐中的气液传递和混合状况好于摇瓶,促进了产物的合成.     

粘性红圆酵母XJU-1产β-胡萝卜素的研究

目的:从粘性红圆酵母Rhodotorula mucilaginosaXJU-1中提取β-胡萝卜素并对其特性加以研究。方法:采用酸热法对发酵产物破壁,用丙酮∶石油醚(1∶1)萃取β-胡萝卜素,采用GB/T 5009.83-2003的HPLC方法测定β-胡萝卜素含量,以448nm波长的紫外分光光度吸收值计算出色素损失率来探讨β-胡萝卜素的稳定性。结果:该菌株在液体发酵培养基中生长72hβ-胡萝卜素含量高达389.2μg/g干重,经实验确定,葡萄糖是最有利于β-胡萝卜素生成的碳源;蛋白胨是生产β-胡萝卜素的最佳氮源。提取的β-胡萝卜素耐热性较好,需置于暗处保存。结论:该菌种β-胡萝卜素产率明显高于国内外已报道的,有很好的开发前景。     

酿酒酵母中高效积累β-胡萝卜素的代谢途径构建

β-胡萝卜素是一种橘黄色的脂溶性色素，属于类胡萝卜素家族，基于其丰富的生物学活性，在食品、医药、化妆品等领域具有广泛的应用。国内外对β-胡萝卜素市场需求量巨大，特别是天然来源的β-胡萝卜素具有广阔的市场前景，建立适合天然β-胡萝卜素生产的微生物细胞工厂显得尤为重要。本研究利用基因工程手段克隆了β-胡萝卜素生物合成途径中的三个基因，分别是来源于酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)的香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合成酶基因(ScBTS1)、红法夫酵母(Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous)的八氢番茄红素脱氢酶基因(XdCrtI)以及同时具有八氢番茄红素合成酶和番茄红素环化酶的双功能酶基因(XdCrtYB),构建组成型表达载体pYES2-Kan-CrtI-CrtYB-BTS1,并转化至酿酒酵母MKP-o中，最终筛选获得能够生产β-胡萝卜素的酿酒酵母基因工程菌株。结果显示，此工程菌摇瓶产量达到14.53 mg/g细胞干重(DCW)且发酵周期短，不仅可以稳定高效地积累β-胡萝卜素，同时发酵过程中无需添加诱导剂，有利于节约生产成本。因此，可以将其作为一株具有较高β...     

江苏沿海盐田天然盐藻β－胡萝卜素的提取与鉴定

江苏沿海一带盐田卤水结晶池４－１０月间常会在卤水表面悬浮着一层红色的油状漂浮物,经鉴定主要为盐生杜氏灌（Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌｌａｓａｌｉｎａ）．从油状漂浮物中可提取纯化得到β－胡萝卜素晶体（含量为９０％）,得率为１～１．５％,高于人工养殖的盐藻β－胡萝卜素提取得率,主要成份为全反式一β－胡萝卜素,及少量顺式－β－胡萝卜素、α－胡萝卜素和其它类胡萝卜素。所得β－胡萝卜素符合国家有关食品卫生标准,若能充分开发利用天然盐藻资源将大大降低天然β－胡萝卜素的生产成本．试验还证明天然β－胡萝卜素完全可以代替并好于进口肉鸡饲料的着色剂。     

代谢工程改造甘油代谢途径提高β-胡萝卜素产量

甘油是生物柴油的副产物,因其价格低廉和高还原性,成为生物发酵的重要碳源。为了进一步提高工程菌对甘油的利用能力,从而提高萜类化合物的合成能力,本研究从β-胡萝卜素高产菌CAR015出发,对其甘油代谢途径的多个基因进行了调控。首先敲除了编码3-磷酸甘油抑制子的glp R基因,然后分别用M1-37、M1-46和M1-93三个不同强度的人工调控元件对glp FK、glp D和tpi A三组基因进行单基因调控和多基因组合调控。研究发现用M1-46调控glp D基因后β-胡萝卜素产量达到了64.82 mg/L,是CAR015的4.86倍,甘油消耗速率也提高了100%;调控tpi A基因后β-胡萝卜素产量略有提高;调控glp FK基因后β-胡萝卜素产量略有降低。说明Glp D是甘油代谢途径中的关键限速步骤。Q-PCR结果表明,降低甘油代谢途径的glp D和glp FK基因转录水平,增加tpi A基因转录水平,可以增加细胞生长速度、提高β-胡萝卜素产量,可能是因为减少了丙酮醛毒性所致。组合调控glp D和tpi A基因,获得β-胡萝卜素产量最高菌株Gly003,其β-胡萝卜素产量达72.45 mg/L、产率达18.65 mg/g每克干细胞,分别是出发菌株CAR015的5.23倍和1.99倍。总之,Glp D是甘油代谢途径中的关键限速步骤,适当强度调控glp D,可以有效提高重组大肠杆菌的β-胡萝卜素产量。     

β-胡萝卜素合成的代谢工程研究进展

β-胡萝卜素是自然界中最重要的商业化生产的植物色素之一,具有多种生理功能和生物活性。自上世纪60年代开始,随着系统生物学概念的提出以及对类胡萝卜素合成途径研究的不断深入,系统代谢工程在提高类胡萝卜素产量方面发挥了重要作用。文中在介绍β-胡萝卜素传统生产方法的基础上,重点介绍了如何运用系统代谢工程手段构建β-胡萝卜素高产菌株,并分析了进一步提高工程菌β-胡萝卜素产量所面临的主要问题及可能的解决方案,为β-胡萝卜素的高效生产提供了思路。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.