星状神经节阻滞治疗烧伤后应激性溃疡的临床研究

目的:探讨星状神经节阻滞(stellate ganglion block,SGB)对烧伤所致应激性溃疡的临床疗效及其可能作用机制。方法:选取我院烧伤科收治的烧伤后应激性溃疡出血患者40例,将其随机分为星状神经节阻滞组(SGB组,n=20)和常规治疗组(Control组,n=20)。SGB组进行烧伤规范治疗的同时采用星状神经节阻滞治疗,隔日一次,持续治疗一周;Control组只进行常规烧伤治疗。检测和比较两组患者治疗前后血浆ET-1、NO的含量及治疗后临床症状的改善情况。结果:与Control组相比,SGB组患者治疗后血浆ET-1及NO含量均显著降低(P0.05),患者的临床总有效率明显高于Control组(P0.05)。结论:星状神经节阻滞可有效提高烧伤后应激性溃疡患者的临床疗效,可能与其调节血浆ET-1、NO的含量有关。     

星状神经节阻滞联合针刺治疗特发性面神经麻痹临床观察

目的:观察星状神经节阻滞联合针刺治疗对特发性面神经麻痹的临床疗效。方法:将62例特发性面神经麻痹患者分为两组,对照组30例采用药物治疗+针灸理疗等常规治疗,治疗组32例采用常规治疗+星状神经节阻滞(SGB)疗法,疗程30天。采用House-Brackmann面神经功能分级评定及临床疗效指标判定。结果:治疗前两组H-B面神经功能分级具有可比性。治疗后,两组H-B评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);临床疗效指标比较显示两组总有效率分别为:治疗组96.9%,对照组80.00%,治疗组优于对照组,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:星状神经节阻滞联合针刺治疗对急性特发性面神经麻痹有效。     

颈椎椎旁神经阻滞联合偏振光星状神经节照射治疗颈源性头痛的疗效观察

目的：观察颈椎椎旁神经阻滞联合直线偏振光红外线星状神经节照射治疗颈源性头痛的疗效。方法：120例颈源性头痛患者按照随机数字表法分为三组：颈椎椎旁神经阻滞联合偏振光星状神经节照射40例（A组）、颈椎椎旁神经阻滞40例（B组）、氨酚曲马多联合乙哌立松药物治疗组40例（C组）,三周为一疗程。治疗前后测定患者的疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、颈椎活动度评分（ROM）、评定临床疗效。结果：三组治疗后疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、颈椎活动度评分（ROM）均优于治疗前（P〈0．05）．A、B组治疗后VAS、ROM评分以及治愈率、有效率优于C组（P〈0．5）;A组VAS、ROM评分以及治愈率、有效率优于B组（P〈0．05）。结论：颈椎椎旁神经阻滞联合偏振光星状神经节照射和颈椎椎旁神经阻滞治疗治疗颈源性头痛疗效明显优于氨酚曲马多联合乙哌立松药物治疗组;颈椎椎旁神经阻滞联合偏振光星状神经节照射治疗颈源性头痛疗效优于颈椎椎旁神经阻滞。     

星状神经节阻滞对非体外循环冠脉移植术病人ACTH、AT-Ⅱ及GL的影响

目的：比较单纯全麻和星状神经节阻滞术复合全麻对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCABG）中应激反应的影响。方法：选择拟行OPCABG病人40例,根据实验设计随机分为星状神经节阻滞组（S组）和对照组（N组）各20例,S组在入室完成各项监测麻醉诱导前行右侧星状神经节阻滞术,两组麻醉及手术方式相同。分别于入室（T0,S组在行星状神经节阻滞前）、插气管导管（T1）、劈胸骨（T2）、和吻合前降支（T3）时记录患者的血压、脉搏并采中心静脉血测血糖,集中以放免法测促肾上腺皮质激素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和胰高血糖素。结果：与N组比较,S组患者各时点血流动力学变化更趋平稳;促肾上腺皮质激素和胰高血糖素的升高幅度明显较小（P〈0.01）。结论：星状神经节阻滞术可有效减轻OPCABG中麻醉与手术所致的过强应激反应。     

星状神经节阻滞对非体外循环冠脉移植术病人ACTH、AT-Ⅱ及GL的影响

目的:比较单纯全麻和星状神经节阻滞术复合全麻对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)中应激反应的影响。方法:选择拟行OPCABG病人40例,根据实验设计随机分为星状神经节阻滞组(S组)和对照组(N组)各20例,S组在入室完成各项监测麻醉诱导前行右侧星状神经节阻滞术,两组麻醉及手术方式相同。分别于入室(T0,S组在行星状神经节阻滞前)、插气管导管(T1)、劈胸骨(T2)、和吻合前降支(T3)时记录患者的血压、脉搏并采中心静脉血测血糖,集中以放免法测促肾上腺皮质激素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和胰高血糖素。结果:与N组比较,S组患者各时点血流动力学变化更趋平稳;促肾上腺皮质激素和胰高血糖素的升高幅度明显较小(P<0.01)。结论:星状神经节阻滞术可有效减轻OPCABG中麻醉与手术所致的过强应激反应。     

星状神经节阻滞对心衰大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究

摘要 目的：分析星状神经节阻滞对心衰大鼠心肌细胞凋亡的影响及机制研究。方法：采用腹动脉狭窄法构建大鼠心力衰竭模型。18只SD大鼠采用随机数字表法分为正常对照组（NC组）、假手术组（SO组）和星状神经节阻滞组（SGB组）,每组6只。正常对照组大鼠不作任何处理;待模型构建成功后,SGB组大鼠皮肤暴露至星状神经节后,采用硬膜外穿刺针植入至星状神经节分布处进行星状神经节阻滞;SO组大鼠皮肤暴露至星状神经节后直接缝合。12 w后,对各组大鼠体重、心脏重量、心脏重量指数、游泳时间、游泳指数、心肌组织学、心肌细胞阳性凋亡数、肿瘤坏死因子-α（tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α）表达量、白细胞介素-1β（Interleukin-1β,IL-1β）表达量、磷酸肌醇3激酶（phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase,PI3K）、丝/苏氨酸激酶（serine-threoninekinase,Akt）及半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3（Caspase-3）的mRNA和蛋白表达量进行评测。结果：与NC组相比,SO组大鼠体重、心脏重量、游泳时间、游泳指数、PI3K和Akt的mRNA及蛋白质表达量均显著降低;心脏重量指数、心肌细胞平均凋亡数、TNF-α表达量、IL-1β表达量、Caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白质表达量均显著升高,差异均有显著差异（P均＜0.05）。与SO组相比,SGB组大鼠体重、心脏重量、游泳时间、游泳指数、PI3K和Akt的mRNA及蛋白质表达量显著升高;心脏重量指数、心肌细胞平均凋亡数、TNF-α表达量、IL-1β表达量、Caspase-3 mRNA及蛋白质表达量均显著降低,差异均有显著差异（P均＜0.05）。且对心衰大鼠进行星状神经节阻滞后,SGB组大鼠心肌细胞排列规则变整齐,心肌细胞空泡化、细胞间隙、炎性反应、细胞溶解现象等明显变好。结论：星状神经节阻滞能显著抑制心衰大鼠心肌细胞凋亡。这种抑制可明显保护心脏功能,与PI3K/Akt信号通路上调密切相关。     

交感神经节在支配心脏中的作用研究进展

交感神经可支配心脏,并在心脏传导、调节心率、心肌收缩和舒张等方面具有重要作用。目前对支配心脏的交感神经的研究多数集中在心肌组织中分布的交感神经,实际上支配心脏的远端交感神经节(颈部神经节和星状神经节)也发挥着重要作用。文中简要介绍了交感神经节对心脏的支配情况,总结了交感神经节阻滞在心脏疾病治疗中的作用,讨论了交感神经节支配心脏的作用机制方面的研究现况,提出了可以应用细胞电生理、免疫组化分析、分子生物学等技术,对支配心脏的远端交感神经节在心脏疾病、药物及物理因子作用下的机制进行研究。这将对深层次揭示心脏疾病的发病机制及相关治疗药物和物理方法的研制提供一定的理论及实验参考。     

神经节阻滞药

十几年来,用药物改变机体的神经调节以治疗疾病的方法,受到了很大重视,并且有了极重要的发展。其中取得成就较早的是神经节阻滞药的化学合成和临床应用。Paton及Zaimis,及对神经节阻滞药曾有综述及专著发表。Langley首先发现烟碱有阻滞神经节的作用。但是由于它在阻断神经节以前对N-胆碱反应系统有兴奋作用,引起复杂的反应,因此不能用于临床。最早用于临床的神经节阻滞药是四乙铵(TEA),其碘盐称为Tetamonium(Etamon)。Burn及Dale在1914年即     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂

雌激素替代疗法（estrogen replacement therapy,ERT）是治疗绝经后综合征的首选治疗方案,但是长期应用导致子宫内膜增生、乳腺癌等。选择性雌激素受体调节剂主要通过ER亚型、共调节子、靶启动子、雌激素受体相关受体等机制实现其组织选择性,在发挥骨骼、心血管保护作用的同时,减少了对乳腺及生殖系统的副作用。目前,选择性雌激素受体调节剂的种类、作用的组织特异性及其临床应用在医学界引起广泛关注,具有广阔的发展前景。     

黑升麻对围绝经期综合征治疗作用的研究进展

黑升麻是一种植物药,目前已广泛应用于缓解围绝经期综合征的相关症状。近些年来,大量临床研究证明,黑升麻能有效缓解低雌激素相关的血管舒缩症状(潮热出汗)、精神心理症状(失眠、抑郁、易激惹)、泌尿生殖症状(阴道萎缩、干涩)等,并能预防绝经后妇女的骨质疏松。与激素疗法相比,黑升麻的不良反应少且轻,暂未发现妇科恶性肿瘤增加的风险。其安全性远远高于激素,且对身体还有其它的潜在益处。黑升麻的作用机制目前还未明确,目前发现黑升麻的作用机制类似于雌激素受体调节剂,且黑升麻还与神经递质5-羟色胺、γ-氨基丁酸及阿片受体有关。本文主要综述黑升麻在缓解围绝经期综合征中的作用机制、有效性及安全性,并与其它治疗围绝经期综合征的药物的疗效进行比较。     

Should symptomatic menopausal women be offered hormone therapy?

Many physicians remain uncertain about prescribing hormone therapy for symptomatic women at the onset of menopause. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) convened a multidisciplinary group of healthcare providers to discuss the efficacy and risks of hormone therapy for symptomatic women, and to determine whether it would be appropriate to treat women at the onset of menopause who were complaining of menopausal symptoms. MAJOR FINDINGS: Numerous controlled clinical trials consistently demonstrate that hormone therapy, administered via oral, transdermal, or vaginal routes, is the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms. Topical vaginal formulations of hormone therapy should be preferred when prescribing solely for the treatment of symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Data from the Women's Health Initiative indicate that the overall attributable risk of invasive breast cancer in women receiving estrogen plus progestin was 8 more cases per 10,000 women-years. No increased risk for invasive breast cancer was detected for women who never used hormone therapy in the past or for those receiving estrogen only. Hormone therapy is not effective for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and that the risk of cardiovascular disease with hormone therapy is principally in older women who are considerably postmenopause. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy symptomatic women should be offered the option of hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms. Symptom relief with hormone therapy for many younger women (at the onset of menopause) with menopausal symptoms outweighs the risks and may provide an overall improvement in quality of life. Hormone therapy should be individualized for symptomatic women. This involves tailoring the regimen and dose to individual needs.     

Should symptomatic menopausal women be offered hormone therapy?

Many physicians remain uncertain about prescribing hormone therapy for symptomatic women at the onset of menopause. The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) convened a multidisciplinary group of healthcare providers to discuss the efficacy and risks of hormone therapy for symptomatic women, and to determine whether it would be appropriate to treat women at the onset of menopause who were complaining of menopausal symptoms. MAJOR FINDINGS: Numerous controlled clinical trials consistently demonstrate that hormone therapy, administered via oral, transdermal, or vaginal routes, is the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms. Topical vaginal formulations of hormone therapy should be preferred when prescribing solely for the treatment of symptoms of vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Data from the Women's Health Initiative indicate that the overall attributable risk of invasive breast cancer in women receiving estrogen plus progestin was 8 more cases per 10,000 women-years. No increased risk for invasive breast cancer was detected for women who never used hormone therapy in the past or for those receiving estrogen only. Hormone therapy is not effective for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and that the risk of cardiovascular disease with hormone therapy is principally in older women who are considerably postmenopause. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy symptomatic women should be offered the option of hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms. Symptom relief with hormone therapy for many younger women (at the onset of menopause) with menopausal symptoms outweighs the risks and may provide an overall improvement in quality of life. Hormone therapy should be individualized for symptomatic women. This involves tailoring the regimen and dose to individual needs.     

Effect of cervical sympathetic trunk transection on renal sympathetic nerve activity in rats

Stellate ganglion blockade (SGB) with a local anesthetic increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity in the tibial nerve in humans. However, whether this sympathetic excitation in the tibial nerve is due to a sympathetic blockade in the neck itself, or due to infiltration of a local anesthetic to adjacent nerves including the vagus nerve remains unknown. To rule out one mechanism, we examined the effects of cervical sympathetic trunk transection on renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in anesthetized rats. Seven rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal urethane. RSNA together with arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded for 15 min before and 30 min after left cervical sympathetic trunk transection. The baroreceptor unloading RSNA obtained by decreasing arterial blood pressure with administration of sodium nitroprusside was also measured. Left cervical sympathetic trunk transection did not have any significant effects on RSNA, baroreceptor unloading RSNA, arterial blood pressure, and heart rate. These data suggest that there was no compensatory increase in RSNA when cervical sympathetic trunk was transected and that the increase in sympathetic nerve activity in the tibial nerve during SGB in humans may result from infiltration of a local anesthetic to adjacent nerves rather than a sympathetic blockade in the neck itself.     

Androgens and breast cancer

The role of androgens on breast cancer development and progression has not been fully elucidated. Several in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrate that androgens have an inhibitory effect on the mammary epithelium, whereas the majority of epidemiological studies report a positive association between high androgen levels and risk of breast cancer. Expression of the androgen receptor is a positive prognostic factor. Understanding the role of androgens in breast carcinogenesis is important because many women use testosterone replacement for the alleviation of symptoms brought on by menopause, in particular high-risk women who undergo surgical menopause at an early age. We overview the literature examining a role of androgens in the etiology of breast cancer.     

Cerebral thrombosis and embolism; a method of treatment

Acute cerebral thrombosis and embolism give rise to arterial spasm, edema, and anoxia of the cerebral tissues supplied by the affected artery or arteries. Sympathetic block induced by injecting the stellate ganglion with procaine appears to relieve spasm and results in improved cerebral circulation and clinical improvement in a significant number of cases. Sympathetic block should be combined with the usual supportive measures and not infrequently with anticoagulants. Every effort should be made to institute treatment as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.     

CEREBRAL THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM—A Method of Treatment

Acute cerebral thrombosis and embolism give rise to arterial spasm, edema, and anoxia of the cerebral tissues supplied by the affected artery or arteries. Sympathetic block induced by injecting the stellate ganglion with procaine appears to relieve spasm and results in improved cerebral circulation and clinical improvement in a significant number of cases. Sympathetic block should be combined with the usual supportive measures and not infrequently with anticoagulants. Every effort should be made to institute treatment as soon as possible after the onset of symptoms.     

Effects of sympathetic stimulation on use dependence of lidocaine, mexiletine, and quinidine in an intact canine model.

The use- or rate-dependent effects of a continuous infusion of lidocaine (n = 6, serum level 3.1 +/- 0.34 micrograms/mL), mexiletine (n = 8, serum level 7.08 +/- 0.90 micrograms/mL), and quinidine (n = 6, serum level 6.8 +/- 1.22 micrograms/mL) were studied in an open chest canine preparation. A use-dependent effect on conduction was assessed by measuring the change in the His to surface ventricular activation (HV) time at differing atrial paced rates during drug infusion. Global sympathetic activation was achieved by nondecentralized left stellate ganglion stimulation (4-10 Hz, 6-12 V, 2 ms) and use dependence at the same cycle lengths was compared. Repolarization times were measured from epicardial monophasic action potentials recorded from the anterior left ventricle throughout the study. There was no significant change in the HV time during control studies with or without left stellate stimulation. Use-dependent slowing of conduction was seen in all studies during drug infusion. This was evident at cycle lengths of 300-190 ms for quinidine and at cycle lengths less than 250 ms for lidocaine and mexiletine. Stellate stimulation attenuated use dependence in all studies. This effect was significant from cycle lengths of 300-190 ms for lidocaine and quinidine and at cycle lengths shorter than 230 ms for mexiletine (p less than 0.05). Stellate stimulation significantly reduced use-dependent prolongation of the HV interval by an average of 60%. During stellate stimulation there was a nonsignificant trend towards cycle length independent shortening of action potential duration both at baseline and in the presence of drugs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)