血管内皮细胞生长因子诱导自噬致高脂血症性急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺组织细胞炎症损伤

本文旨在研究高脂血症性急性胰腺炎(hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis,HLAP)胰腺组织细胞自噬变化情况和自噬致胰腺组织细胞炎症损伤的分子机制。雄性Sprague Dawley (SD)大鼠腹腔注射雨蛙素制备急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)模型,并给予高脂饮食进一步制备HLAP模型,同时用自噬诱导剂雷帕霉素或自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤处理。用雨蛙素处理胰腺腺泡AR42J细胞构建HLAP细胞模型,给予雷帕霉素或转染血管内皮细胞生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)si RNA,用ELISA检测大鼠血清及细胞培养液上清中相关炎性因子,用HE染色观察胰腺组织病理学变化,用电镜观察胰腺组织细胞超微结构及自噬变化,用免疫组织化学法及Western blot检测Beclin-1、微管相关轻链蛋白3-Ⅱ (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1 (mammalian target of rapam...     

沉默MAPK1对牛磺胆酸钠诱导的胰腺腺泡细胞内胰蛋白酶原的细胞内激活及自噬流的影响

目的:探讨沉默丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK1)对牛磺胆酸钠诱导的胰腺腺泡细胞内胰蛋白酶原激活及自噬流的影响。方法:选择体外培养的AR42J细胞分为AR42J细胞+空白对照组,AR42J细胞+牛磺胆酸钠(TLC)(200μM的TLC作用40 min),AR42J细胞+RNA1(MAPK1)。分别转染MAPK1 si RNA以及阴性对照,采用BZi PAR、流式细胞术及激光共聚焦显微镜检测胰蛋白酶原激活,western blot技术检测各组自噬相关蛋白LC3、Beclin1、Cathepsin L,组织蛋白酶L(Cathepsin L,CTSL,也称为CTSL1)和溶酶体膜蛋白(Lysosomal associated membrane protein 2,LAMP2)。结果:TLC处理AR42J细胞后,胰蛋白酶原激活显著增加(阳性细胞相对比:15.12%±1.46%vs.7.82%±1.86%,P0.05,平均荧光强度:7.65±0.72 vs.3.76±0.57,P0.05),MAPK1 si RNA转染后TLC处理AR42J细胞后细胞内胰蛋白酶原激活则较TLC组明显降低(阳性细胞相对比:9.25%±1.16%vs.15.12%±1.46%,P0.05,平均荧光强度:4.31±0.27 vs.7.65±0.72,P0.05)。TLC组Beclin1与LC3表达显著性高于对照组(Beclin1:2.237±0.097 vs.1.103±0.057,P0.05。LC3:1.908±0.039 vs.0.973±0.081,P0.05),TLC+MAPK1si RNA组Beclin1与LC3的表达显著低于TLC组(Beclin1:1.214±0.049 vs.2.237±0.097,P0.05。LC3:1.315±0.037 vs.1.908±0.039,P0.05);而TLC组LAMP2及CTSL1表达较对照组显著下调(LAMP2:0.462±0.025 vs.1.009±0.039,P0.05。CTSL1:0.563±0.028 vs.1.135±0.041,P0.05),TLC+MAPK1si RNA组LAMP2及CTSL1表达显著高于TLC组(LAMP2:1.007±0.019 vs.0.462±0.025,P0.05。CTSL1:0.921±0.030 vs.0.563±0.028,P0.05)。结论:沉默MAPK1对TLC诱导的AR42J细胞中的胰蛋白酶原激活具有抑制作用,可能通过抑制MAPK1通路抑制自噬发生,同时使LAMP2及CTSL1的表达增强,自噬溶酶体的功能正常,自噬过程顺利进行,从而抑制胰蛋白酶原的激活,减轻急性胰腺炎。     

miRNA-383对急性胰腺炎腺泡细胞自噬的影响作用

目的:检测转染mi RNA-383的急性胰腺炎细胞模型中自噬标志蛋白LC3及Beclin1的表达情况,研究mi RNA-383对急性胰腺炎腺泡细胞自噬功能的影响作用。方法:在前期工作中利用生物信息技术筛选出在急性胰腺炎中表达下调的mi RNA-383。培养AR42J细胞,转染mi RNA-383类似物、抑制物以及阴性对照。使用牛磺胆酸钠盐以浓度200μM刺激细胞20 min制造急性胰腺炎细胞模型,使用BZi PAR检测胰酶激活程度证明此造模方法成功后,以此条件在转染完成后刺激AR42J细胞制造急性胰腺炎细胞模型。牛磺胆酸钠盐以浓度200μM刺激细胞20 min后提取细胞蛋白,利用western blot技术检测各组自噬标志蛋白Beclin1的表达情况及LC3-Ⅱ与LC3-Ⅰ比值的变化。结果:急性胰腺炎细胞模型造模成功,western blot技术检测mi RNA-383抑制物转染组AR42J细胞自噬标志蛋白Beclin1表达水平及LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的值上调(P0.05),mi RNA-383类似物转染组细胞Beclin1表达水平及LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ的值下调(P0.05)。结论:mi RNA-383可以降低急性胰腺炎时细胞自噬水平,下调mi RNA-383的表达可以提高急性胰腺炎时细胞自噬水平。     

雨蛙素联合脂多糖致小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型的建立及其机理的探讨

为建立一种快速、简便、无创伤性的小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型。本实验运用雨蛙素联合脂多糖小鼠腹腔内给药;血淀粉酶和胰腺湿重测定;胰腺和胰外器官病理学检查;腺泡细胞透射电镜观察;血清NO浓度测定;胰腺组织SOD和MDA测定。结果发现,雨蛙素联合脂多糖组血淀粉酶、NO浓度和胰腺湿重均增高,SOD活力降低,MDA含量升高,胰腺间质水肿、实质出血坏死、炎症细胞浸润,腺泡细胞受损严重,胰外多器官受到不同程度的损害;雨蛙素组胰腺无明显出血坏死,胰外器官正常;脂多糖组胰腺基本正常,胰外器官轻微炎症浸润。由本实验结果显示,雨蛙素联合脂多糖致小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型具有人类重症急性胰腺炎的病理特征,为非创伤性,成模快速稳定,重复性好;脂多糖促使雨蛙素诱导的急性水肿型胰腺炎重症化的机理与自由基释放-清除机制和氧化-抗氧化机制紊乱有关。     

L- 精氨酸和雨蛙素诱导急性胰腺炎模型的对比研究

目的:研究L-精氨酸和雨蛙素分别诱导SD大鼠急性胰腺炎(AP)模型的差异,为进一步研究急性胰腺炎提供可靠模型。方法:L-精氨酸采用3次腹腔注射,间隔1 h,雨蛙素采用7次腹腔注射,间隔1 h诱导急性胰腺炎模型。碘-淀粉比色法检测血清淀粉酶水平,血清脂肪酶测定试剂盒检测脂肪酶活性,胰腺组织切片观察组织的破坏情况,TUNEL法检测腺泡细胞凋亡。结果:①L-精氨酸诱导的大鼠模型血清淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平在诱导成功后6 h即显著升高,蛙皮素诱导的大鼠模型在12 h显著升高,与正常对照组比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05),提示急性胰腺炎建模成功。②L-精氨酸诱导的模型中胰腺组织结构破坏,有大片出血坏死灶、大量炎细胞浸润;而蛙皮素诱导的模型组织腺泡、间质水肿,炎性细胞浸润,少量散在出血坏死灶,血管变化常不明显,渗液清亮。结论:L-精氨酸和雨蛙素均能诱导SD大鼠急性胰腺炎模型,L-精氨酸诱导重症急性胰腺炎,雨蛙素诱导轻型急性胰腺炎,是研究急性胰腺炎的良好模型。     

低频超声联合微泡造影剂通过激活自噬和凋亡对乳腺癌细胞活力的影响

自噬和凋亡是乳腺癌细胞数量和活力减少的重要因素,低频超声对肿瘤细胞的作用引起了研究者们的广泛兴趣,但是低频超声对乳腺癌细胞自噬和凋亡的作用尚不清楚。该文采用功率0.5 W/cm2的1 MHz低频超声联合微泡造影剂,作用于人乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231 60s后,吖啶橙染色,电镜观察自噬的数量,Western blot检测微管相关蛋白轻链3-II(microtubule associated protein1 light chain 3-II,LC3-II)、自噬相关基因5(autophagy related 5,ATG5)和SQSTM1(sequestosome 1)/p62蛋白质水平变化,分别分析自噬的水平。Western blot检测caspase-3,膜联蛋白V/PI染色和DAPI染色方法分析MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡水平。ATG5 si RNA转染细胞可抑制自噬,caspase抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK可抑制凋亡,使用CCK-8分析自噬和凋亡对MDA-MB-231细胞的作用。结果显示,低频超声联合微泡造影剂促使LC3-II和ATG5蛋白质表达水平显著升高,而使SQSTM1/p62蛋白质表达水平显著下降(P0.05)。透射电镜和共聚焦观察发现,MDA-MB-231细胞自噬体数量增加。低频超声联合微泡造影剂促使caspase-3蛋白质表达水平升高,凋亡率增加。抑制自噬和凋亡后均明显缓解低频超声联合微泡造影剂对细胞活力的抑制作用(P0.05)。该研究结果说明,低频超声联合微泡造影剂通过激活自噬和凋亡抑制乳腺癌细胞株MDA-MB-231的增殖活力。     

低浓度乙醇激活乙醛脱氢酶2抑制糖尿病大鼠心肌中自噬相关蛋白的上调

目的探讨自噬在乙醛脱氢酶2(aldehyde dehydrogenase 2,ALDH2)保护糖尿病心肌损伤中的变化及beclin-1在其中发挥作用。方法腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(60mg/kg)构建糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分成正常组(CON)、糖尿病组(DM)和低浓度乙醇干预组(DM+EtOH)。称量大鼠心重(heart weight, HW)及体重(body weight, BW),计算心体比(H/B);试剂盒检测大鼠心肌组织SOD活性、MDA含量;免疫组织化学法检测beclin-1、微管相关蛋白1轻链3 B亚基(B subunit of microtubule-associated protein1 light chain 3, LC3B)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因/腺病毒E1B19KD相互作用蛋白3(Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B19KD Interacting Protein 3,BNIP3)的表达;Masson染色检测心肌纤维化;Western blot检测ALDH2、beclin-1、LC3B、BNIP3水平。结果与CON组相比,DM组H/B、MDA含量增加明显,SOD活性下降,心肌纤维化程度加重,ALDH2表达明显减低,而beclin-1、LC3B、BNIP3表达增加;与DM组相比,DM+EtOH组H/B、MDA含量均降低,SOD活性增加,心肌纤维化情况改善明显,同时ALDH2表达明显增加,而beclin-1、LC3B、BNIP3表达显著减低。结论 ALDH2可通过减轻心肌氧化应激、抑制心肌纤维化、减少自噬发挥糖尿病心肌损伤保护作用,可能与ALDH2抑制beclin-1通路的表达有关。     

缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞自噬在心肌重塑中的作用*

目的:研究缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞自噬在心肌重塑中的作用。方法:36 只雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组、假手术组、缺血性心肌病组( n=12),3组大鼠术前行心脏彩超检查,正常对照组大鼠不进行处理;假手术组大鼠开胸后不结扎冠状动脉,关闭胸腔;缺血性心肌病组大鼠开胸结扎冠状动脉20 min后,解开结扎线行再灌注后关闭胸腔,3组大鼠术后4周行心脏彩超检查后处死大鼠取心脏行HE染色、masson染色,观察心肌病理改变,用Western blot技术检测各组大鼠心肌细胞GRP78、LC3-I、LC3-II、Beclin-I表达及LC3-II/LC3-I比值的变化。结果:与正常组及假手术组比较,缺血性心肌病大鼠心室扩大,EF值降低;心肌排列紊乱,心肌纤维化增加;线粒体空泡化严重;内质网应激关键蛋白GRP78上调;自噬相关蛋白LC3-I、LC3-II、Beclin-I及LC3-II/LC3-I比值增加。结论:缺血性心肌病大鼠心肌细胞中内质网应激和自噬可能在心肌重塑中具有重要作用。     

雨蛙素联合脂多糖致小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型的建立及其机理的探讨

为建立一种快速、简便、无创伤性的小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型。本实验运用雨蛙素联合脂多糖小鼠腹腔内给药;血淀粉酶和胰腺湿重测定;胰腺和胰外器官病理学检查;腺泡细胞透射电镜观察;血清NO浓度测定;胰腺组织SOD和MDA测定。结果发现,丙蛙素联合脂多糖组血淀粉酶、NO浓度和胰腺湿重均增高,SOD活力降低,MDA含量升高,胰腺间质水肿、实质出血坏死、炎症细胞浸润,腺泡细胞受损严重,胰外多器官受到不同程度的损害;雨蛙素组胰腺无明显出血坏死,胰外器官正常;脂多糖组胰腺基本正常,胰外器官轻微炎症浸润。由本实验结果显示,丙蛙素联合脂多糖致小鼠重症急性胰腺炎模型具有人类重症急性胰腺炎的病理特征,为非创伤性,成模快速稳定,重复性好;脂多糖促使雨蛙素诱导的急性水肿型胰腺炎重症化的机理与自由基释放—清除机制和氧化—抗氧化机制紊乱有关。     

急性胰腺炎大鼠腺泡细胞凋亡及X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白XIP的表达

目的:研究急性胰腺炎(AP)大鼠腺泡细胞凋亡,X连锁凋亡抑制蛋白(XIAP)的表达及其与疾病严重程度的关系。方法:通过胰胆管逆行注射不同浓度的牛黄胆酸钠,制备急性水肿型胰腺炎(AEP)和急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)大鼠模型,同时设假手术(SO)组为对照。收集各模型组3,6和12h标本,对胰腺组织进行病理学评分,并测定血清淀粉酶和腹水量;用TUNEL染色检测胰腺腺泡细胞的凋亡,分别RT-PCR和Western Blotting法测定大鼠胰腺组织XIAP mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果:成功建立了大鼠AP模型。同SO组相比,ANP和AEP组胰腺组织在各时间点均有不同程度的病理损害,血清淀粉酶也显著增高(P均<0.01)。且ANP组显著高于AEP组(P均<0.01)。造模成功3h后,各组大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞均出现少量凋亡,但ANP和AEP组凋亡显著多于SO组(P<0.05),ANP和AEP组间没有差别(P>0.05)。同SO组相比,ANP和AEP组在6h和12h时凋亡均增多(P<0.01),且AEP组显著高于ANP组(P<0.01)。造模成功3h后,各模型组XIAP mRNA表达没有差异(P>0.05);6h和12h时AEP组XIAP mRNA表达明显下降,而ANP组明显升高,两组间差异有显著性(P<0.01)。XIAP蛋白表达水平与mRNA表达水平相一致。结论:急性胰腺炎大鼠胰腺组织XIAP表达与腺泡细胞凋亡情况相反,且与疾病严重程度平行。XIAP可能负性调控AP大鼠胰腺腺泡细胞的凋亡。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.