农业景观生物多样性与害虫生态控制

现代农业的一个重要特征就是人类对农田生态系统的干扰强度及频率不断增加,严重影响农业景观的结构及其生物多样性.农业景观结构的变化及其生物多样性的丧失,必然引起生态系统服务功能的弱化,不利于实施以保护自然天敌为主的害虫生态控制.农业的集约化经营导致自然生境破碎化,减少了农业景观的复杂性,使得作物和非作物变成一种相对离散化的生境类型和镶嵌的景观格局;破碎化的生境不仅会减少某些物种的丰度,还会影响物种之间的相互关系及生物群落的多样性和稳定性.非作物生境类型如林地、灌木篱墙、田块边缘区、休耕地和草地等,是一种比较稳定的异质化环境.非作物生境较少受到干扰,可以为寄生性和捕食性节肢动物提供适宜的越冬或避难场所以及替代猎物、花粉和花蜜等资源,因此,非作物生境有利于自然天敌的栖息和繁衍,也有利于它们迁入邻近的作物生境中对害虫起到调节和控制作用.景观的格局-过程-尺度影响农田生物群落物种丰富度、多度、多样性以及害虫与天敌之间的相互作用.从区域农业景观系统的角度出发,运用景观生态学的理论和方法来研究作物、害虫、天敌等组分在不同斑块之间的转移过程和变化规律,揭示害虫在较大尺度和具有异质性的空间范围内的灾变机理,可为利用农业景观生物多样性来保护农田自然天敌,实施害虫的区域性生态控制提供新的研究思路和手段.     

黄河下游平原非农植物多样性拆分研究

非农生物多样性的存在是农业景观生态系统健康持续发展的基础,对农业景观非农生境中植物群落物种多样性特征分析将有助于可持续农业景观构建措施的科学提出。在黄河下游平原典型农业景观中采用栅格分区的方式布设样点(共54个),采用典型样地法对各样点内的林地、树篱、田间道路和沟渠等主要非农生境的植物群落进行调查,采用生物多样性加性分配的方法探讨不同空间尺度上生物多样性的组成特征。结果显示:(1)各非农生境间植物群落物种多样性特征存在较大的差异。(2)偶见种从数量上构成了各非农生境中植物物种丰富度的主体,而常见种则行使着群落优势种和构建者的角色。(3)总体上,β多样性在各空间尺度中均对总物种丰富度具有重要贡献。(4)常见种和偶见种中物种组成格局存在显著差异:常见种的物种丰富度主要由α多样性贡献,而β多样性则贡献了偶见种的绝大部分。简言之,β多样性对区内植物多样性的保护和维持意义重大,农业景观中非农生境类别的出现对总物种丰富度的提高具有重要作用;各生境中较高的样点间β多样性(β样点)意味着在看似均质化的农业景观背景中依然具有较高的区域差异;景观组成和构型的变化将对农业景观中植物群落特征和物种多样性产生重要影响,且对偶见种的影响更甚。未来,应从景观和区域等更大尺度上,基于农业景观生态系统功能和服务的综合考虑及可持续农业景观的建立来探讨农业活动与生物多样性保护的权衡。     

黄河中下游农业景观异质性对传粉昆虫多样性的多尺度效应——以巩义市为例

农业景观中非农生物所提供的服务是生态系统保持稳定的基础,随着农业集约化程度的加强,生物多样性的持续丧失是现代农业发展最突出的表现形式之一.本文以黄河中下游典型农业区巩义市为研究区,根据其典型的地貌特征(山地-丘陵-河川)来探究地貌类型、景观和生境3种尺度上景观异质性对传粉昆虫多样性的影响.本研究使用诱捕盘法(pan traps)获取传粉昆虫,采用多因素方差分析多尺度上农业景观异质性对传粉昆虫多样性的影响.结果表明: 共捕获传粉昆虫67012头,分属7个目、86个科.其中,优势类群为食蚜蝇科、花蝇科;常见类群为果蝇科、丽蝇科、蜂虻科、头蝇科、花萤科、瘿蜂科、胡蜂科、小蜂科、切叶蜂科、蜜蜂科.地貌类型对传粉昆虫多样性的影响最为显著(P<0.001),表明丘陵和山地地区为传粉昆虫的蜜源地;其次是生境尺度(P<0.05),但景观尺度和尺度间的交互作用的影响不显著.丘陵和山地地区的景观异质性对传粉昆虫多样性的影响为本地区不同地貌类型的景观规划和生物多样性保护提供了理论支持.     

传粉动物多样性的保护与农业景观传粉服务的提升

传粉动物为许多植物尤其是作物提供了重要的传粉服务, 在保障全球粮食安全和人类福祉、缓冲气候变化对作物产量的影响等方面都发挥着重要的作用。然而来自全球土地利用变化、化学农药使用、外来物种入侵及气候变化等的威胁, 导致传粉动物的多样性下降并造成了依赖动物传粉的作物产量和品质的下降。针对这一情况, 作者提出了农业景观传粉动物多样性保护和利用的3种主要途径: (1)改善生产管理, 例如减少化学农药的使用、适当地采取有机种植; (2)促进景观多样性, 包括创建适宜野生传粉者的半自然生境、保护高价值的自然生境、作物多样化、合理配置资源和生境的空间分布; (3)加强对本土传粉动物的保护和开发利用。文章最后提出, 为进一步提升传粉服务, 还需加强对传粉者的生物学特征、传粉服务的需求与供给现状、影响传粉动物多样性和传粉服务的农作措施和景观因素等方面的研究。     

黄河下游农业景观中不同生境类型地表节肢动物优势类群

生物多样性是连接景观异质性与生态系统服务的桥梁。在区域尺度上,以指示类群代替地表节肢动物类群,可以有效的开展生物多样性的保护工作。但是,在黄河下游农业景观中,关于地表节肢动物指示类群的研究报道较少。以黄河下游农业景观中4种生境类型(农田、林地、树篱和沟渠)为研究样地,且在农田生境中划分不同尺度(尺度1,3.6 hm2、尺度2,14 hm2和尺度3,28 hm2),通过调查不同生境中地表节肢动物分布及其多样性,结合地表节肢动物优势类群的辨识,分析了优势类群和地表节肢动物多样性的相关性,确定了研究区内地表节肢动物多样性的指示类群。结果发现:研究区内地表节肢动物优势类群为膜翅目、鞘翅目和蜘蛛目。树篱和林地生境的地表节肢动物多样性指示类群是膜翅目,农田生境中地表节肢动物多样性指示类群是鞘翅目,沟渠生境中地表节肢动物多样性指示类群是蜘蛛目。农田生境中优势类群间无相关性(P0.05);林地、沟渠和树篱生境中鞘翅目与蜘蛛目之间存在显著正相关(P0.01);林地和沟渠生境中,鞘翅目与膜翅目之间存在正相关(P0.05)。在农田生境中优势类群之间的相关性存在尺度依赖性,随着空间尺度的增大,相关性有一定的增强。在尺度2和尺度3上膜翅目和鞘翅目均存在正相关(P0.05),并且随着尺度增加而呈上升趋势。研究表明,黄河下游农业景观中不同生境类型地表节肢动物多样性的指示类群差别较大,其中树篱和林地生境具有较高的相似性,而农田生境地表节肢动物优势类群相关性存在尺度依赖性。在黄河下游农业景观中,以优势类群多样性代替地表节肢动物类群的多样性,可以在条件不足、时间紧迫的情况下更加有效的开展生物多样性的保护工作。     

农业景观非农生境植物多样性及其影响因素

农业景观是人类生活所需资料的最主要来源地和生物多样性保护的重要区域之一。黄河中下游地区是我国最重要的农业区之一,在区域农业景观中,非农生境中各群落植物物种多样性组成特征有何差异?在不同尺度上,景观异质性特征与生境特征对植物物种多样性特征有何影响?在黄河中下游典型区域布点,对区内主要非农生境(次生林、次生灌丛、人工林和农田边缘等)中的植物群落物种多样性进行调查。结果显示:(1)次生灌丛中的物种丰富度和多样性显著高于其他生境,而农田边缘也保育有较多的物种;(2)从物种组成来看,景观尺度上样点间物种多样性差异(β_2)是所有生境中物种丰富度的最主要组成部分,而次生灌丛与次生林两类自然生境中小尺度(α和β1)物种丰富度的贡献相对较高。(3)景观异质性特征指标对物种多样性的影响主要体现在样方尺度上(α_(样方)),而β和γ多样性与之的关系并不甚密切。表征生境特征的群落高度和盖度指标能更好的预测物种多样性的特征。研究发现,常用的表征景观异质性的指数在各尺度上对植物群落物种多样性特征的影响也并不显著,局地群落特征的影响更为直接和重要。在探讨景观异质性特征与生物多样性关系时,常用的多样性指数(Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数和Simpson指数等)并不合适,而拆分后的物种丰富度会更有效。但景观异质性对生物多样性的影响也不容忽视,它的改变会是影响群落物种多样性及其组成结构的重要潜在因素,在更大尺度上景观异质性会通过对景观组成要素特征(生境组成和构型)的影响进而影响到区域植物物种丰富度的变化。     

多尺度空间下害虫生态调控理论与应用

不同尺度空间下农田生态系统具有不同的生境斑块组成结构,尺度性也是生态系统的重要特征之一.近年来,北美和欧洲等地区用农田生境管理与区域性景观设计相结合的研究方法实施多尺度空间下害虫生态调控,实现复合生态系统服务.其核心思想是以大区域景观设计和农田作物布局与农事管理的有机结合,通过农业景观格局的空间配置,调节种植模式、管理技术、乃至改变农业景观格局的空间配置等以切断害虫种群的生活史,建立和恢复天敌种群库与转移通道,从而最大程度地提高农业生态系统自身的控害功能.近年来,北美和欧洲对多尺度空间下农业复合生态系统服务功能都做了大量工作,尤其是田间尺度与景观尺度相结合的研究方法更是当前生境管理研究的重要内容.本文总结了多尺度空间下生态系统环境条件与天敌种群间的作用机制及假说,包括田间尺度上主要通过轮作与间套作、覆盖作物、减免耕及发展有机农业等方式提高天敌种群,景观尺度上通过生境斑块的空间配置来改变植物资源布局,最终提高天敌的控害作用.以期为深入地解析景观格局及复杂性对生物多样性的影响,揭示农业景观变化对昆虫种间关系的作用机制,在实践上为利用农田景观格局控制害虫种群发生提供新的途径与方法.     

生物多样性保护的景观规划途径

景观规划设计在生物多样性保护中起着决定性的作用。基于不同的保护哲学,生物多样性保护的景观规划途径主要可分为两种：一是以物种为核心的景观规划途径,另一种是以景观元素为核心和出发点的规划途径。前者首先确定物种,然后根据物种的生态特性来设计景观格局,后者则以各种尺度的景观元素作为保护对象,根据其空间位置和关系设计景观格局。多种空间战略被认为有利于生物多样性的保护,包括保护核心栖息地、建立缓冲区、构筑廊道、增加景观异质性和引入或恢复栖息地。落实这些空间战略必须首先回答选择什么和在什么地方设计上述景观元素的问题。对此,目前尚没有很好的答案。传统的生物保护战略被动地强调现存濒危物种和景观元素的保护,如果将物种运动和生态过程作为一个能动的景观控制过程来对待,我们将会有一种全新的景观规划途径。其中有三个方面的概念对这种新的景观规划途径有启发意义：即景观的空间构型对生态过程的作用,生物进化空间轨迹与景观格局设计及景观阻力与潜在的生态基础设施的设计。景观生态安全格局正是在这些方向上的一个新的探索。     

农田边界生物多样性与边界属性相互关系研究

农田边界 (田埂ｆｉｅｌｄｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙ)可定义为农田(作物田块 )间过渡带 (ｅｃｏｔｏｎｅ) [4 ] 。不同类型农田边界所包含的景观要素不同。农田边界包括的景观要素有树篱、防护林、草带、墙、篱笆、沟渠、道路、作物边界带等。半自然生境的农田边界是重要的动植物栖息地和扩散廊道[6] ,而农田边界的生物多样性和物种的扩散 ,又受边界结构属性、农作系统及农作措施和区域景观结构及动态的影响[1,7] 。随着人口的增加和农业集约化的发展 ,农业景观中非生产性(半自然生境 )用地面积逐渐减少 ,在一定程度上引起生物多样性下降及影响农田…     

三江平原东北部湿地生态安全格局设计

以三江平原东北部为研究区域,采用"3S"技术和数学模型,根据景观尺度上生物多样性保护规划的景观生态安全格局方法,对三江平原湿地生物多样性保护进行规划设计.利用GAP分析方法预测湿地鸟类丰富度,并评价和计算了湿地鸟类干扰度,在此基础上构建物种运动阻力模型,并利用此模型计算物种运动阻力指数,建立物种运动等阻力面,在阻力面上识别战略点、辐射道和源间联接等景观组分.为了保护本区的湿地生物多样性,提出扩大保护区的面积、建立保护区与热点之间的廊道和设立微型保护地块的规划措施.提出的湿地鸟类多样性保护的景观生态安全格局技术与方法,不但为三江平原湿地及其生物多样性的保护和管理提供科学依据,而且丰富和发展了我国生物多样性保护的理论与方法.     

Natural resource management by rural citizens in developing countries: innovations still required

We summarise the main issues related to Community-Based Natural Resource Management which were discussed at an International Workshop organized in Niamey, Niger, in March 2008. The objective of the workshop was to compare and contrast different development-oriented biodiversity conservation and natural resource management approaches as they exist across Africa. These approaches were explored following (1) the fundamentals of natural resource management in relation to local development and livelihoods and (2) the multi-functional nature of land use. The major topics subject to debate were the dichotomy between strictly protected areas and conservation areas including human activities; the importance of legitimate, people-centred conservation, as opposed to legal (drawn from the law) conservation; the key role of market instruments, participatory approaches, interdisciplinarity and local governance; and finally the strong relationships between agriculture and biodiversity conservation, especially at landscape level. We then provide a short summary of the 12 papers addressing the above topics and selected for the Special Issue of Biodiversity and Conservation on “Natural Resource Management and Local Development” (Vol xx, No xx, 2009).     

基于景观安全格局的香格里拉县生态用地规划

通过构建不同水平的景观安全格局,可以为区域的生态用地规划提供相应对策。香格里拉县近年来随着经济的发展生态安全问题已经提到日程。选择研究区内的5个自然保护区和风景名胜区为"源",以生物多样性保护为目标,选择地表景观类型、坡度两个因子及相应的阻力因子系数进行分析。采用GIS中的空间分析工具,计算建立了地表景观类型、坡度两个单因子的最小累积阻力面,在此基础上,利用加权叠加方法构建了两个因子的最小累积阻力面。根据最小累积阻力阈值,建立了"源"间生态廊道及"源"与外部联系的辐射道,确定了关键的战略点,最终完成景观安全格局的构建。基于生物多样性目标得到了低、中、高3个不同安全水平的生态用地分别占研究区总面积的12.81%、44.1%和80.3%。为制定研究区生态安全策略提供了重要参考。     

基于景观安全格局理论的宜兴市生态用地分类保护

生态用地是区域生态服务功能的主要供给者,对控制区域生态环境起到关键作用,开展生态用地分类与保护,对实现经济与生态协调发展、保障区域生态安全具有重要意义。以江苏省宜兴市为例,基于前人对于生态用地分类与土地利用现状分类衔接研究成果,提取土地利用现状中的生态用地,借助景观安全格局理论方法,通过系统分析水土保持、生物多样性保护、乡土文化遗产保护以及自然景观保护4个与生态用地相关的重要生态过程,运用最小累积阻力模型构建区域综合景观安全格局,并将综合景观安全格局与现状生态用地进行叠加,得到低安全水平、较低安全水平、中等安全水平以及高安全水平4种类型的生态用地,各类型面积分别占研究区生态用地总面积的32.07%、44.38%、22.07%以及1.48%,针对不同等级的不同生态用地类型,提出了划定禁止建设区、防止水体污染、建设高标准基本农田等针对性的保护措施与对策。研究结果为宜兴市的土地利用规划与管理、城市可持续发展等提供决策依据,为其他类似地区生态用地保护规划编制提供参考。     

Potential natural vegetation: validity and applicability in landscape planning and nature conservation

Abstract. Since the introduction of ‘potential natural vegetation’ (PNV) as a concept in vegetation science by Tüxen (1956), many PNV-maps with different scales have been made. Tüxen emphasized the great value of PNV-maps for different purposes in land use, landscape planning and nature conservation, in particular with regard to forestry, agriculture and landscape management. Different aspects are discussed in order to examine the validity and applicability of PNV-maps in landscape planning and nature conservation. PNV-maps are useful for the differentiation of natural and landscape units on a small scale (< 1 : 100 000). However, maps of the potential natural vegetation are less useful for purposes of detailed planning on larger scales (> 1 : 100 000). Problems arise, for example, from the often highly hypothetical character of the construction and the practice of taking remnants of ‘natural’ vegetation as a reference object for the PNV. With regard to the goals of modern landscape planning and nature conservation purposes (e.g. conserving biodiversity in the cultural landscape of Central Europe) the exact documentation of the actual real vegetation (ARV) on intermediate and large scales gives much more detailed information than a hypothetical PNV.     

Restoration of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on Agricultural Land

Cultivation and cropping are major causes of destruction and degradation of natural ecosystems throughout the world. We face the challenge of maintaining provisioning services while conserving or enhancing other ecosystem services and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. There is a range of possibilities within two types of intervention, namely “land sharing” and “land separation”; the former advocates the enhancement of the farmed environment, but the latter a separation between land designated for farming versus conservation. Land sharing may involve biodiversity-based agricultural practices, learning from traditional farming, changing from conventional to organic agriculture and from “simple” crops and pastures to agro-forestry systems, and restoring or creating specific elements to benefit wildlife and particular services without decreasing agricultural production. Land separation in the farmland context involves restoring or creating non-farmland habitat at the expense of field-level agricultural production—for example, woodland on arable land. Restoration by land sharing has the potential to enhance agricultural production, other ecosystem services and biodiversity at both the field and landscape scale; however, restoration by land separation would provide these benefits only at the landscape scale. Although recent debate has contrasted these approaches, we suggest they should be used in combination to maximize benefits. Furthermore, we suggest “woodland islets”, an intermediate approach between land abandonment and farmland afforestation, for ecological restoration in extensive agricultural landscapes. This approach allows reconciliation of farmland production, conservation of values linked to cultural landscapes, enhancement of biodiversity, and provision of a range of ecosystem services. Beyond academic research, restoration projects within agricultural landscapes are essential if we want to halt environmental degradation and biodiversity loss.     

Integrating the spatial proximity effect into the assessment of changes in ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation

The assessment of the value of ecosystem services is a valuable tool for biodiversity conservation that can facilitate better environmental policy decision-making and land management, and can help land managers develop interventions to compensate for biodiversity loss at the patch level. Previous studies have suggested that it is appropriate to assess the value of biodiversity for conservation planning by considering both the condition of the landscape and the spatial configuration of adjacent land uses that can be reflected as a proximity effect. This research examines the influence of spatial proximity on biodiversity conservation from the ecosystem service perspective based on the assumption that the variation in the proximity effect caused by land cover change has positive or negative impacts on ecological services. Three factors related to the spatial characteristics of the landscape were considered in this approach: the relative artificiality of the land cover types, the distance decay effect of patches and the impact of one land cover type on others. The proximity effect change (PE_C) parameter reflected the relationship between the spatial proximity effect and biodiversity conservation. The results of a quantitative and spatial comparative analysis of the proposed method and the conventional method in Yingkou for the periods of 2000–2005 and 2005–2010 showed that the former can account for the temporal and spatial changes in ecosystem services for biodiversity conservation that were caused by patch-level changes as well as the interaction between the altered and adjacent patches from a spatial perspective. The metric can also identify the most critical areas for biodiversity protection and inform the efficient allocation of limited land resources for nature conservation to maximize the benefit to biodiversity by guiding the process of land-use change, particularly urbanization and agriculture. Future studies should focus on the other important factors that are applicable to the assessment of the value of biodiversity conservation in socio-ecological systems, where society and nature are mutually capable of fulfilling their roles.     

土地利用与生物多样性绩效研究及对风景园林规划的借鉴

在当今世界土地资源极度紧缺的大背景下,研究不同土地利用情景下的生物多样性,评估其达到生物多样性预期目标的能力,已成为土地规划领域的重要研究方向,具有重要的理论研究意义和实践价值。本文在大量文献研究的基础上,简要分析了土地利用对生物多样性的作用机理,详细总结了土地类型组成、土地利用连接度、土地利用强度与土地利用聚合度4个关键性因子对生物多样性绩效影响的研究现状。针对现有研究进展,从多样性指标、生态机制、时空异质性、参与情景模拟、非线性系统规律5个方面阐述了如何进一步完善土地利用与生物多样性的研究内容。研究结果表明,土地利用与生物多样性绩效的关系符合复杂适应性系统在风景园林规划中运用的规律,满足构建研究规划协同实践的概念性框架。进而重点从引导以生物多样性保护为重要目标的用地控制策略、建立多尺度一体化的生物多样性保护格局、发挥不同尺度蓝—绿网络体系的载体作用、构建区域层面的生物多样性发展骨架、提高城市环境下生物多样性的引导措施、推进不确定性规划减少决策风险6个方面提出了土地利用—生物多样性绩效关联分析对风景园林规划中可资借鉴的思考。     

Bioenergy production and Skylark (Alauda arvensis) population abundance – a modelling approach for the analysis of land‐use change impacts and conservation options

Bioenergy production is seen as one way of meeting future energy needs. The growing demand for biomass for energy production induces the cultivation of a few fast growing and high‐yielding energy crops on vast areas of arable land. This land‐use change has been found associated with the reduction of habitat suitability for farmland birds and a decline in farmland biodiversity in general. A large number of studies have assessed the ecological effects of energy crop cultivation at the local scale of a single field. This study focuses on regional landscape changes caused by increased energy crop cultivation, which includes reduction of crop‐type richness and spatial concentration of single crop‐types. We present a spatially explicit ecological model to assess the population‐level consequences of these effects on the abundance of the farmland bird species Skylark (Alauda arvensis). We also investigate the impacts of different land‐use scenarios and aim to identify adaptive conservation options. We show that (1) the impacts of increased energy crop cultivation on Skylark population abundance depend strongly on the landscape structure; (2) impacts could be tolerated as long as a certain minimum level of crop‐type heterogeneity is retained at the landscape level and (3) conservation actions are required and effective especially on landscapes where crop‐field size is large.     

Linking Land‐Use Scenarios,Remote Sensing and Monitoring to Project Impact of Management Decisions

Large‐scale modifications of natural ecosystems lead to mosaics of natural, semi‐natural and intensively used habitats. To improve communication in conservation planning, managers and other stakeholders need spatially explicit projections at the landscape scale of future biodiversity under different land‐use scenarios. For that purpose, we visualized the potential effect of five forest management scenarios on the avifauna of Kakamega Forest, western Kenya using different measures of bird diversity and GIS data. Future projections of bird diversity combined: (1) remotely sensed data on the spatial distribution of different forest management types; (2) field‐based data on the biodiversity of birds in the different management types; and (3) forest management scenarios that took into account possible views of various stakeholder groups. Management scenarios based on the species richness of forest specialists were very informative, because they reflected differences in the proportions of near‐natural forest types among the five scenarios. Projections based on community composition were even more meaningful, as they mirrored not only the proportions of near‐natural forest types, but also their perimeter to area ratios. This highlights that it is important to differentiate effects of the total area of available habitat and the degree of habitat fragmentation, both for species richness and community composition. Furthermore, our study shows that an approach that combines land‐use scenarios, remote sensing and field data on biodiversity can be used to visualize future biodiversity. As such, visualizations of alternative scenarios are valuable for successful communication about conservation planning considering different groups of stakeholders in species‐rich tropical forests.