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1.
海洋外来物种入侵生态学研究   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
海洋外来物种入侵已成为最为严重的全球性环境问题之一。海洋生态系统类型多样、环境复杂,其生物入侵的监测、控制与管理难度相对较大。我国对陆地外来生物的入侵已开展了较为深入的研究,但对于海洋外来生物的入侵研究仍处于起步阶段,对其入侵监测、入侵机制、入侵危害的程度以及防治等问题缺乏基础数据。本文在分析国内外海洋外来生物入侵现状的基础上,概述其入侵生态学研究形势及相关成果,包括海洋外来物种的入侵途径、入侵过程、入侵生态效应以及全球变化对入侵的影响等。海洋外来生物的入侵可能对海洋生态系统造成直接或间接的影响,如种间竞争破坏生态环境、与土著种杂交造成遗传污染、病原生物及有毒藻类导致海洋生态灾害加剧等。此外,从政策和法规、入侵风险评估、监测和公共宣传教育、生物信息系统和有效管理机制等方面提出对我国海洋外来物种入侵的防治策略。本研究为我国海洋外来物种的进一步研究提供了参考。  相似文献   

2.
本文将海洋生态灾害定义为局部海域一种或少数几种海洋生物数量过度增多引起的海洋生态异常现象,包括赤潮、绿潮、水母旺发和外来种入侵等,根据相关研究及调查资料,探讨了北海区赤潮、绿潮、水母、外来生物入侵等生态灾害发生特点及趋势。结果表明,北海区赤潮和绿潮灾害频发,影响面积较大,渤海北部秦皇岛附近海域赤潮灾害严重,黄海西部山东半岛近岸海域浒苔绿潮灾害严重;水母灾害呈上升趋势,对人体健康威胁较大,北海区滨海城市都曾发生过水母蛰伤致死案例;黄河三角洲区域米草和泥螺入侵扩展速度较快。面对这些海洋生态灾害巨大威胁,北海区亟需加强海洋生态灾害防控研究。  相似文献   

3.
生物多样性公约热点研究 : 外来物种入侵、生物安全、遗传资源徐海根王健民等主编7 0 3 0 1385 9 7 Q 14 4 8定价 :6 8 0 0元本书分三篇 ,共九章。第一篇介绍我国外来入侵动物、植物、微生物和海洋生物的分布、入侵途径及造成的危害 ;评估外来入侵物种对我国国民经济相关行业和生态系统服务功能、物种多样性、遗传资源造成的经济损失 ;介绍外来物种风险评估的指标体系、方法及有关案例 ;提出我国预防和控制外来入侵物种的对策与建议。第二篇介绍国内外转基因生物的环境释放和生产现状 ;分析转基因生物可能对生物多样性、生态环境和人类健…  相似文献   

4.
外来植物入侵对生物多样性的影响及本地生物的进化响应   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
越来越多的证据表明,入侵植物能通过杂交和基冈渐渗等对本地种造成遗传侵蚀,甚至产生新的"基因型"来影响本地种的遗传多样性;通过生境片断化,改变本地种种群内和种群间的基因交流,造成近亲繁殖和遗传漂变,间接影响本地种的遗传多样性.另一方面,本地种能对入侵植物做出适应性进化响应,以减小或消除入侵植物的危害.本地种在与入侵植物的互作过程中产生了一系列的适应进化、物种形成以及灭绝事件,且这些事件不仅局限于地上生态系统,土壤牛物多样性同样受到影响,甚至也能发生进化响应.为更全面地了解外来植物入侵的生态后果和本地生物的适应潜力,本文综述了外来植物入侵对本地(地上和地下)生物(遗传)多样性的影响以及本地生物的进化响应.讨论了外来植物入侵导致的遗传和进化变化与其入侵性的关系,并提出了一些值得研究的课题.如土著种与外来种的协同进化、植物一土壤反馈调节途径和全球变化其他组分与生物入侵的关系等.  相似文献   

5.
由暨南大学、中国科学院海洋所、国家海洋局南海分局和中山大学等联合申请的国家自然科学基金重大项目“中国东南沿海赤潮发生机理研究”已论证通过资助。亦潮是由甲藻、硅藻、蓝藻和夜光藻等海洋浮游生物在适宜的条件下,短时间内突发性地大量增殖,密集于海面,使海水相应地变成红色、褐色或其他颜色的一种自然现象。科学家认为赤潮是至今尚难预测的一种海洋生物性的自然灾害。赤潮的危害毒化水质而导致海洋生物大量死亡。如果赤潮恰好发生在水产养殖区、  相似文献   

6.
【背景】在我国,克氏原螯虾是一种外来入侵水生生物,已经对入侵地的生态环境造成严重的破坏。【方法】在Y形水迷宫中,研究有经验和无经验的幼体及亚成体克氏原螯虾对中华鳖的趋避行为。【结果】幼虾无论是否有经验都会显著回避中华鳖,降低外倾性;而亚成体虾对中华鳖的反应不及幼虾灵敏。【结论与意义】2种不同发育阶段的外来入侵物种克氏原螯虾均会回避土著物种中华鳖,为外来入侵生物防治和动物行为学及相关研究提供了参考。  相似文献   

7.
生物入侵的危害与防治对策   总被引:30,自引:8,他引:22  
生物入侵是一个世界范围的生态学现象。入侵种通过竞争、捕食、改变生境和传播疾病等方式对本地种及其系统产生影响。生物入侵的危害表现为:造成巨大的经济损失,仅美国每年因外来种入侵造成的经济损失近1370亿美元;威胁到人类的健康和生存。成千上万的人被外来种传染疾病以致死亡;引起严重的社会恐慌和动荡,人们寝食不安;改变了生态系统的结构和功能,全球自然灾害频频爆发;导致生物多样性的急剧下降,威胁到子孙后代的生存和发展。防治生物入侵有3条途径:实行全面检疫,阻止外来种的偶然入侵;采取全面的生态评估和监测,防范引进品种的入侵灾难;对已入侵的外来种采用机械法、化学法和生物防治法进行根除和控制,应用生物防治法、筛选天敌和对其进行危害评估时要特别慎重。  相似文献   

8.
澳大利亚是一个岛状大陆,海洋运输业十分发达,通过贸易、旅游、运输等途径有意或无意引进有害外来物种的风险较大。澳大利亚政府高度重视外来入侵物种的管理工作,制定了《澳大利亚国家生物多样性保护策略》,针对外来杂草和通过压舱水载入的海洋外来入侵物种的管理制定了《国家杂草策略》、《杂草风险评价系统》和《压舱水指南》等法规和技术性文件,加强了对外来入侵物种的管理。本文简要介绍了澳大利亚外来入侵物种管理的有关策略和指南,并提出了我国在外来入侵物种管理方面的对策建议:(1)尽快建立相应的法规体系,实现外来入侵物种的依法管理;(2)加强机构建设,形成多部门的协调管理机制;(3)加强外来入侵物种管理制度的建设;(4)采取适当的引进预防、消除、控制和恢复措施;(5)开展科学研究,为外来入侵物种的管理提供科学依据;(6)制定教育和培训计划,提高公众意识。  相似文献   

9.
中国外来入侵物种的分布与传入路径分析   总被引:94,自引:0,他引:94  
外来物种入侵已成为全球性的环境问题,本文采用文献调研,实地考察与专家咨询相结合的方式,调查了全国陆生,淡水水生生态系统中外来入侵微生物,无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,鸟类,哺乳类,杂草,树木和海洋生态系统中外来入侵物种的种类及分类地位,起源,引入路径和环境影响等内容。查明我国共有283种外来入侵物种,其中外来入侵微生物,水生植物,陆生植物,水生无脊椎动物,陆生无脊椎动物,两栖爬行类,鱼类,哺乳类分别为19种,18种,170种,25种,33种,3种,10种和5种,来源于美洲,欧洲,亚洲,非洲,大洋洲的外来入侵物种分别占55.1%,21.7%,9.9%.8.1%和0.6%。我国对外来物种的引进存在一定程度的盲目性;50.%的外来入侵植物是作为牧草或饲料,观赏植物,纤维植物,药用植物,蔬菜,草坪模特而引进的;25%的外来入侵动物是用于养殖,观赏,生物防治的引种,对外来物种只重引进,疏于管理,也可能导致外来物种逃逸到自然环境中,造成潜在的环境意传入的;76.3%的外来入侵动物是由于检查不严,随贸易物品或运输工具传入我国的。因此,我国既要加强检疫工作,又要对外来物种的有意引进进行严格管理,实行外来物种引进的风险评估制度。  相似文献   

10.
中国外来入侵生物的危害与管理对策   总被引:202,自引:3,他引:202  
本文探讨了外来入侵生物的概念及其在我国的危害状况,入侵原因,提出了外来入侵生物 预防及管理对策,随着国际贸易往来和旅游业的发展,生物入侵在我国不断加剧,正在成为威胁我国生物多样性与生态环境的重要因素之一,外来入侵种的生态代价是造成本地物种多样性不可弥补的消失以及物种的灭绝,其经济代价是农林牧渔业产量与质量的惨重损失与高额的防治费用,生物入侵在我国大部分是由于人为因素引起的,这些因素包括:缺乏对引进种的利益与风险进行评估,淡薄的生态意识与不顾生态后果的经济利益驱使下的盲目引进,缺乏严格的科学监管体系或监管不力,缺乏全面检疫的体系与机制。外来入侵生物的综合性与系统性研究已成为当今我国生态环境保护、农业生产和经济可持续发展的重大研究领域,我国对外来入侵生物的预防与管理应着重于国家能力、研究能力,监测与管理能力三大体系的建设上,根据我国国情和目前的紧急现状应制定出优先行动计划,对特定外来种的入侵生物学基础研究,特定生态系统或地理区域入侵种现状及影响的关键评估研究,特定外来入侵生物对生态环境影响的风险评估体系及经济损失的模式研究、发展控制外来有害生物的环保型技术与方法研究,外来生物受控制后生态系统的恢复与栖息生境的复原技术与方法等,无意 目前亟待研究的课题。  相似文献   

11.
The false mussel Mytilopsis adamsi, originally described from the Pacific coast of Panama, is reported for the first time as an introduced species in the Urías estuary and an adjacent shrimp farm, on the Pacific coasts of Mexico. In the 19th century, this species was transported from the Pacific coast of Panama, reaching the Indo-Pacific Ocean, but it had not been previously reported in other coasts of the American Pacific. Its recent and irregular presence in this small estuary near shore the Mazatlán harbor and an adjacent shrimp farm suggests that the species was introduced into the area but it cannot still be considered as a harmful invader. The presence of the species in the shrimp farm may indicate that it was introduced along with shrimp stocks from Central America, although its passive transportation to the estuary via ballast water or attached to hulls is not discounted.  相似文献   

12.
采用样方法调查了哈尔滨市17块绿地的植物多样性,研究城市绿地生态系统中本土植物多样性对外来植物的影响规律。结果如下:哈尔滨市绿地有75种外来植物,外来栽培植物42种,外来非栽培植物33种。在哈尔滨市绿地植物群落中,外来栽培植物的平均盖度、平均重要值和平均出现频度均较高;外来非栽培种的平均盖度、平均重要值较低,而平均出现频度较高。绿地本土植物物种数与外来栽培种、外来非栽培种的物种数极显著正相关(P<0.01),与外来非栽培种的平均出现频度显著负相关(P<0.05)。绿地乔木层本土植物的香农威尔指数、物种丰富度与外来栽培种、外来非栽培种的物种数均显著负相关(P<0.05),乔木层本土植物的均匀度与外来非栽培种的平均出现频度极显著负相关(P<0.01);灌木层本土植物的物种丰富度与外来栽培种的平均重要值显著负相关(P<0.05);草本层本土植物的均匀度与外来非栽培种的平均相对盖度显著正相关(P<0.05)。随绿地总面积的增加,外来栽培种和外来非栽培种的物种数增加,平均出现频度均呈现显著降低的趋势。随建成时间增加,外来栽培种的平均出现频度呈非线形变化,外来非栽培种的平均出现频度呈现降低的趋势。应提高哈尔滨市绿地本土植物的多样性,严格控制新建成的、总面积较小的绿地中外来植物的引种栽培管理,以防止外来植物发展成为危害本地生态系统的入侵植物。  相似文献   

13.
We carried out a two-part investigation that revealed habitat differences in marine invertebrate invasions. First, we compared invasion levels of hard vs soft substrata in Elkhorn Slough, an estuary in Central California, by comparing abundance and richness of native vs exotic species in quantitative samples from each habitat type. Our results revealed that the hard substrata were much more heavily invaded than the soft substrata. Nearly all the hard substrata in Elkhorn Slough, as in most estuaries along the Pacific coast of North America, are artificial (jetties, rip-rap, docks). Some exotic species may by chance be better adapted to this novel habitat type than are natives. Two major vectors responsible for marine introductions, oyster culturing and ship-hull fouling, are also more likely to transport species associated with hard vs soft substrata. Secondly, we compared estuarine and open coast invasion rates. We examined species richness in Elkhorn Slough and adjacent rocky intertidal habitats along the Central California coast. The absolute number of exotic species in the estuary was an order of magnitude higher than along the open coast (58 vs 8 species), as was the percentage of the invertebrate fauna that was exotic (11% vs 1%). Estuaries on this coast are geologically young, heavily altered by humans, and subject to numerous transport vectors bringing invasive propagules: all these factors may explain why they are strikingly more invaded than the open coast. The finding that the more species rich habitat – the open coast – is less invaded is in contrast to many terrestrial examples, where native and exotic species richness appear to be positively correlated at a broad geographic scale.  相似文献   

14.
A biological survey of ballast water in container ships entering Hong Kong   总被引:9,自引:1,他引:8  
The role of ballast water in the introduction of exotic species has recently received extensive attention. The aim of this study is to assess the importance of ballast water discharge as a vector for the introduction of exotic species into Hong Kong waters. Twelve ballast water samples were collected from 5 container ships entering Hong Kong between June1994 and October 1995. The ballast water originated from ports on both sides of the Pacific Ocean. At least 81 species from 8 animal phyla and 5 protist phyla were found. Most of the major marine taxonomic groups were represented and many planktonic larval stages were included. Species richness in the ballast tanks decreased with the age of ballast water. Copepoda was the most diverse and abundant taxonomic group. The density of calanoid and cyclopoid copepods decreased with the age of ballast water, but that of harpacticoid copepods did not change significantly with time. Bivalve, crustacean, polychaete and ascidian larvae from ballast water samples were observed to settle in laboratory culture tanks. The mussel Mytilopsis sallei which was introduced to Hong Kong in 1980, was one of the bivalves that settled readily. Results of this study indicate that ballast water can be a major source for the introduction of exotic species to Hong Kong waters. Regulatory guidelines on the discharge of ballast water should be established. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

15.
16.
This report details the first detection of invasive freshwater shrimp in the south-west of Western Australia, a region recognised for its biodiversity and the vulnerability of its endemic species. The species was detected as part of biosecurity surveillance of Perth’s freshwater lakes. The introduced specimens were tentatively identified morphologically as Caridina indistincta, and then confirmed by molecular analysis as “species B” of that taxon, part of a species-complex native to eastern Australia. Phylogeographic analyses were then used to narrow down the likely source population to a small area of south-eastern Queensland, over 3500 kms across the continent from the invasion sites. The potential source area is heavily involved in the trade in freshwater species for aquaria and recreational fish stocking. This information will help in identifying the precise invasion vector and could thus allow more targeted management measures to prevent future imports of exotic aquatic invasive species.  相似文献   

17.
日本对虾野生种群和养殖群体的同功酶遗传变异   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
PenaeidshrimpPenaeusjaponicus ,commonlynamedasFloweryShrimporBandedShrimp ,isoneofthemostcommer ciallyimportantspeciesofmarinecrustaceanfisheryinChina .Beingofthewarm waterspeciesconductingshortdistancemigra tion,theanimalismainlydistributedinthecoastalwa…  相似文献   

18.
Ballast water in ships is an important contributor to the secondary spread of invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, we use a model previously created to determine the role ballast water management has played in the secondary spread of viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) to identify the future spread of one current and two potential invasive species in the Great Lakes, the Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), killer shrimp (Dikerogammarus villosus), and golden mussel (Limnoperna fortunei), respectively. Model predictions for Eurasian Ruffe have been used to direct surveillance efforts within the Great Lakes and DNA evidence of ruffe presence was recently reported from one of three high risk port localities identified by our model. Predictions made for killer shrimp and golden mussel suggest that these two species have the potential to become rapidly widespread if introduced to the Great Lakes, reinforcing the need for proactive ballast water management. The model used here is flexible enough to be applied to any species capable of being spread by ballast water in marine or freshwater ecosystems.  相似文献   

19.
不受欢迎的生物多样性:香港的外来植物物种   总被引:46,自引:2,他引:44  
香港早在19世纪中叶开始就有外来植物入侵的记录,迄今为止,已发现多达238种已归化的外来或怀疑为外来的植物,其中又以薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)、五爪金龙(Ipomoea cairica)、假臭草(Eupatorium catarium)、大黍(Panicum maximum)等最常见,外来植物最常见于受人为干扰的生境,例如荒废农田及路旁等,而较少在天然林地生境及贫瘠的灌草丛中发现,外来植物的对本地生态系统的影响主要局限于低地生境,它们常形成单优种群,减少了生境及贫瘠的灌草丛中发现,外来植物对本地生态系统的影响主要局限于低地生境,它们常形成单优种群,减少少了生境及动植物的多样性,外来动物对香港原生植物影响最大的是于20世纪70年代入侵的松树线虫(Bur-saphelenchus xylophilus)。外来的脊椎动物也有可能对香港的植物被演替产生影响,目前香港的外来植物当中,有些在大陆较少分布或没有记录,作为华南最大的港口,香港对外来物种的引入扮演着重要的角色,因此制定控制外来种在香港及华南地区的引入及传播的政策及措施非常重要。  相似文献   

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