FISH ASSEMBLAGE RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT SECONDARY CHANNEL DESIGNS IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER,U.S.A.:A TEMPLATE FOR RIVER RESTORATION

The lower Mississippi River(LMR) has been heavily modified for multiple human purposes such as navigation, flood control, and bank stabilization. However, the LMR simultaneously supports a diverse fish fauna that includes recreational and commercial fisheries. Due to river training and diversion structures constructed during the past 80 years, the historic characteristics of the LMR have been drastically altered and have likely influenced fishes and fisheries in the system. One common restoration measure used throughout the LMR has been to "notch" wing-dike structures that close secondary(side) river channels. Dike notching allows year-round flows through secondary channels, which enhances habitat diversity and promotes biological productivity at the ecosystem scale. Although notching is presumed good for LMR fishes and other biota, few studies have examined its effects on fish assemblages. In this study, fish assemblages were sampled at seven LMR secondary channels spanning from river kilometer(rkm) 628(Louisiana-Mississippi, U.S.A.) upstream to rkm 1504(Missouri-Kentucky, U.S.A.). Four secondary channels were termed "permanent"(i.e.,with notched dikes) while three secondary channels were termed "temporary"(i.e., without notched dikes).Fishes were sampled by boat-mounted electrofishing conducted during falling and low stages from1995—1997. Fish assemblages differed between permanent and temporary secondary channels, and varied somewhat between falling and low stages. Gizzard shad(Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad(D. petenense), and white bass(Morone chrysops) demonstrated consistent preferences for low-current conditions associated with temporary secondary channels. Conversely, blue catfish(Ictalurus furcatus), flathead catfish(Pylodictis olivaris), and freshwater drum(Aplodinotus grunniens) were more associated with permanent secondary channels. Future restoration strategies in the LMR should consider dike notching and resultant maintenance of permanent secondary channels in selected river reaches. However, temporary secondary channels also contain unique fish species, and also appear to be important sites of riverine primary production. Restoration strategies should consider a balance of both secondary channel types, which should support the greatest biodiversity for the LMR ecosystem.     

Applications of stem cells and bioprinting for potential treatment of diabetes

Currently, there does not exist a strategy that can reduce diabetes and scientists are working towards a cure and innovative approaches by employing stem cellbased therapies. On the other hand, bioprinting technology is a novel therapeutic approach that aims to replace the diseased or lost β-cells, insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas, which can potentially regenerate damaged organs such as the pancreas. Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into various cell lines including insulinproducing cells. However, there are still barriers that hamper the successful differentiation of stem cells into β-cells. In this review, we focus on the potential applications of stem cell research and bioprinting that may be targeted towards replacing the β-cells in the pancreas and may offer approaches towards treatment of diabetes. This review emphasizes on the applicability of employing both stem cells and other cells in 3 D bioprinting to generate substitutes for diseased β-cells and recover lost pancreatic functions. The article then proceeds to discuss the overall research done in the field of stem cell-based bioprinting and provides future directions for improving the same for potential applications in diabetic research.     

Behavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog

Vocalizations play a critical role in mate recognition and mate choice in a number of taxa, especially, but not limited to, orthopterans, frogs, and birds. But receivers can only recognize and prefer sounds that they can hear. Thus a fundamental question linking neurobiology and sexual selection asks-what is the threshold for detecting acoustic sexual displays? In this study, we use 3 methods to assess such thresholds in tdngara frogs: behavioral responses, auditory brainstem responsesz and multi unit electrophysiological recordi ngs from the midbrain.We show that thresholds are lowest for multiunit recordings (ca. 45 dB SPL), and then for behavioral responses (ca. 61 dB SPL), with auditory brainstem responses exhibiting the highest thresholds (ca. 71 dB SPL). We discuss why these estimates differ and why, as with other studies, it is unlikely that they should be the same. Although all of these studies estimate thresholds they are not measuring the same thresholds;behavioral thresholds are based on signal salienee whereas the 2 neural assays estimate physiological thresholds. All 3 estimates, however, make it clear that to have an appreciation for detection and salienee of acoustic signals we must listen to those signals through the ears of the receivers.     

中国省级行政区生态环境可持续性评价

从自然条件、人类胁迫、生态环境效应和社会响应4个主题出发,构建了包含28个指标的中国省级行政区生态环境可持续性评价指标体系,并通过专家调查和层次分析法为各主题层中的指标赋权.分别用各主题层中的指标和对应的权重,采用加权平均法构建自然条件(NSI)、人类胁迫(HPI)、生态环境效应(EEI)和社会响应(SRI)4个分指数,然后用这4个分指数通过灰色关联法构建综合生态环境可持续性指数(CEI),对我国各省级行政区生态环境可持续性进行评价.同时论文通过主成分分析法和相关分析法分析造成各指数地域差异的主导因素和评价中指标赋权的合理性.最后以4个分指数作为变量,采用快速样本聚类法对我国31个省级行政区进行聚类分析.评价结果表明,2003年我国各生态环境指数存在显著的地域差异.自然条件从东南到西北呈明显的由优到劣的过渡趋势,降雨量、年均气温、森林覆盖率和水网密度4个指标是导致地域差异的主导因素;人类胁迫东部发达地区明显高于西部和中部地区,同一个地区经济发展水平存在显著的正相关;生态环境效应西北地区最为显著,同各地区自然条件存在显著的负相关,在人类活动干扰下,自然条件差的地区更容易发生生态损害与退化;社会响应无明显的地域分析规律,各地区经济发展水平对其有一定影响,但并非决定性因素.区域综合生态环境可持续性由区域NSI、HPI、EEI和SRI共同决定,综合评价得到2003年我国各省级行政区生态环境可持续性排序情况,其中生态环境可持续性最强的几个地区为海南、云南、广西、江西等地,最弱的几个地区为内蒙古、宁夏、上海、西藏、新疆等地.最后,聚类分析把我国31个省级行政区聚为生态环境特点各异的六大类,可以促进我国生态环境的分类管理.     

A lubricant boundary condition for a biological body lined by a thin heterogeneous biofilm

We study the asymptotic behavior of an incompressible viscous fluid flow in a biological body lined by a thin biological film with a cellular microstructure,varying thickness,and a heterogeneous viscosity regulated by a time random process.Let ting the thickness of the film tend to zero,we derive an effective biological slip boundary condition on the boundary of the body.This law relates the tangential fluxes to the tangential velocities via a proportional coefficient corresponding to the energy of some local problem.This law describes the ability of the biological film to function as a lubricant reducing friction at the wall of the body.The tangential velocities are functions of the random trajectories of a finely concentrated biological particle.     

我国近代发酵工业的先驱——金培松

金培松(又名金柏卿,英文名Pei-sung King)1906年10月30日生于浙江省东阳后岑山村.童年时他是在农村渡过,牛角挂书,放牛识字.1919年进入东阳县长山小学,1923年高小毕业,入东阳县城初级中学,3年后毕业,考入浙江省立第一中学高中部,1年后因家庭经济困难辍学,1927年9月以高中肄业学历被上海劳动大学农学院农艺化学系录取,1931年毕业.     

猛犸雪原

正我对东北的了解和向往,最早来自上世纪70年代初期读过的描写北大荒知青生活的小说《征途》。我最感兴趣的是书中描述的东北的自然风光和动物植物:"遮天蔽日的红松林,尽管被大雪覆盖,但远远望去,依然是郁郁苍苍。朔风吹过,发出万马奔腾的松涛声。那一望无际的桦树林,好像千百株银枝玉树,俊秀挺拔地屹立在冰天雪地中";"咱这疙瘩呀,是‘棒打獐子瓢舀鱼,雉鸡飞到饭锅里’。汽车在公路上撞死几个挡道的狍子,跟你们南方碾死一条蛇一样不稀     

Monitoring of brown stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) population dynamics in corn to predict its abundance using weather data

The brown stink bug (BSB), Euschistus servus (Say)(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a serious economic pest of corn production in the southeastern United States. The BSB population dynamics was mon itored for 17 weeks from tasseling to preharvest of corn plants (i.e., late May to mid-September) using pheromone traps in three corn fields from 2005 to 2009. The trap data showed two peaks in early June and mid-August, respectively. The relationship between trap catch and pregrowing season weather data was examined using correlation and stepwise multiple factor regression analyses. Weather indices used for the analyses were accumulated growing degree day (AGDD), number of days with minimum temperature below 0℃(Subz), accumulated daily maximum (AMaxT) and minimum temperatures (AMinT) and rainfall (ARain). The weather indices were calculated with lower (10℃) and upper (35℃) as biological thresholds. The parameters used in regression analysis were seasonal abundance (or overall mean of BSB adult catch)(BSBm), number of BSB adults caught at a peak (PeakBSB), and peak week (Peakwk). The BSBm was negatively related to high temperature (AmaxT or AGDD) consistently, whereas IstPeakBSB was positively correlated to both ARain and Subz, irrespective of weather data durations (the first 4, 4.5, and 5 months). In contrast, the 7-month weather data (AGDD7) were negatively correlated to the BSBm only, but not correlated to the second PeakBSB. The 5-year monitoring study demonstrated that weather data can be used to predict the BSB abundance at its first peak in tasseling corn fields in the southeastern U.S. states.     

2008年春鄱阳湖区斑背大尾莺状况

2008年1月下旬至2月上旬在中国南方广大地区发生冻雨雪灾害,给在鄱阳湖区越冬的斑背大尾莺(Locustella pryeri)带来不利影响,据3月上旬的调查,原本在江西鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区内广泛分布的斑背大尾莺已变得十分稀少.     

沙门菌CWDMs乳酸脱氢酶同功酶的观察

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法检测伤寒杆菌和甲型副伤寒杆菌的ＣＷＤＭｓ及其宁代细菌型和伤寒杆菌粗糙型的乳酸脱氢酶（ＬＤＨ）同功酶,以了解沙门菌ＣＷＤＭｓ生物氧化的特点和机制,探讨ＣＷＤＭｓ变异的性质。结果表明,伤寒杆菌和甲型副伤寒杆菌的细菌型及伤寒杆粗糙型在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳后显示出相同的４种具有不同泳动速率的ＬＤＨ同功酶,但ＣＷＤＭｓ仅显示２种ＬＤＨ。ＣＷＤＭｓ的２种ＬＤＨ同功酶与其亲代细菌型及伤寒杆     

光照对蕨类植物配子体假根向重力性的影响

对８种蕨类植物配子体假根向重力性反应的研究结果表明,除卷柏Ｓｅｌａｇｉｎｅｌｌａ ｔａｍａｒｉｓｃｉｎａ Ｓｐｒｉｎｇ配子体假根无向重力性反应并且其生长方向与光照方向无关外,其它７种的配子体假根均有向重力性反应,并且假根的向重力性反应在配子体发育初期,因光照的方向不同而异,表现为负向光性。随着配子体发育至片状体阶段,光对其向重力性反应的影响逐渐减弱,而重力的影响增强。在蕨类植物配子体发育初期,光对     

中国鳐类脑颅的研究

作者解剖观察了33种,隶于4目、7亚目、15科、19属的中国鳐类脑颅的形态。研究结果认为:锯鳐目和鳐目是原始类群,它们均具吻软骨,其中圆犂头鳐科和团扇鳐科是特化类群。电鳐目亦具吻软骨,它们是特化和退化类群。在较高等的鲼目则无吻软骨。依据鳐类不同的分类阶元,其脑颅亦各具有不同的式型。     

沙门菌CWDMs氨基酸代谢的检测

采用氨基氨利用生长试验和谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ）、谷草转酶（ＧＯＴ）、乳酸脱氨酶（ＬＤＨ）、肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）、α－闳丁酸脱氢酶（α－ＨＢＤ）、γ－谷志肽酶（γ－ＧＴ）,酸性磷酸酶（ＡＣＰ）定性与定量分析法,检测伤ＣＷＤＭｓ变异的特点及其机制,探讨ＣＷＤＭｓ变异的性质及其与细胞壁缺陷突变的关系。结果表明,沙门菌ＣＷＤＭｓ变异的性质及其与细胞壁缺陷突变的关系。结果表明,沙门菌ＣＷＤＭｓ在仅含蛋氨酸或脯氨     

沙门菌CWDMs脂代谢检测

采用毛地黄皂苷敏感试验和菌细胞胆固醇、甘油三脂及胆碱酯酶定性与定量分析法,检测伤寒杆菌和甲型副伤寒杆菌经L 型变异后形成的细胞壁缺陷突变株(CW DM )的脂类代谢活性,了解这些CW DM 变异的性质和探讨细菌细胞壁缺陷突变与细菌演变的关系。结果表明,沙门菌CW DM s 具有显著的胆固醇和甘油三脂代谢活性、对毛地黄皂苷高度敏感并且还具有与白色念珠菌相似的胆固醇和甘油三脂的含量,但未能检出胆碱酯酶活性。CW DM s返祖菌丧失了脂类代谢酶类和胞浆膜不含胆固醇,恢复了与其亲代细菌型相似的代谢特征。提示在沙门菌天然即存在有与脂类及胆固醇代谢相关的基因,细胞壁的缺陷导致这些脂类及胆固醇代谢基因活化,以致 CW DM s 能够表达固醇和甘油三脂代谢活性和胞浆膜含有胆固醇     

细胞壁缺陷细菌生物氧化特性的观察

The L-forms were induced from Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Bacdtos cereus by β-lactam anhbiohcs and then observahons on the proPenies of oxygen requlrement sugar fermentahon and sensihve tO cyanide of the Lforms were done. The resultS were shown that the Lforms derived from the obligate aerobe or the faCultative anaerobe did not ferment sugars and were highly oxygendePendent and more sensihve tD cyedde than their Parent bacteria The metabolic achvihes which were same as the Parent bacteria of …     

STABILITY OF SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES OF PROTEINS AND PROTECTIVE ACTION OF COLLOIDS

1. It is shown that the concentrations of different salts required to precipitate suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles in water are practically identical with the concentrations of the same salts required for the "salting out" of gelatin from aqueous solutions. Neither effect shows any relation to the electrical double layers surrounding the particles. 2. It is shown that at the isoelectric point of gelatin, suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles are not stable and it had been shown previously that gelatin is least soluble at the isoelectric point. The addition of salt increases both the solubility of gelatin in water as well as the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles in water, and both effects increase with the valency of one of the ions of the salt. 3. This latter effect is not due to any charges conferred on the gelatin particles by the salts, since the cataphoretic experiments show that salts like NaCl, Na₂SO₄, or CaCl₂, which at the isoelectric point of gelatin increase the solubility of gelatin as well as the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated collodion particles, leave the particles practically uncharged in the concentrations in which the salts are efficient. 4. It follows from all these facts that the stability of suspensions of gelatin-coated particles in water depends on the solubility of gelatin in water; e.g., on the chemical affinity of certain groups of the gelatin molecule for water. 5. Though crystalline egg albumin is highly soluble in water, the stability of collodion particles coated with crystalline egg albumin does not depend upon the affinity of the albumin molecule for water, but depends practically alone on the electrical double layer surrounding each particle. As soon as the P.D. of this double layer falls below 13 millivolts, the suspension is no longer stable. 6. The critical potential for the stability of suspensions of collodion particles coated with genuine egg albumin is the same as that for particles of boiled (denatured) white of egg. Since through the process of heating, egg albumin loses its solubility in water, it is inferred that egg albumin undergoes the same change when it forms a film around a solid particle like collodion. 7. The influence of electrolytes on the stability of suspensions of collodion particles coated with casein or edestin was similar to that of collodion particles coated with egg albumin. The experiments are, however, complicated by the fact that near the isoelectric point CaCl₂ and even NaCl cause a suspension again at concentrations of about M/2 or 1 M, while still higher concentrations may cause a precipitation again. These latter effects have no connection with double layers, but belong probably in the category of solubility phenomena. 8. These experiments permit us to define more definitely the conditions for a general protective action of colloids. Protective colloids must be capable of forming a durable film on the surface of the suspended particles and the molecules constituting the film must have a higher attraction for the molecules of the solvent than for each other; in other words, they must possess true solubility. Only in this case can they prevent the precipitating action of low concentrations of electrolytes on particles which are kept in suspension solely by the high potentials of an electrical double layer. Thus gelatin films, in which the attraction of the molecules for water is preserved, have a general protective action, while crystalline egg albumin, casein, and edestin, which seem to lose their attraction for water when forming a film, have a protective action only under limited conditions stated in the paper.     

沙门菌CWDMs苹果酸脱氢酶的检测

目的：了解沙门菌细菌壁缺陷突变株（CWDMs）的生物氧化及遗传特点和探讨细菌壁缺陷变异的性质与机制。方法：采用PAGE电泳法和分光光度法检测伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌及其CWDMs和伤寒沙门菌粗糙型和苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）同工酶的活性与类型。结果：伤寒沙门菌和甲型副伤寒沙门菌的细菌型和伤寒沙门菌粗糙型经PAGE电泳可见一条MDH同工酶带,CWDMs电泳后可见两条MDH同Ⅰ酶带,在CWDMs的MDH中有一条泳动速率与细菌型及粗糙型的相同,另一条则较快。分光光度法检测证实。细菌型与粗糙型的MDH活性相似,CWDMs的MDH活性则明显较低。结论：CWDMs保留了与亲代细菌型一致的MDH和形成了一种新的MDH,并且其MDH的活性已显著降低,此特性可能与CWDMs生物氧化特性的改变有关。