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1.
垃圾堆肥基质对不同草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
赵树兰  廉菲  多立安 《生态学报》2011,31(6):1742-1748
通过田间实验,研究了城市生活垃圾堆肥基质对高羊茅和黑麦草不同品种草坪植物生态及质量特征的影响。结果表明:堆肥能明显促进草坪植物生长,提高地上和地下生物量。与一茬草相比,垃圾堆肥对二茬草的促进作用更为明显,说明了垃圾堆肥营养具有缓释效应。另外,垃圾堆肥能加快草坪植物返青,对越年草坪植物盖度、株高以及生物量具有明显促进作用。不同品种草坪植物对垃圾堆肥的生长响应存在明显差异,在生长速度和生物量指标上,3种高羊茅品种表现较好。采用美国国家草坪评比体系NTEP(9分法)作为评比标准,对各草坪综合质量进行评定。结果垃圾堆肥建植的草坪综合质量均明显好于对照;不同草坪植物之间比较,以爱神综合质量为最佳,尤其表现在密度、颜色和质地方面。  相似文献   

2.
不同灌溉模式对稻田土壤及糙米重金属积累的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨降低土壤和糙米重金属的灌溉模式,选取江西省萍乡地区的中度重金属污染稻田,研究了灌浆期习惯性灌溉(间歇性灌溉)和长期淹水灌溉2种灌溉模式对水稻产量、糙米重金属及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:与习惯性灌溉相比,长期淹水灌溉条件下的水稻产量降低1.25%;糙米Cd和Pb含量分别降低42.79%和3.70%,其中糙米Cr含量显著降低44.81%,但糙米Hg含量显著增加200%,糙米无机As含量增加3.29%;土壤Cd含量降低38.77%,其中土壤有效态Cd含量和阳离子交换量显著降低72.08%和36.71%,但土壤pH和有机质增加0.97%和6.32%;同时相关性分析发现糙米Cr含量与土壤有机质呈显著负相关,与阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,糙米Hg含量与土壤有效态Cd含量和阳离子交换量呈极显著负相关。长期淹水灌溉可有效降低污染稻田土壤Cd进入水稻,实现水稻安全生产,但会增加糙米Hg积累和减产。  相似文献   

3.
渗滤液溶解性有机物对土壤Cd、Pb有效性的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
在Cd、Pb污染土壤中,通过生物盆栽试验,研究了2种不同填埋年龄的垃圾渗滤液溶解性有机物(DOM)对黑麦草生长的影响及其对重金属Cd、Pb吸收的影响.鲜样、水阁样分别为填埋年龄0和12年的垃圾渗滤液.结果表明,垃圾渗滤液DOM施入土壤,残留在土壤中的DOM平均浓度为对照的1.39倍(鲜样)和1.47倍(水阁样).2种垃圾渗滤液DOM处理的土壤水溶态Cd、Pb和交换态Cd、Pb均在前期呈波动变化,到后期则上升.在Cd污染土壤中,鲜样和水阁样垃圾渗滤液DOM处理土壤水溶态Cd、交换态Cd分别高出对照37.44%、4.81%,48.97%、14.94%;在Pb污染土壤中,鲜样和水阁样垃圾渗滤液DOM处理土壤水溶态Pb、交换态Pb分别高出对照8.56%、7.22%,18.99%、11.47%.鲜样和水阁样垃圾渗滤液DOM处理黑麦草总Cd浓度分别高于对照19.59%和104.4%,总Pb浓度分别高36.03%和44.66%;但两处理的黑麦草总生物量下降14.03%~52.24%.因此,垃圾渗滤液DOM进入污染土壤后,有利于土壤重金属生物有效性的提高和植物体内重金属的累积,却抑制植物的生长, 尤以填埋年龄长的垃圾渗滤液DOM影响更大.  相似文献   

4.
目的利用堆肥处理技术对大庆油田原油污染土壤进行生物修复处理研究,建立最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。方法比较堆肥过程中不同碳氮比对石油烃降解效果的影响,分析堆制过程中各理化参数和总石油烃降解的变化趋势,建立最佳堆制配比及堆制条件。结果 3种比例的堆肥处理,总碳含量呈下降趋势而总氮含量呈上升趋势,当C∶N约为30∶1时,堆肥温度9d持续在50℃以上,土壤中石油烃降解率达到最高。60d后,土壤中总石油烃的降解率可达78%。结论堆肥C∶N为30∶1时为最佳的堆制比例。  相似文献   

5.
多立安  廉菲  赵树兰 《生态学报》2009,29(4):1725-1730
通过城市生活垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系接种草坪土壤线虫,研究了线虫数量、科属分类、营养类群等线虫多样性变化.结果表明,接种草坪土壤线虫 4 个月后,垃圾堆肥基质中共鉴定出线虫4科7属,包括植物寄生性线虫、食真菌线虫和食细菌线虫3个营养类群;垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中线虫总数明显少于土壤基质.在接种草坪线虫的土壤基质草坪建植体系中,植物寄生线虫为优势营养类群,盘旋线虫属仍为优势属,相对多度达到83.3%,显著高于本底土壤45.1%.在接种草坪土壤线虫的垃圾堆肥基质草坪建植体系中,土壤本底中处于优势属的植物寄生类线虫如盘旋线虫属和螺旋线虫属基本消失了,表明垃圾堆肥基质对植物寄生类群的生长与繁殖表现出明显的抑制作用,优势属也发生了很大变化,食细菌类群的头叶属和丽突属成为优势属,相对多度分别为67.0%和14.0%.因此,从草坪土壤线虫危害角度来说,以垃圾堆肥作为草坪基质将会为草坪植物生长创造良好的基质环境.  相似文献   

6.
城市垃圾堆肥对高羊茅生长及土壤性质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
采用盆栽实验方法,比较了在每盆施用130 g垃圾堆肥(T1)或1.5 g化肥(T2)以及130 g垃圾堆肥与1.5 g 化肥混合施用(T3)条件下高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea L)生长及土壤性质的变化.结果表明:T1和T3处理组的土壤容重显著低于对照(不施肥)和T2处理组,土壤中的阳离子代换量及有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于对照及T2处理组,且T3处理组的增加幅度更大;T1和T3处理组土壤中Pb、As、Cu、Cr和Cd含量均高于对照和T2处理组,且T1处理组土壤中Pb、As、Cu和Cd含量均显著高于仍处理组,但均小于土壤环境质量一级标准,不会造成土壤环境污染.T1和T3处理组高羊茅种子萌发率均明显低于T2处理组和对照,但随萌发时间的延长逐渐提高,表明垃圾堆肥对高羊茅种子萌发的抑制作用是暂时性的.施肥处理对高羊茅生长均有明显的促进作用;T1、T2和T3处理组高羊茅的株高、地上部分和根于质量、叶片N含量和叶绿素含量总体上均显著高于对照;其中T1处理组在栽培前期高羊茅的株高、地上部分干质量和叶片N含量低于T2处理组,但在后期显著高于T2处理组;而T3处理组高羊茅的各项指标总体上均最高.结果显示:使用垃圾堆肥能明显改善土壤性质、增加土壤肥力;垃圾堆肥具有缓释效应,能改善高羊茅的生长状况、提高草坪质量,与化肥混合施用效果更佳.  相似文献   

7.
Cr和As复合污染对水稻幼苗吸收积累Fe,P,As和Cr的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过水培实验,研究As和Cr复合污染在有磷(+P)和无磷(?P)条件下对2个水稻基因型品种(Jin23A和CDR22)生长和吸收积累Fe,P,As和Cr的影响.实验结果表明,As和Cr复合污染可导致水稻茎叶干重下降,但对株高、根长和根干重均影响不大.施P肥可促进水稻生长,提高水稻生物量,缓解水稻的重金属毒害.As和Cr复合污染对水稻植株吸收积累Fe,P,As和Cr的影响不一.加As和加P均导致两个水稻品种茎叶和根中Fe含量下降.As对水稻植株P含量影响不大.P可促进水稻根系对As的吸收,而降低水稻对Cr的吸收积累.加As导致水稻Cr含量提高,尤其水稻根系Cr含量提高更明显.与对照相比,1.0mg/LAs浓度在不加P时分别导致Jin23A和CDR22根系Cr含量提高138.9%和283.6%,加P时则分别为40.2%和154.1%.此外,本文还讨论了Fe,P,As和Cr4种元素在水稻植株体内的迁移情况.  相似文献   

8.
黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤-植物系统重金属污染评价   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
王耀平  白军红  肖蓉  高海峰  黄来斌  黄辰 《生态学报》2013,33(10):3083-3091
以黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地为例,评价了淹水和非淹水区湿地表层土壤As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Pb和Zn 6种重金属的污染程度及其在土壤-植物系统中的迁移、富集特征,分析了不同积水深度和土壤理化性质对研究区土壤重金属含量的影响.研究结果表明,与土壤或沉积物质量标准相比,黄河口盐地碱蓬湿地土壤受As和Cd污染最严重,而其它重金属污染较轻;非淹水土壤Cd、Cr和Zn含量高于淹水湿地,而As、Cu和Pb则较低;而且淹水土壤As含量随积水深度增加而呈下降趋势,但积水深度对其他重金属含量的影响不明显.相关性分析结果表明,按照受土壤关键影响因子的不同重金属(除As外)可以分为两类:第一类为Cd、Cr和Zn,这些重金属含量受土壤pH值和盐分影响较大,且相互间存在显著正相关关系,表明它们可能有相同的来源;第二类为Pb和Cu,它们受土壤pH值、盐分和有机质的影响,且Pb和Cu之间存在显著正相关关系.除Cr、Cu和Zn外,重金属在盐地碱蓬的根系内一般不发生显著富集,但绝大多数重金属都表现出地上部分的含量比根系更高的现象.  相似文献   

9.
强化还原处理对海南西瓜连作障碍土壤性质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
以海南省三亚市西瓜生长发生障碍的土壤为研究对象,设置对照、淹水、淹水+覆膜、淹水+覆膜+7500 kg·hm-2紫花苜蓿(称为强化还原处理)4个处理,处理时间20 d,研究了强化还原处理对海南西瓜连作障碍土壤物理、化学、生物性质的影响。结果表明:强化还原处理能够明显降低土壤中大土块(直径大于5 mm)的比例,有效改良土壤板结问题;强化还原处理过程中土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)和硝态氮含量快速下降,pH显著提高,铵态氮含量快速上升;土壤中真菌和尖孢镰刀菌数量显著降低;土壤淹水同时添加有机物料的强化还原处理方法可能是改良连作障碍土壤的一种高效、环保的方法。  相似文献   

10.
筑坝扩容导致湿地面积增加。基于筑坝前后变化,沿淹水梯度采集土壤,了解高原湿地拉市海有机质和全氮分布的现状,比较筑坝蓄水前后有机质和全氮的差异性。结果表明:筑坝蓄水后淹水区土壤有机质和全氮均比未淹水土壤有所增加,同时随着淹水强度的加强,有机质和全氮含量都表现为先增加后减少的趋势;就同一淹水梯度而言,受人为干扰较严重的土壤(弃耕地土壤)有机质和全氮含量显著低于干扰较小的土壤(草甸土壤)。方差分析表明,有机质和全氮含量在干湿交替的季节性淹水区差异不显著(P0.05),在常年淹水区则差异显著(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,研究区域内淹水强度与土壤有机质和全氮呈显著正相关,有机质与全氮呈显著正相关,全氮、有机质与碳氮比也呈显著正相关(P0.01)。研究结果为科学评估筑坝蓄水对湿地生态系统的影响,为高原湿地生态系统的保护管理提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

This study investigated the effect of two organic amendments (compost of cattle ruminai content and Sphagnum-moss peat) on the reduction of hexavalent chromium and the distribution of this metal among the main solid phases of a soil with low organic matter content treated with different levels of Cr(VI) (0–2000 mg Cr kg?1 soil). At the same level of added organic carbon, the peat reduced Cr(VI) added to the soil from 250 to 2000 mg kg?1, with 100% efficiency. The reduction efficiency of the compost, however, decreased with the increasing dose of Cr(VI) soil. The distribution of Cr between the different soil components was evaluated by a sequential chemical extraction procedure. The concentration of water-soluble and exchangeable Cr decreased with the addition of organic amendments to the soil, whereas Cr increased in the organic fraction. The effect of added organic material on the Cr absorption was examined with two ornamental plants (Melissa officinalis and Begonia semperflorens). The increased Cr(VI) in the soil increased the Cr concentration in plant tissues. The addition of organic matter produced a greater aerial biomass for each level of added Cr in comparison with unamended soil. Sphagnum moss peat was more effective than the compost to decrease the total Cr and the Cr(VI) concentration in the water-soluble and exchangeable fraction of soil, thereby reducing the Cr accumulation in plants tissues and phytotoxic symptoms.  相似文献   

12.
The Cu-saturated selective ion exchange resin (DOWEX M4195) extraction method was used to investigate the effects of two amendments, 5 and 15% organic matter in the form of hog-dung compost (HC) or cattle-dung compost (CC), on Cr(VI) bioavailability in three soils spiked with various levels of Cr(VI). The results showed that addition of composts could decrease the amounts of resin-extractable Cr(VI) in Cr(VI)-spiked soils, and the CC amendment decreased resin-extractable Cr(VI) more than the HC amendment. The X-ray Absorption Near-edge Structure spectroscopy (XANES) method was used to examine the distribution of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) species in Cr(VI)-spiked soils that were affected by compost amendments, and to elucidate the mechanisms for the decrease of resin-extractable Cr(VI) due to the application of composts. The XANES results suggested that the decrease in the amounts of resin-extractable Cr(VI) after compost addition was mainly due to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). The amounts of soil resin-extractable Cr(VI) were also correlated with wheat seedling growth in order to evaluate the effect of compost amendments on decreasing the phytotoxicity of soil Cr(VI). The results showed that there was a sigmoidal relationship between soil resin-extractable Cr(VI) and the plant height of wheat seedlings and the obtained effective concentrations of resin-extractable Cr(VI) resulting in 10 and 50% growth inhibition (EC10 and EC50) were 76 and 191 mg kg−1 respectively. The above results suggested that the resin extraction method was a useful tool for assessing Cr(VI) phytotoxicity and that addition of composts would enhance Cr(VI) reduction to Cr(III) in soils and thus relieve Cr(VI) phytotoxicity.  相似文献   

13.
紫色土外源锌、镉形态的生物有效性   总被引:26,自引:2,他引:24  
通过对7种形态Zn,Cd与有效态Zn,Cd(DTPA提取)的相关分析及各形态Zn,Cd与植株Zn,Cd含量的通径分析,评价各形态Zn,Cd的生物有效性及对植株的相对贡献和途径。结果表明,交换态Zn,Cd与有效态Zn,Cd呈极显著正相关(r=0.954,0.953),交换态Zn,Cd与植株Zn,Cd含量的通径系数为1.267、1.168,交换态Zn,Cd有效性高,具有最大的生物活性,对植株Zn,Cd含量的贡献最大。其它形态如碳酸盐结合态锌、氧化锰结合态Zn、Cd通过交换态作用于植株的通径链系数(间接通径系数)分别为0.856、0.592、0.723,上述形态对植株Zn,Cd含量也有影响,具有一定的生物相对有效性,但通过交换态间接作用。交换态不仅自身具有最大的生物有效性,而且还作为其它形态Zn,Cd生物有效性的中介,为紫色土其它Zn,Cd库流向植株的主要通道。  相似文献   

14.
The aim of this paper was to study the conditions favourable to Cr (III) oxidation such as: type of soil, soil water content, presence of organic matter and three oxidisers (MnO2, NaNO3 and Fe2O3). Also concentrations of different species of chromium in water and soils were examined in the area contaminated with tannery wastes containing 5-10% of Cr2O3. The action of oxidisers was studied in batch experiment for 2 h at room temperature at pH=5.35+/-0.2. The highest level of oxidised trivalent chromium was registered for soil with the lowest content of organic matter (0.72% C(org)), when Cr (III) was oxidised by MnO2, Fe2O3 and NaNO3 did not show properties towards Cr (III) oxidation under the conditions described.  相似文献   

15.
BackgroundFenugreek is known to have good anti-diabetes properties. Moreover, several studies accounted that the trivalent form of chromium [Cr(III)] also have anti-diabetic properties. However, its hexavalent form i.e., Cr(VI) is known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic to living beings and retarded plant growth even if it is present in low concentration in soil. Many plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are reported to have the potential to reduce the Cr(VI) into Cr(III) in soil. In view of the above, the present objective was designed to effectively utilize Cr(VI) reducing PGPRs for the growth and development of fenugreek plant in Cr(VI) amended soil, apart from reducing Cr(VI) in soil and fortification of Cr(III) in the aerial part of plants.MethodsThe experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of Cr(VI)-reducing PGPRs viz. Bacillus cereus (SUCR44); Microbacterium sp. (SUCR140); Bacillus thuringiensis (SUCR186) and B. subtilis (SUCR188) on growth, uptake and translocation of Cr as well as other physiological parameters in fenugreek grown under artificially Cr(VI) amended soil (100 mg kg−1 of Cr(VI) in soil).ResultsThe aforementioned concentration of Cr(VI) in soil cause severe reduction in root length (41 %), plant height (43 %), dry root (38 %) and herb biomass (48 %), when compared with control negative (CN; uninoculated plant not grown in Cr(VI) contaminated soil). However, the presence of Microbacterium sp.˗SURC140 (MB) mitigates the Cr toxicity resulting in improved root length (92 %), plant height (86 %), dry root (74 %) and herb biomass (99 %) as compared with control positive (CP; uninoculated plants grown in Cr(VI) contaminated soil). The maximum reduction in bioavailability (82 %) of Cr(VI) in soil and its uptake (50 %) by the plant were also observed in MB-treated plants. However, All Cr(VI)-reducing PGPRs failed to decrease the translocation of Cr to the aerial parts. Moreover, the plant treated with MB observed diminution in relative water content (13 %), electrolyte leakage (16%) and lipid peroxidation (38 %) as well as higher chlorophyll (37 %) carotenoids (17 %) contents and antioxidants (18%) potential.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that MB can lower the Cr(VI) toxicity to the plant by reducing the bioavailable Cr(VI), consequently reducing the Cr(VI) toxicity level in soil and helping in improving the growth and yield of fenugreek. Additionally, Cr(III) uptakes and translocation may improve the effectiveness of fenugreek in treating diabetes.  相似文献   

16.
Agricultural use of organic residues offers an attractive method for their safe disposal and a valuable source of organic amendments and nutrients. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influences of 0, 25, 50 and 100 t/ha spent mushroom compost (SMC), forced aeration compost (FAC) and inorganic fertilizer on soil properties and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare). The considered soil properties (0-15 cm), after a growing season, included pH, EC, available P, Kjeldahl N, available cations, DTPA extractable elements, soil OC content, and bulk density and grain yield was also determined. Application of organic materials increased organic status of the soil and nutrient content. The effectiveness of the two composts on improving the productivity of the soil varied. SMC produced strongest correlations between soil nutrient levels and plant yield. Neither compost raised soil copper and zinc to levels that were of concern and high application rates decreased iron content.  相似文献   

17.
Production and use of compost is an effective means to reduce wastes, and offers a large potential as growth substrates and source of nutrients. The objective of this study was to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of duck excreta enriched wood shavings (DMC) and source-separated municipal solid waste (MSW) composts and separates, and to assess the physical characteristics of growth substrates made from these two composts and selected substrates. MSW compost separates were the following sizes: F1 > 4 mm diameter, 2 mm < F2 < 4 mm, 1 mm < F3 < 2 mm and F4 < 1 mm. Growth substrates were prepared by mixing DMC and F2 and F3 MSW separates (M/M ratios). Growth substrates A-E consisted exclusively of 10-60% DMC and 20-60% of MSW separates F2 and F3. Growth substrates F-J, and K-O were the same as substrates A E, with 15% M/M brick fragments or shredded plastic added as porosity agents, respectively. Growth substrates (BE/S) made of black earth (BE) and sandy loam soil (Ls) in a 1:4 (M/M) ratio, commercially available peat substrate (Pr) and an in-house sphagnum peat-based substrate (Gs) were used for comparison. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that DMC was a better material than MSW with respect to porosity and water field capacity. MSW compost and separates differed by their relatively high levels of water-soluble and HCl-hydrolyzable N and increased advantageous water retention capacity. PCA also showed that substrates A-E exhibited porosity and water field capacity similar to those of Pr. Substrates F-J had porosity and water field capacity similar to those of BE/S, whereas substrates K O were more similar to Pr and to substrates A and B. The presented data indicate that DMC and MSW separates were complementary in providing good physical and chemical characteristics to the growth substrates.  相似文献   

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