肝细胞生长因子基因修饰的间充质干细胞治疗肝损伤的研究进展

减轻肝脏损伤、促进肝脏修复和再生始终是肝脏疾病研究中的重点。间充质干细胞(MSCs)是众多具有组织修复和再生能力细胞中的明星细胞,合成的多种细胞因子经旁分泌途径发挥调控细胞生存,调节炎症反应,促进血管再生和减轻纤维化等多种生物学效应,肝细胞生长因子(HGF)便是重点细胞因子之一。基于HGF的信号调控作用,再结合MSCs的干细胞优势,HGF基因修饰间充质干细胞(HGF-MSCs)作为一种干细胞治疗新策略能够发挥“1+1>2”的效果。本文就HGF-MSCs在减轻和修复肝损伤中的研究进展作综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞促进皮肤创伤愈合的作用机制及临床应用

皮肤是人体面积最大的器官,不同来源的损伤可使皮肤正常结构遭到破坏,皮肤创面修复过程失衡,从而导致皮肤愈合缓慢或畸形愈合,损害皮肤正常功能。骨髓间充质干细胞因其易获取、体外培养技术简单、低免疫原性、旁分泌、高度自我复制能力及多向分化潜能等特点而使其具有独特的优越性。已有研究表明骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)可通过多种复杂机制实现其促进皮肤创面愈合的作用,其趋化性可使BMSC向损伤部位迁移,并在局部分化为多种皮肤细胞、皮肤附属器细胞以及血管内皮细胞,促进皮肤的再生,通过抑制免疫细胞的生物学活性来发挥免疫调节作用。此外,BMSC可以分泌多种重要的生物活性因子,起到抗炎、促进新血管形成、抗纤维化及瘢痕形成、加快伤口愈合等作用。目前,BMSC已运用于多种类型皮肤损伤的临床治疗以及组织工程和再生医学中,且已取得了一定成果。本文主要就骨髓间充质干细胞的生物学特性、促进皮肤创伤愈合的作用机制及其临床应用进行了综述。     

间充质干细胞及其来源的胞外囊泡

间充质干细胞(MSCs)是一类多组织来源的成体干细胞，具有自我更新及多项分化潜能。移植后，MSCs可以迁移归巢至受损组织，通过分泌免疫调节因子，细胞因子，生长因子，胞外囊泡和其他生物活性物质，发挥抗炎，抗病毒，抗凋亡，抗纤维化，促进血管新生和免疫调节等作用，在治疗自身免疫性疾病及组织器官修复中表现出较好的疗效。目前，国际上已有10余款MSCs产品上市，我国也有30余款间充质干细胞新药获得临床试验默许。胞外囊泡是来源于膜系统，由细胞分泌的双层脂质颗粒，携带有亲本细胞的生物活性物质，包含蛋白质，脂质，mRNA和细胞因子等，可以将亲本细胞信号传递给受体细胞。间充质干细胞来源的胞外囊泡具有与其来源的间充质干细胞相似的生物学特性。因其体积小，免疫原性低，组织渗透性强，循环半衰期长，稳定性高，使用风险低等优点，近年来，胞外囊泡作为非细胞产品逐渐受到关注。除其本身具有组织发育与功能维持，调节免疫，抗氧化应激和促进再生等作用之外，间充质干细胞及其胞外囊泡还可以作为生物载体递送生物活性物质，发挥抗肿瘤和促进组织修复等作用。本文就间充质干细胞及其胞外囊泡的功能及其作为药物载体的研究进展进行综述。     

骨髓间充质干细胞的免疫学研究进展

间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）是骨髓中除造血干细胞以外的另一种成体干细胞,广泛分布于动物体内骨髓、肝脏、脂肪等多种组织中。MSCS具有强大的自我更新能力和多向分化潜能,是移植领域应用前景广阔的再生来源细胞;同时,MSCs是一种重要的免疫调节细胞,MSCs在炎症细胞因子刺激后对免疫系统表现出很强的抑制作用,所以MSCs有望应用于减少免疫排斥,延长移植物存活时间,治疗相关免疫失调症,如自身免疫疾病等方面。本文主要对间充质干细胞与免疫系统相互作用的研究做相关介绍。     

间充质干细胞在造血干细胞移植中的应用

间充质干细胞(MSCs)是一种具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的成体干细胞,存在于骨髓、脂肪组织、脐血及多种胎儿组织.它可分泌多种细胞因子及生长因子,促进造血干细胞(HSC)的增殖与分化.MSCs还具有免疫调节、抗炎和组织修复作用,可减轻移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)及其他移植相关并发症.     

间充质干细胞抑制肿瘤细胞增殖机制的研究进展

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)是能够从多种组织来源的基质细胞分离出来的一种具有分化潜能的干细胞,能够分化为脂肪、成骨和软骨细胞等多种组织细胞。研究表明,MSCs对肿瘤细胞具有抑制作用,其作用机制体现在两方面:一方面是通过直接分泌蛋白和微泡来调节肿瘤细胞信号通路和生长所需的因子的表达;另一方面是作为肿瘤靶向药物运输载体,向肿瘤组织输送多种能够抑制肿瘤生长、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡的基因或药物。该文针对MSCs对肿瘤细胞的直接和间接抑制机制进行了综述。     

间充质干细胞作用机制的研究进展

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)是一类具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的成体干细胞.取决于局部微环境的刺激, MSCs可产生大量生物活性物质,具有造血支持、提供营养、激活内源性干/祖细胞、组织损伤修复、免疫调节、促进血管新生、抗细胞凋亡、抗氧化、抗纤维化以及归巢等多方面的作用.临床试验结果表明, MSCs在许多疾病治疗中都表现出很好的效果,特别是自身免疫性疾病、组织损伤性疾病和退行性疾病等.然而, MSCs在疾病治疗中的作用机制尚不明确,本文重点介绍了目前研究发现的MSCs作用机制,这些机制主要包括转分化和细胞融合、旁分泌作用、细胞与细胞接触依赖、胞外囊泡和线粒体转移以及表观遗传学调控等.此外,还讨论了能够增强MSCs临床治疗效果的方法.     

间充质干细胞来源的细胞外囊泡在机体修复及疾病治疗中的应用研究

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)作为一种成体干细胞,不仅具有干细胞固有的增殖分化能力,而且还拥有强大的免疫调节功能,所以在机体修复及炎症疾病的治疗中显示出广阔的应用前景.在近几年的研究中,越来越多的证据表明, MSCs的作用机制主要是通过其细胞旁分泌分泌出的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)而实现的. MSCs所分泌的EVs具有其亲本细胞的生物学特性,并且在许多疾病模型中有显著的治疗效果.研究表明, MSCs所分泌的EVs存在大量microRNA的富集,而microRNA的富集与血管生成、细胞凋亡和生长等功能有密切的关联.此外, EVs中还包含有源自MSCs的mRNA、细胞因子、趋化因子、免疫调节因子等生物活性分子,这些因素都在机体组织损伤修复和疾病治疗方面发挥着重要作用.本文总结了最新的关于MSCs-EVs的应用与研究进展,为深入讨论MSCs-EVs的作用机制及临床应用前景提供了综合信息.     

肿瘤相关间充质干细胞及其靶向治疗的研究进展

间充质干细胞（MSCs）存在于许多组织中,在组织出现损伤时会迁移到受伤部位进行修复。而癌症可以被看作是"永远不会愈合的伤口",在肿瘤微环境中MSCs会被持续募集成为肿瘤微环境的一部分。最近出现了一种肿瘤相关间充质干细胞（TA-MSCs）,它可以激活肿瘤的发生,促进肿瘤的发展与转移。本文讨论了MSCs与TA-MSCs之间的关系;探讨对TA-MSCs的最新认识及其调节癌细胞生存、增殖、迁移与耐药能力。而且,讨论了把TA-MSCs作为癌症治疗上游或者下游的靶点或者用MSCs做载体来传递癌症因子将会发展为癌症治疗的新手段。     

间充质干细胞的特性与分化诱导研究进展

间充质干细胞(MSCs)是成体干细胞的一种, 广泛存在于人体的间充质组织中, 具有自我复制能力和多项分化潜能. 单独或联合使用某些细胞因子、生长因子、激素、维生素、抗氧化剂和抗肿瘤药物等, 可诱导MSCs在体外培养条件下向某一谱系细胞分化. 鉴于MSCs的上述特点, 使其有着非常诱人的临床应用前景, 可以用于许多种疾病的治疗. 本文从MSCs的生物学特性、MSCs的分化诱导、分化调节机制及应用前景等方面进行了评述.     

Dental mesenchymal stromal/stem cells in different microenvironments— implications in regenerative therapy

Current research data reveal microenvironment as a significant modifier of physical functions, pathologic changes, as well as the therapeutic effects of stem cells. When comparing regeneration potential of various stem cell types used for cytotherapy and tissue engineering, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently the most attractive cell source for bone and tooth regeneration due to their differentiation and immunomodulatory potential and lack of ethical issues associated with their use. The microenvironment of donors and recipients selected in cytotherapy plays a crucial role in regenerative potential of transplanted MSCs, indicating interactions of cells with their microenvironment indispensable in MSC-mediated bone and dental regeneration. Since a variety of MSC populations have been procured from different parts of the tooth and tooth-supporting tissues, MSCs of dental origin and their achievements in capacity to reconstitute various dental tissues have gained attention of many research groups over the years. This review discusses recent advances in comparative analyses of dental MSC regeneration potential with regards to their tissue origin and specific microenvironmental conditions, giving additional insight into the current clinical application of these cells.     

Therapeutic potential of adult bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells in diseases of the skeleton

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most popular among the adult stem cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Since their discovery and functional characterization in the late 1960s and early 1970s, MSCs or MSC‐like cells have been obtained from various mesodermal and non‐mesodermal tissues, although majority of the therapeutic applications involved bone marrow‐derived MSCs. Based on its mesenchymal origin, it was predicted earlier that MSCs only can differentiate into mesengenic lineages like bone, cartilage, fat or muscle. However, varied isolation and cell culturing methods identified subsets of MSCs in the bone marrow which not only differentiated into mesenchymal lineages, but also into ectodermal and endodermal derivatives. Although, true pluripotent status is yet to be established, MSCs have been successfully used in bone and cartilage regeneration in osteoporotic fracture and arthritis, respectively, and in the repair of cardiac tissue following myocardial infarction. Immunosuppressive properties of MSCs extend utility of MSCs to reduce complications of graft versus host disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Homing of MSCs to sites of tissue injury, including tumor, is well established. In addition to their ability in tissue regeneration, MSCs can be genetically engineered ex vivo for delivery of therapeutic molecule(s) to the sites of injury or tumorigenesis as cell therapy vehicles. MSCs tend to lose surface receptors for trafficking and have been reported to develop sarcoma in long‐term culture. In this article, we reviewed the current status of MSCs with special emphasis to therapeutic application in bone‐related diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 249–257, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Spontaneous transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells from cynomolgus macaques in vitro

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown potential clinical utility in cell therapy and tissue engineering, due to their ability to proliferate as well as to differentiate into multiple lineages, including osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic specifications. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the safety of MSCs while extensive expansion ex vivo is a prerequisite to obtain the cell numbers for cell transplantation. Here we show that MSCs derived from adult cynomolgus monkey can undergo spontaneous transformation following in vitro culture. In comparison with MSCs, the spontaneously transformed mesenchymal cells (TMCs) display significantly different growth pattern and morphology, reminiscent of the characteristics of tumor cells. Importantly, TMCs are highly tumorigenic, causing subcutaneous tumors when injected into NOD/SCID mice. Moreover, no multiple differentiation potential of TMCs is observed in vitro or in vivo, suggesting that spontaneously transformed adult stem cells may not necessarily turn into cancer stem cells. These data indicate a direct transformation of cynomolgus monkey MSCs into tumor cells following long-term expansion in vitro. The spontaneous transformation of the cultured cynomolgus monkey MSCs may have important implications for ongoing clinical trials and for models of oncogenesis, thus warranting a more strict assessment of MSCs prior to cell therapy.     

The role of recipient T cells in mesenchymal stem cell-based tissue regeneration

Significant progress has been made in stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and stem cell-based tissue engineering. Such scientific strides highlight the potential of replacing or repairing damaged tissues in congenital abnormalities, diseases, or injuries, as well as constructing functional tissue or organs in vivo. Since mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are capable of differentiating into bone-forming cells, they constitute an appropriate cell source to repair damaged bone tissues. In addition, the immunoregulatory property of MSCs provides a foundation for their use in treating a variety of autoimmune diseases. However, the interaction between MSCs and immune cells in cell-based tissue regeneration is largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of MSC-based tissue regeneration, emphasizing the role of the immune microenvironment in bone regeneration.     

The immunomodulatory capacity of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases owing to the ease of generating and expanding these cells, the ability to differentiate them into various specialized mesenchymal tissue types and their immunosuppressive properties. However, their immunomodulatory potential remains controversial. This review describes the constitutive and regulated expression of molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen processing machinery (APM), co-stimulatory B7 molecules and HLA-G. Furthermore, this review focuses on the secretion of factors, such as cytokines, in mesenchymal stem cells, their functional role in mounting and controlling immune responses mediated by different immune cell subpopulations, their medical significance, and the obstacles that limit their clinical application.     

Inflammatory niche: Mesenchymal stromal cell priming by soluble mediators

Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells(MSCs) are adult stem cells of stromal origin that possess self-renewal capacity and the ability to differentiate into multiple mesodermal cell lineages. They play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and wound healing, as well as in regulating the inflammatory microenvironment through interactions with immune cells. Hence, MSCs have garnered great attention as promising candidates for tissue regeneration and cell therapy. Because the inflammatory niche plays a key role in triggering the reparative and immunomodulatory functions of MSCs, priming of MSCs with bioactive molecules has been proposed as a way to foster the therapeutic potential of these cells. In this paper, we review how soluble mediators of the inflammatory niche(cytokines and alarmins) influence the regenerative and immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs, highlighting the major advantages and concerns regarding the therapeutic potential of these inflammatory primed MSCs. The data summarized in this review may provide a significant starting point for future research on priming MSCs and establishing standardized methods for the application of preconditioned MSCs in cell therapy.     

0Adipose-derived stem cells: Implications in tissue regeneration

Adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs) are mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) that are obtained from abundant adipose tissue, adherent on plastic culture flasks, can be expanded in vitro, and have the capacity to differ-entiate into multiple cell lineages. Unlike bone marrow-derived MSCs, ASCs can be obtained from abundant adipose tissue by a minimally invasive procedure, which results in a high number of cells. Therefore, ASCs are promising for regenerating tissues and organs dam-aged by injury and diseases. This article reviews the implications of ASCs in tissue regeneration.     

Repair mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in myocardial infarction

The prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) and resultant chronic heart failure remains extremely poor despite advances in optimal medical therapy and interventional procedures. Animal experiments and clinical trials using adult stem cell therapy following MI have shown a global improvement of myocardial function. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold promise for cardiac repair following MI, due to their multilineage, self-renewal and proliferation potential. In addition, MSCs can be easily isolated, expanded in culture, and have immunoprivileged properties to the host tissue. Experimental studies and clinical trials have revealed that MSCs not only differentiate into cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, but also secrete amounts of growth factors and cytokines which may mediate endogenous regeneration via activation of resident cardiac stem cells and other stem cells, as well as induce neovascularization, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, anti-remodelling and cardiac contractility in a paracrine manner. It has also been postulated that the anti-arrhythmic and cardiac nerve sprouting potential of MSCs may contribute to their beneficial effects in cardiac repair. Most molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the MSC-based therapy after MI are still unclear at present. This article reviews the potential repair mechanisms of MSCs in the setting of MI.