浅议小麦赤霉病抗性类型与鉴定方法的对应性

由镰孢菌引起的赤霉病是小麦的重要病害,其抗性比较复杂。准确可靠的鉴定和评价方法是抗性改良成功的前提。评述了小麦赤霉病抗性类型及其不同赤霉病抗性鉴定和评价方法的优缺点,重点讨论了抗性类型与抗性鉴定方法的对应性。希望对赤霉病表型鉴定、不同抗性类型的理解和评价以及抗性改良有借鉴意义。     

一些小麦白粉病抗源抗性基因鉴定分析

研究鉴定了我国３７份小麦白粉病抗源的抗性基因,１９份材料不具有任何抗性基因;６份材料具有来自１ＢＬ／１ＲＳ易位系的抗性基因Ｐｍ８;５份材料具有抗性基因Ｐｍ５ａ;３份分别具有对目前欧洲所有生理小种均抗的抗性基因Ｐｍ２１、Ｐｍ１６和Ｐｍ１２;４份材料具有新的抗性基因。     

基于MAS的小麦抗赤霉病育种材料抗性评价

为了提高黄淮海麦区小麦育种材料的赤霉病抗性,采用分子标记辅助选择的方法,将来自望水白的4个抗赤霉病主效QTL 3B-QTL、4B-QTL、5A-QTL和6B-QTL导入不同的感病背景中,在后代BC1F3和BC1F4株系中评价它们的抗病效应和农艺性状回复情况。结果表明:(1)导入4个抗病QTL株系的平均病小穗率和病粒率分别为12.2%和6.3%,而受体亲本则分别达到59.1%和44.2%,抗病性显著提高;(2)病小穗数和病粒率与穗长及株高极显著负相关,但与可育小穗数、百粒重、旗叶长和旗叶宽等农艺性状指标没有显著相关性。因此,通过导入抗病主效QTL可以显著改善感病材料的抗性,为进一步选育高产抗病品种提供基础材料。不良农艺性状的紧密连锁阻碍着抗赤霉病主效QTL的高效利用,需要通过继续回交或与其他品种杂交来打破这种遗传连锁关系。     

小麦对赤霉病抗性不同品种的SOD活性

本研究对9个赤霉病抗性不同小麦品种采用赤霉病菌分生孢子悬浮液以单花针注法进行了田间和温室抗病性鉴定;测定了各品种的胚性愈伤组织和盛花期麦穗分别经赤霉病菌毒素和分生孢子接种前后SOD活性的变化。结果表明,各品种SOD活性与其对赤霉病抗性呈极显著的正相关。接种后寄主的SOD活性均有提高,抗病品种比感病品种提高幅度大,且有新的同工酶带出现。抗病品种望水白比感病品种Alondra“S”多出两条SOD同工酶谱带。SOD在小麦抗赤霉病上可能起积极作用,其活性有可能作为鉴定小麦抗赤霉病的一种生理生化指标。     

小麦对赤霉病抗性不同品种的SOD活性

本研究对９个赤霉病抗性不同小麦品种采用赤霉病菌分生孢子悬浮液以单花针注法进行了田间和温室抗病性鉴定,测定了各品种的胚性愈伤组织和盛花期麦穗分别经赤霉病菌毒素和分生孢子接种前后ＳＯＤ活性的变化。结果表明,各品种ＳＯＤ活性与其对赤霉病抗性呈极显著的正相关,接种后寄主的ＳＯＤ活性均有提高,抗病品种比感病品咱提高幅度大且有新的同工酶带出现。抗病品种望水白比感病品种Ａｌｏｎｄｒａ＂Ｓ＂多出两条ＳＯＤ同工酶谱     

3B染色体短臂小麦赤霉病抗性主效QTL的分析

采用区间作图和复合区间作图方法对重组自交系群体宁894037／Alondram、望水白／Alondra和苏麦3号／A1ondra进行了抗赤霉病QTL分析,结果表明,用在田间和温室的赤霉病抗性鉴定资料,在3个赤霉病抗源宁894037、望水白和苏麦3号的3B染色体短臂上均检测到主效QTL的存在。宁894037主效QTL位于标记BARCl33与Xgwm493之间的5．0cM的区间内,最高可解释42．8％的赤霉病抗性;望水白的主效QTL位于标记BARCl47与Xgwm493之间11．5cM的区间内,最高可解释15．1％的赤霉病抗性;苏麦3号的主效QTL位于Xgwm533a与Xgwm493之间13．0cM的区间内,最高可解释10．6％的赤霉病抗性。与赤霉病抗性主效QTL紧密连锁的标记均为SSR标记,可直接用于分子辅助育种。     

小麦倒春寒抗性鉴定研究进展

倒春寒严重影响小麦的产量和籽粒品质.降低倒春寒危害,采取农业防御技术费时费力且减害效果不明显,培育抗倒春寒品种是最经济有效的途径.而抗寒育种依赖于科学、准确、快速、系统的倒春寒抗性鉴定评价体系.本文从鉴定方法、鉴定时期、鉴定指标、评价标准等方面对小麦春季抗寒性研究进行了综述,介绍目前倒春寒抗性鉴定研究现状,并解析小麦倒...     

小麦幼胚培养再生植株第二代（R2）抗赤霉病性的遗传分析

本文从赤霉病抗扩展各过程,研究了小麦幼胚再生植株R_2代的抗性表现。R_2代抗性具有数量性状的遗传特点,较之F_2代,R_2代更具有发病慢、病情轻、抗扩展能力增强、发病速度上株系间差异显著等特点,并有可能出现低频率的高抗植株,这些高抗植株将是有用的抗源。     

小麦赤霉病抗病机制研究进展

小麦赤霉病是一种小麦穗部病害,严重影响小麦的产量和品质。挖掘小麦赤霉病抗性基因,揭示其抗病机制,对于提高小麦赤霉病抗性,推动小麦赤霉病抗性育种进程具有重要的意义。系统阐述了抗赤霉病相关QTL、多组学研究、细胞壁防卫、信号转导、次生代谢物合成、识别应答等小麦赤霉病抗性机制的研究进展,并对未来小麦赤霉病抗性机制的研究方向进行了探讨。希望以此加深研究者对小麦赤霉病抗性机制的了解,为未来小麦抗赤霉病分子机制研究提供理论基础,为小麦抗赤霉病遗传改良提供丰富的基因资源。     

小麦种质对麦长管蚜的抗性鉴定与评价

2002-2005年连续4年,选用蚜情指数法对小麦种质进行麦长管蚜田间自然感蚜抗性鉴定,从2000份小麦种质中筛选出不同抗性材料34份,占总鉴定材料的1.7%,其中高抗种质5份、抗性种质9份、中抗种质20份。利用苗期室内接虫法,对部分抗感小麦种质进行鉴定,结果表明,苗期的抗性表现与成株期基本一致。对杂交组合临远207(抗)×Witchita(感)的F1、F2的抗性遗传分析表明,临远207对麦长管蚜的抗性由1对显性单基因控制。     

Fusarium Head Blight of Common Polish Winter Wheat Cultivars – Comparison of Effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on Yield Components

The effects of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum on the reduction in yield components, after independent inoculation of 14 winter wheat cultivars, were investigated. Single isolates of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum were independently used in inoculations of winter wheat heads. Reductions in the following yield traits: 1000‐kernel weight (TKW), the weight (WKH) and number (NKH) of kernels per head after inoculation were analysed statistically. The results indicate differences between both pathogens in their effects on yield traits. The statistical calculations were performed using analysis of variance (a three‐factor experiment) for particular yield trait reductions and multivariate analysis of variance for the yield trait reductions jointly. Almost all of the univariate and multivariate hypotheses concerning no differences between pathogens (F. culmorum, F. avenaceum), climatic conditions (years) and cultivars as well as hypotheses concerning no interactions between factors (pathogens, years, cultivars) were rejected at least at P= 0.05 significance level. The reduction of yield traits indicated individual reactions of the tested winter wheat cultivars to different pathogens. Among the tested traits the highest influence on the rejection of the hypothesis concerning the equivalence of F. avenaceum and F. culmorum was observed for TKW and WKH. The effect of the pathogen on yield reduction was greater for F. avenaceum than for F. culmorum during 1996 and 1997. A comparison of the cultivars indicated that the Begra cultivar showed the highest tolerance to inoculation with both Fusarium pathogens. Moreover, this genotype as well as several others showed lower tolerance to F. avenaceum rather than to F. culmorum, whereas Elena was the only cultivar with the opposite tendency.     

小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的转录组学研究进展

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病直接为害作物穗部,不仅严重影响小麦产量,还可因为毒素污染问题威胁人畜健康。近年来对小麦与禾谷镰刀菌互作的转录组学研究带来了很多新见解,概述了小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染的转录组学研究进展,主要比较了不同抗性品种、不同器官、不同籽粒发育时期的小麦穗部在禾谷镰刀菌侵染时的基因表达特征,总结了赤霉病感染时小麦的激素响应、信号传导、转录调控和防卫相关基因的表达规律,以期促进研究者对小麦响应禾谷镰刀菌侵染规律的理解。     

Resistance against Fusarium Head Blight in Transgenic Wheat Plants Expressing the ScNPR1 gene

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a severe global wheat disease that may cause severe yield losses, especially during epidemic years. Transforming the regulatory genes in the metabolic pathways of disease resistance into wheat via transgenic methods is one way to improve resistance to FHB. ScNPR1 (Secale cereale‐NPR1), a regulatory gene for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was isolated from S. cereale cv Jingzhouheimai and transformed into the moderately FHB‐susceptible wheat variety Ningmai 13. RT‐PCR analysis indicated that the ScNPR1 gene was stably expressed in transgenic plants. An evaluation of the resistance to FHB revealed that six ScNPR1 transgenic lines (NP1, NP2, NP3, NP4, NP5 and NP6) exhibited significantly higher FHB resistance than the wild‐type wheat Ningmai 13 and the null‐segregated plants. The expression of pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes after Fusarium graminearum inoculation was earlier or higher than those in the wild‐type variety Ningmai 13. The high expression in the early stages of PR genes should account for the enhanced FHB resistance in the transgenic lines. Our results suggest that overexpression of ScNPR1 could be used to improve FHB resistance in wheat.     

大麦赤霉病抗扩展性鉴定与评价

利用禾谷镰刀菌单花滴注接种研究了245份大麦品种对赤霉病抗扩展性。结果表明,大麦赤霉病抗性除了抗初侵染外还存在抗扩展类型。比较了接种后7d、14d和21d的病小穗数和病小穗率以覆由不同期病小穗率获得的病程曲线面积等7个指标性状,并对其进行遗传参数分析,发现21d病小穗率指标在品种间具帔大的变幅、遗传变异系数和遗传率,21d病小穗数和病程曲线面积与病小穗率呈极显著正相关。不同大麦品种抗扩展性表现不一,供试品种中以Suyin21、乌金一号、莆846193、盐97001、96AC20-30五个品种21d病小穗率最低,为高抗品种,占全部供试品种的2．04％。     

抗赤霉病小麦地方品种黄方柱和海盐种EMS突变体的变异分析

突变体对增加小麦资源的遗传多样性,克隆和解析重要农艺、产量和抗性相关基因具有重要的意义。本研究以高抗赤霉病小麦品种黄方柱(HFZ)及其11个甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱导的纯合突变体(F2~F12,Mu4),以及海盐种(HYZ)及其12个EMS纯合突变体(Y2~Y13,Mu4)为材料,在扬花期利用单花滴注鉴定赤霉病扩展抗性,灌浆期测定了分蘖数、株高、旗叶长、旗叶宽、叶绿素含量,收获后测定千粒重、粒长、粒宽、每穗小穗数和每穗粒数共计11个性状。每一个突变体至少在一个性状上与野生型存在显著差异。黄方柱突变系F6、F9和F12以及海盐种突变系Y6、Y7和Y9病小穗率均显著高于相应野生型,达中感或高感水平,因此,这6个突变体是研究赤霉病扩展抗性的理想材料。此外,海盐种突变体株高、千粒重、每穗粒数和粒宽均低于或显著低于野生型。对野生型和突变体采用了基于最小组内平方和距离的动态聚类分析方法,综合评价了野生型与突变体以及突变体相互之间的相似情况。株高等农艺性状显著优于野生型但赤霉病抗性与野生型类似的突变体(如F2、F7、Y2、Y3、Y4、Y8、Y10和Y12)可为农艺性状的遗传研究和抗赤育种亲本选配提供重要的资源。     

Response to Fusarium culmorum inoculation in barley

In field tests replicated in 2004 and 2005, 32 cultivars of spring barley were assessed for resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) by single floret inoculation and spray inoculation with Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Smith) Sacc. It was found that the weather conditions in individual years affect to a large extent the progression of FHB and production of mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). At the same time, in both years the cultivars reacted to F. culmorum infection similarly with respect to areas under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values and content of mycotoxin DON. Spraying inoculation led to stronger infection. The biggest differences in AUDPC values were observed between the cultivars Brise and Celinka, and weak reaction was found in the cultivars Kompakt and Madonna. The cultivars Kompakt and Tolar were most resistant towards FHB. In both monitored years the variety Ludan contained the lowest amounts of mycotoxin DON. Cultivars with high infection and low DON content (r = 0.78) showed weak positive relationship between resistance to FBH and accumulation of DON (concentration 70–200 mg/kg). This is the first information on FHB and in vivo concentrations of DON in certificated barley cultivars in Slovakia.     

小麦抗赤霉病利器--他山之石

赤霉病是我国乃至世界小麦(Triticumaestivum)产区的重要病害,给农业生产和人畜健康造成重大威胁。分离鉴定优质抗病基因、培育抗病品种,是控制我国麦区赤霉病的重要手段。最近,山东农业大学孔令让团队完成了二倍体长穗偃麦草(Thinopyrumelongatum)基因组的组装,并在此基础上通过精细定位和图位克隆分离得到来自长穗偃麦草的抗赤霉病基因Fhb7。他们发现Fhb7编码1个谷胱甘肽转移酶,对禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)分泌的包括呕吐毒素等在内的多种毒素具有解毒作用,是1个广谱持久抗病基因。他们还发现Fhb7很可能最初源于内生真菌,经过基因水平转移进入到偃麦草基因组中。此外,Fhb7不影响其它农艺性状,且其抗性不受小麦遗传背景影响。这一系列工作揭示了作物抗病演化中的全新机制,对小麦抗赤霉病育种以及更好地利用长穗偃麦草的丰富基因资源都具有重要意义。