鱼腥草体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生

目的:利用鱼腥草的叶片和叶柄为材料,进行体细胞胚胎诱导及植株再生研究。方法:运用正交设计试验,考察在改良的MS固体培养基上添加不同种类、不同浓度的植物生长物质组合及其配比对鱼腥草愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生的影响。结果:鱼腥草无菌苗叶片在含有2,4-D 1.0 mg/L 6-BA 0.5 mg/L的改良MS培养基上能诱导出胚性愈伤组织;胚性愈伤组织在含有6-BA 1.0 mg/L的改良的MS培养基上诱导体细胞胚的发生;叶柄在含有6-BA 1.0 mg/L改良MS培养基上直接产生体细胞胚。体细胞胚在改良的MS NAA0.1 mg/L 6-BA 1.0 mg/L的培养基上能够快速繁殖,形成大量不定芽,在不加任何激素的MS培养基上就可以萌发出不定根,发育为成完整植株,在MS IBA 1.0 mg/L的固体培养基上能够形成大量的根。结论:建立了鱼腥草体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生的体系。     

玉米芽尖培养中的高频率体细胞胚胎发生与植株再生(简报)

通过诱导玉米芽尖产生胚性愈伤组织,建立起高频率植株再生的玉米芽尖培养实验体系。在MS+1.0mg·L-16-BA+0.2mg·L-12,4-D+500mg·L-1CH的培养基上诱导愈伤组织并继代培养1次后,将愈伤组织转移到Ms+0.5mg·L-16-BA+0.4mg·L-1IBA+500mg·L-1CH的分化培养基上,可形成大量的体细胞胚胎。组织学观察表明,体细胞胚胎主要发生在胚性愈伤组织表面与表层下部。不同基因型的芽尖形成愈伤组织和再生植株的能力不同。     

黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)未受精胚珠培养诱导体细胞胚状体和植株再生的研究

本文报告了黑穗醋栗(Ribes nigrum L.)三个栽培品种中的薄皮黑豆未受精胚珠(花粉发育到单核晚期)在MS基本培养基附加植物激素BA,2.4-D和GA_3中形成了体细胞胚状体。长度约为0.5—1.0cm大小的胚状体在生根培养基中可以形成完整的再生植株。经过筛选得到了体细胞胚性愈伤组织无性系,继代培养二年多仍能保持胚状体形成能力。试验结果表明:诱导体细胞胚胎发生受品种和接种时期的影响,适宜的接种时期为花粉发育到单核晚期。培养基中的BA为诱导胚胎发生和保持胚性愈伤组织无性系所必需。     

盐肤木体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生

以盐肤木(Rhus chinensis Mill.)幼胚为外植体,研究不同植物生长调节剂组合对其愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚胎发生的影响,以建立盐肤木体细胞胚胎发生及植株再生体系。结果表明,最适愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+6-BA 0.2 mg/L+2,4-D 1.0 mg/L,诱导率为84.57%,诱导出的初代愈伤组织白色或淡黄色,质地疏松,表面光滑,为非胚性愈伤。初代愈伤组织转移到1/2 MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L培养基上培养1个月后,长出淡黄色质地紧密的胚性愈伤组织,诱导率高达100%,在此培养基上胚性愈伤组织增殖倍数为854.73%。所获得的胚性愈伤组织转接到1/2 MS+6-BA 2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖4%的培养基上培养1个月后可诱导体细胞胚胎发生,诱导率可达32.67%。诱导得到的体细胞胚胎经历球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚进一步分化发育成苗。无菌苗炼苗后栽种到泥炭土∶蛭石∶珍珠岩为2∶1∶1的生长基质上,能100%稳定成活。经过细胞学观察分析,体细胞胚的发育与合子胚相似。     

甘蔗幼叶切段培养中的体细胞胚胎发生

本文从形态学和组织学方面研究了甘蔗幼叶胚性愈伤组织发生及体细胞胚胎的形成过程。甘蔗幼叶片切段培养于含2.4—D1.5mg/1的MS培养基上,4—6天后切段开始形成愈伤组织,约10天后愈伤组织表面出现白色颗粒状结构。将含有白色颗粒状结构的愈伤组织转移至不含激素的培养基中,7—10天后可见有小植株长出。组织学和形态学观察表明,甘蔗离体再生植株是通过体细胞胚胎发生途径。     

影响香根草体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生因素初探

为了探索提高香根草(Vetiveriazizanioides)遗传种质改良效率的有效途径,初步研究了影响香根草体细胞胚胎发生和植株再生的若干因素。以MS培养基为基本培养基,附加不同配比的生长素和细胞分裂素,对香根草的腋芽及无菌不定芽进行离体培养。结果表明,2,4-D是诱导体细胞胚胎发生的关键因素,当培养基中只含2,4-D而不含或少含细胞分裂素(6-BA)时,外植体经由体细胞胚胎发生途径形成再生植株。愈伤组织诱导频率在有的品种之间差异显著,最高的达到96.7%(cv.Zomba),最低的不到30%(cv.Malaysia);而有的品种之间差异不显著(例如cv.Kandy和cv.Sunshine)。胚性愈伤组织的再生能力可以长期保持,从未经继代培养的到持续继代第23代的胚性愈伤组织,再生频率都在80%以上,而且再生植株的生长良好。在3-7℃的低温下进行分化培养时,仍然有40.5%-50.0%不同世代的胚性愈伤组织还保持着再生能力。     

秦艽(Gentiana macrophylla Pall.)离体培养再生过程中体细胞胚的发生(简报)

本文以秦艽叶片和茎段作为外植体,通过离体培养对秦艽植株再生途径进行研究。愈伤组织在添加2mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L BA的MS培养基上诱导,两周内可出现愈伤组织。愈伤组织在相同激素配比并附加500mg/L LH的MS培养基上继代。愈伤组织的分化在添加有0.1mg/L 2,4-D和0.5mg/L BA的MB培养基上进行。通过显微观测,疑似体细胞胚可以在叶片和茎段的愈伤组织上产生。形态学和组织学的分析进一步证实了秦艽离体再生过程中体细胞胚发生的现象。体细胞胚和合子胚一样,也经历球形、心形、鱼雷和子叶胚等发育时期。相对独立的结构说明秦艽的体细胞胚可能是单细胞来源。体细胞胚在愈伤组织的表面和内部都有出现。在本实验中,体细胞胚发生途径是在秦艽愈伤组织形成后观察到的唯一再生途径。     

新疆雪莲体细胞胚胎发生

通过体细胞胚胎发生途径实现了新疆雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Kar.et Ki r.)的植株再生。选用新疆雪莲子叶为外植体, 接种于MS+0.5 mg.L-1 2,4-D+0.05-1 mg.L-1 BA的固体培养基上, 进行愈伤组织的诱导。从第1次继代培养的愈伤组织中挑选出黄绿色、颗粒状、质地致密的胚性愈伤组织, 转移到含0.05-0.1 mg.L-1 2,4-D 的MS液体培养基中进行悬浮培养,20天后可分化产生大量球形胚。继代过程中相继加入PEG和GA3 , 可以促进体细胞胚的分化和生长。体细胞胚在含有5 mg.L-1 GA3 的MS固体培养基上, 可发育成完整的植株。     

一种新型的棉花体细胞胚胎发生的快速诱导法

用异常苗的茎段和叶片进行培养,可快速高效诱导获得棉花体细胞胚胎发生,激素组膈及其浓度配比影响异常苗的直接胚胎发生,在附加有０．１ｍｇ／Ｌ ＩＡＡ和０．１ｍｇ／ＬＺＴ的改良ＭＳ培养基上,异常苗不仅体细胞胚胎发生率高,而且形成的体细胞胚数目多,用异常苗作外植体获得胚性愈伤组织仅需要时间１０ｄ,获得成熟胚需要２０－３０ｄ,获得再生植株需要６０ｄ,大大短于常规方法获得胚性愈伤组织、体细胞胚和再生植株的时间     

何首乌体细胞胚的诱导及植株再生研究

以何首乌茎尖、茎段为外植体,经体细胞胚发生途径,进行胚性愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚的诱导、植株再生的研究.并采用临时压片法对体细胞胚的发育过程进行观察.结果表明愈伤组织诱导最适培养基为Ms＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.5 mg/L,体细胞胚诱导最适培养基为MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.2 mg/L.将产生的体细胞胚首先接种于MS基本培养基使其充分发育后转入MS＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L培养基中诱导出芽,出芽率高于直接采用Ms＋6-BA 2.0 mg/L培养基诱导.体细胞胚的发育过程是首先在愈伤组织表面形成许多瘤状突起即胚性细胞团,胚性细胞团继续发育成球形胚、盾形胚,球形胚、盾形胚成熟后发育成植株.     

Zinc deficiency and the formation of white structures in immature embryo cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The effect of microelements on the induction of embryogenic callus from epiblast and scutellum of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryos was studied by the sequential omission of each of the microelements from Murashige & Skoog medium. Omission of iron caused a marked decrease in yield and poor shoot formation from embryogenic callus. The yield of embryogenic callus on medium without added manganese was also reduced. Omission of boron, copper-cobalt, iodine, and molybdenum had little effect on the induction of embryogenic epiblast callus. By contrast there was a marked increase in the formation of white structures on the medium without any microelements or, specifically without addition of zinc. Since the formation of typical embryoids of wheat is associated with the formation of white structures, our result highlights the importance of certain microelements on somatic embryogenesis of wheat.Abbreviations 2,4-D 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - MS medium Murashige & Skoog medium     

Plantlet regeneration from protoplast-derived haploid embryogenic calli of wheat

To search for an alternative method for protoplast culture, regenerable embryogenic calli were obtained from anther culture of three wheat cultivars, Karl 92, Jinghua #1, and Pavon 76. Protoplasts were isolated directly from the haploid embryogenic calli and cultured in modified PMI and LM8P media without going through cell suspension culture. After 8–11 days of subculture, the embryogenic calli produced the maximum yield of protoplasts and cell division was at the highest frequency when plated at a density of 3–4 × 10⁵ protoplasts ml⁻¹. Frequency of colony formation varied from 0.2% to 0.5% for Jinghua #1 and from 0.1% to 2% for Pavon 76, while Karl 92 failed to produce colonies, even though its embryogenic calli were friable and fast-growing on the maintenance medium. Green haploid plantlets of Jinghua #1 and Pavon 76 have been regenerated from protoplasts, which were cultured on a differentiation medium first and then on a rooting medium. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄连体细胞胚胎发生的研究

黄连(Coptis chinensis)叶片外植体在 MS 2,4-D 1 ppm 培养基上很容易产生愈伤组织。愈伤组织在转入分化培养基 MS 6-BA 0.5ppm NAA 1ppm 培养基上以后,能产生大量胚状体。胚状体可经过球形、心形、鱼雷形及子叶期等诸阶段发育成小植株。对胚状体用4%的藻酸钠和2%的氯化钙进行人工种皮包埋后,在无菌条件下,胚状体转变成苗。愈伤组织在分化培养基上经几次继代后,整个愈伤组织可转变为胚性愈伤组织并形成一个个胚性细胞团。胚状体可从其表面或愈伤组织内的任一细胞团产生。这一研究结果为获得大量分散的单个胚状体及人工种子的研制提供了良好的实验系统。     

蛇床幼茎离体培养中体细胞胚胎形成的观察

蛇床幼茎外植体经诱导产生了愈伤组织。在ＭＳ＋２,４－Ｄ,０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＺＴ０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基中,愈伤组织转变成胚性愈伤组织。转入ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ＋ＺＴ０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基以后,胚性愈伤组织分化出体细胞胚胎。体细胞胚胎在ＭＳ＋ＮＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ培养基中可直接发育成为完整植析。显微观察表明,体细胞胚胎产生于愈伤组织的表层细胞或内部细胞。在鱼雷胚期已有螺纹导管的分化。子叶期的维管组织从两     

Carbon source dependent somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. SVPR2 through suspension cultures

Highly reproducible and simple protocol for cotton somatic embryogenesis is described here by using different concentrations of maltose, glucose, sucrose and fructose. Maltose (30 g/l) is the best carbon source for embryogenic callus induction and glucose (30 g/l) was suitable for induction, maturation of embryoids and plant regeneration. Creamy white embryogenic calli of hypocotyl explants were formed on medium containing MS basal salts, myo-inositol (100 mg/l), thiamine HCI (0.3 mg/l), picloram (0.3 mg/l), Kin (0.1 mg/l) and maltose (30 g/l). During embryo induction and maturation, accelerated growth was observed in liquid medium containing NH3NO4 (1 g/l), picloram (2.0 mg/l), 2 ip (0.2 mg/l), Kin (0.1 mg/l) and glucose (30 g/l). Before embryoid induction, large clumps of embryogenic tissue were formed. These tissues only produced viable embryoids. Completely matured somatic embryos were germinated successfully on the medium fortified with MS salts, myo-inositol (50 mg/l), thiamine HCl (0.2 mg/l), GA3 (0.2 mg/l), BA (1.0 mg/l) and glucose (30 g/l). Compared with earlier reports, 65% of somatic embryo germination was observed. The abnormal embryo formation was highly reduced by using glucose (30 g/l) compared to other carbon sources. The regenerated plantlets were fertile but smaller in height than the seed derived control plants.     

Somatic embryogenesis from leaf derived callus of Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill

Mature leaf explant derived callus of Tylophora indica (Burm. f.) Merrill yielded somatic embryos on MS medium supplied with BA(1-2 mg/L) or kinetin(1-5 mg/L) or kinetin/BA (1-2 mg/L) used along with IAA(0.1-1 mg/L). Maximum somatic embryos (30) could be recovered from 100 mg of embryogenic callus within 60 days at an optimum concentration of 2 mg/L of BA which was also best suited for providing the maximum conversion rate (90%) of embryoids to plantlets. Kinetin (1-5 mg/L), used as the sole growth hormone, induced the development of embryoids showing either shoot or root primordia in 30% of the cultures. However, embryoids with shoot primordia developed roots upon transfer to medium containing IAA(0.1 mg/L) and kinetin(2 mg/L). Embryoids from all cultures germinated in the initiation medium and were transplanted to sterile vermiculite for hardening. After two weeks of hardening, the plantlets were transferred to the green house where they grew and established well showing a high rate of survival (90%).     

小麦幼胚培养中的体细胞胚胎发生

小麦品种崇阳红麦和鄂思一号杂种一代幼胚培养具有再生植株的潜力。从一个幼胚经200天左右的连续培养获得530多株再生植株,并从中获得了典型的具有两极性的与愈伤组织块仅局部相连的胚状体。体细胞胚胎发生是小麦幼胚培养的主要途径,但受培养条件的影响,以MS培养基作基本培养基,低浓度2,4-D(0.4mg/1)和水解酪蛋白(1000mg/l)有利于体细胞胚胎发生。     

TDZ诱导花生幼叶的不定芽和体细胞胚发生的组织学观察

花生实生苗幼叶接种于MS TDZ 0.2mg/L NAA0.4mg/L诱导培养基上经诱导培养,继而转移到无激素培养基MS可获得不定芽和体细胞胚。组织学观察表明,花生不定芽和体细胞胚均起源于愈伤组织表层,不定芽为多细胞起源,而体细胞胚起源于单个胚性原始细胞。体细胞胚的发育经历多细胞原胚、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚和子叶胚等时期发育成小植株。     

Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from suspension cell cultures of Lilium×formolongi hort. Using a bioreactor system

Summary In vitro seedlings of Lilium × formolongi Hort. evs. Norikula, RaiZen No. 1, RaiZen No. 3, RaiZen Early, and Bailansa were used to induce callus by variously modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) media, using protocols for flask culture and bioreactor culture. Green embryogenic callus proliferated from roots near the base of bulblets of five varieties on media containing 0.53–5.3 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 28 cell lines were obtained by subcultures on the same medium. For flask culture, the fresh weight (FW) of embryogenic cell clumps doubled every 4 wk on MS basal salts supplemented with 0.53°M NAA and 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose. The maximum frequency of somatic embryos that developed into plantlets was 76.67±17% when plated onto solid MS basal medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs). Among the treatments using four types of bioreactors, the best cell growth and regeneration rate (74±0.14%) of somatic embryos was in a modified 2–1 bioreactor. Cells incubated in the other three bioreactors furned brown and died. Histological study revealed that regeneration was by somatic embryogenesis. The regenerants showed normal growth and flowering after 8–9 mo, in the field. A cell line of cv. Norikula has been subcultured in MS basal salts containing 0.53 μM NAA every 2 mo. for 6 yr. The cell aggregates became more synchronous and many typical embryogenic cells with dense cytoplasm were observed under a light microscope. The long-term embryogenic cells plated on MS basal medium still gave rise to numerous somatic embryos and converted into plantlets.