化石(孢粉)识别专家系统

化石识别(鉴定)是古生物学最基础的研究工作,鉴定错误,研究工作就不可能获得正确的结论。一个经验丰富、鉴别能力很强的古生物专家的成长需要数十年的长期实践。古生物学发展到今天,门类繁多、数以万计的古生物类型使专家们花在浩如瀚海的文献堆中的时间和精力,比用于研究化石本身的时间和精力多得多。     

古生物学领域的新辟园地──分子古生物研究

分子古生物研究是现代分子生物学、有机地球化学和古生物学等领域相交叉、结合而形成的年轻学科方向,是古生物学领域的一个新兴生长点。与传统古生物学相比,分子古生物研究更依赖于现代化的实验、分析技术,它使古生物研究从宏观深入微观。分子古生物研究应当与传统的形态解剖研究相结合,两者的关系是相互补充的。现提出狭义分子化石和广义分子化石的概念,并指出它们与有机地球化学研究中的生理标志化合物等概念的异同。当今分子     

中国古生物化石保护基金会设立“中国古生物‘燕辽奖学金’”支持我国首家古生物学院成立

我国首家以学院为建制的古生物学专业学院——沈阳师范大学古生物学院,10月9日在沈阳举行成立仪式。 中国古生物化石保护基金会蒋承菘理事长、张卫东副理事长应邀出席了成立仪式。应邀出席仪式的嘉宾还有我国著名地质学家李廷栋院士以及国家古生物专家委员会、中国古生物学会、北京大学、吉林大学及辽宁省国土资源厅的代表。蒋承菘理事长代表中国古生物化石保护基金会在仪式上致辞,并与李廷栋院士、     

浅议化石分类及意义

浅议化石分类及意义阎锡海众悉,化石是指经过自然界的作用,保存在地层中的古生物遗体、遗物和迹遗,它是古生物学研究的主要对象,亦是地质学研究的宝贵材料。－、化石分类依据不同的标准通常将化石划分为不同的类型。１．按照保存方式可分：①遗体化石：指古生物本身全...     

中国古生物学会第26届学术年会

中国古生物学会第26届学术年会定于2011年10月18日至20日在贵州省关岭苗族布依族自治县召开。贵州是我国古生物学和地层学研究的经典地区之一,近十多年来,瓮安、凯里和关岭等古生物化石群的     

透视化石的内部结构

古生物学的研究对象是化石标本,要对标本的内外形态进行观察和比较,然后对化石标本进行分类,确定它们的系统位置及其在演化中的意义。在观察标本的内部形态时,通常是通过实体解剖打开标本进行观察。但是对于一些非常稀有和珍贵的化石标本来说,解剖意味着对化石标本的不可逆转的     

工艺古生物学

随着应用科学的不断开发,古生物学也适应了这一发展趋势,将古生物学与工艺学相结合,提出了一门新的应用学科——工艺古生物学(Technopa laeot-ology)。工艺古生物学是将古生物化石用于工艺品制作和工艺研究的一门科学。其主要研究内容如下:(1)工艺化石的性质。包括化石工艺品中化石的类别、矿物组成、矿物光学性质、矿物力学性质、可塑性及其工艺化石的结构、构造、力度、颜色等物理、化学、光学性质。     

化石记录的再评估

分子生物学和分支系统学的发展以及化石记录自身的局限性使得古生物地层资料在生物演化研究中的地位遭到质疑。连续的化石记录的发现肯定了化石分析的意义,数据库的建立与定量分析方法的应用为古生物学的研究增添了新生力量。     

化石标本的采集和简易制作

化石标本的采集和简易制作蒋鹏,龙华（四川省南江中学６３５６００）化石是指保存在地层中的古生物遗体、遗物和它们的生活遗迹。是古生物学的主要研究对象,是生物进化的最有力证据之一,是判断地层年代和古代地理气候的重要根据。在找矿工作中,化石还是很好的助手和指...     

中国古生物学会微体古生物学分会第十届会员代表大会暨第十六次学术年会、中国古生物学会化石藻类专业委员会第十七次学术年会在甘肃和政召开

正由中国古生物学会微体学分会和中国古生物学会化石藻类专业委员会主办、大陆动力学国家重点实验室(西北大学)、和政古动物博物馆和江苏省古生物学会协办的中国古生物学会微体学分会第十届会员代表大会暨第十六次学术年会、中国古生物学会化石藻类专业委员会第十七次学术年会于2016年6月24—27日在甘肃省和政县成功召开。此次会议共有参会代表88位,分别来自11所高校(西北大学、暨南大学、南京大学、同济大学、天津师范大学、华北理工大     

The establishment of China's core biodiversity metadata standard

Biodiversity metadata provide service to query, management and use of actual data sets. The progress of the development of metadata standards in China was analyzed, and metadata required and/or produced based on the Convention on Biological Diversity were reviewed. A biodiversity metadata standard was developed based on the characteristics of biodiversity data and in line with the framework of international metadata standards. The content of biodiversity metadata is divided into two levels. The first level consists of metadata entities and elements that are necessary to exclusively identify a biodiversity data set, and is named as Core Metadata. The second level comprises metadata entities and elements that are necessary to describe all aspects of a biodiversity data set. The standard for core biodiversity metadata is presented in this paper, which is composed of 51 elements belonging to 6 categories (entities), i.e. inventory information, collection information, information on the content of the data set, management information, access information, and metadata management information. The name, definition, condition, data type, and field length of metadata elements in these six categories (entities) are also described.     

La collection d’Invertébrés fossiles d’Alcide d’Orbigny et la salle d’Orbigny

Fossil invertebrates collected or received by Alcide d’Orbigny, all his life long, have been brought together in a renowned collection that is very rich in terms of both species and specimens. The collection has resulted from a huge palaeontological work. Study of faunas from numerous French sites led Alcide d’Orbigny to do biostratigraphical comparisons and to erect geological stages, the definitions of which rest on their stratotypes. His wide knowledge of European fossil faunas was strengthened by a more global palaeobiogeographical view derived from his travel in South America. The d’Orbigny collection is housed in the ‘Muséum’ of Paris and is often visited by experts.     

Synthesizing and databasing fossil calibrations: divergence dating and beyond

Divergence dating studies, which combine temporal data from the fossil record with branch length data from molecular phylogenetic trees, represent a rapidly expanding approach to understanding the history of life. National Evolutionary Synthesis Center hosted the first Fossil Calibrations Working Group (3-6 March, 2011, Durham, NC, USA), bringing together palaeontologists, molecular evolutionists and bioinformatics experts to present perspectives from disciplines that generate, model and use fossil calibration data. Presentations and discussions focused on channels for interdisciplinary collaboration, best practices for justifying, reporting and using fossil calibrations and roadblocks to synthesis of palaeontological and molecular data. Bioinformatics solutions were proposed, with the primary objective being a new database for vetted fossil calibrations with linkages to existing resources, targeted for a 2012 launch.     

Vibrational spectroscopy of fossils

Over the last two decades, there has an been increasing interest in applying vibrational spectroscopy in palaeontological research. For example, this chemical analytical technique has been used to elucidate the chemical composition of a wide variety of fossils, including Archaean putative microfossils, stromatolites, chitinozoans, acritarchs, fossil algae, fossil plant cuticles, putative fossil arthropods, conodonts, scolecodonts and dinosaur bones. The insights provided by these data have been equally far ranging: to taxonomically identify a fossil, to determine biogenicity of a putative fossil, to identify preserved biologically synthesized compounds and to elucidate the preservational mechanisms of fossil material. Vibrational spectroscopy has clearly been a useful tool for investigating various palaeontological problems. However, it is also a tool that has been misapplied and misinterpreted, and thus, this review is dedicated to providing a palaeontologist who is new to vibrational spectroscopy with a basic understanding of these techniques, and the types of chemical information that can be obtained. Two example applications of these techniques are discussed in detail, one looking into fossil palynomorph taxonomy and other into the enigmatic Burgess Shale‐type preservation.     

The tree of life and the rock of ages: Are we getting better at estimating phylogeny?

In a recent paper,(1) palaeontologist Mike Benton claimed that our ability to reconstruct accurately the tree of Life may not have improved significantly over the last 100 years. This implies that the cladistic and molecular revolutions may have promulgated as much bad "black box" science as rigorous investigation. Benton's assessment was based on the extent to which cladograms (typically constructed with reference only to distributions of character states) convey the same narrative as the geochronological ages of fossil taxa (an independent data set). Fossil record quality varies greatly between major clades, and the palaeontological dating "yardstick" may be more appropriate for some groups than others.     

Composition chimique de quelques Mammifères fossiles d’un milieu continental phosphaté (Aubrelong I, Lot, France, Oligocène inférieur)

Fossil mammal long bones from Lower Oligocene from Aubrelong 1 (Quercy) were analysed for a range of elements using electron microprobe technique and infrared spectrometry. Fossil mammal teeth were analysed using electron microprobe technique. Comparison of the fossil samples is made with those of recent samples. Infrared spectra show the decrease and the alteration of the organic matrix content in fossil bones. Values for the elements P, Ca are significantly higher, and S lower in the fossil samples relative to the recent samples. The high concentrations of these elements in the fossil samples are clearly a result of diagenetic alteration. In most fossil sites, all the tissues are enriched in Ca, P contents being higher or lower than in the recent tissues. All the fossil tissues of the Aubrelong site are enriched in P. Thus one may tentatively conclude that there is a relationship between the phosphatic composition of sediment and the behavior of P. The chemical composition of all the fossil tissues seems to converge. The organic and the mineral phases are altered by diagenetic processes.     

地层古生物研究辅助绘图软件StratDraw 1.0

为了减少绘制化石延限图的误差和工作量,设计了StratDraw1.0,自动对化石延限资料进行汇总,并借助于专业矢量绘图软件CorelDraw,自动生成初始延限图。在此基础上,可利用CorelDraw做各种编辑和修饰,获得可直接出版的化石延限图。该软件也可根据用户的选择对化石种级、属级或更高分类单元的地质延限进行自动绘制,借助于这一功能,用户可以直观地进行生物宏演化方面的数据统计。     

Defining linkages between the GSC and NSF's LTER program: how the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) relates to GCDML and other outcomes

The Genomic Standards Consortium (GSC) invited a representative of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) to its fifth workshop to present the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) metadata standard and its relationship to the Minimum Information about a Genome/Metagenome Sequence (MIGS/MIMS) and its implementation, the Genomic Contextual Data Markup Language (GCDML). The LTER is one of the top National Science Foundation (NSF) programs in biology since 1980, representing diverse ecosystems and creating long-term, interdisciplinary research, synthesis of information, and theory. The adoption of EML as the LTER network standard has been key to build network synthesis architectures based on high-quality standardized metadata. EML is the NSF-recognized metadata standard for LTER, and EML is a criteria used to review the LTER program progress. At the workshop, a potential crosswalk between the GCDML and EML was explored. Also, collaboration between the LTER and GSC developers was proposed to join efforts toward a common metadata cataloging designer's tool. The community adoption success of a metadata standard depends, among other factors, on the tools and trainings developed to use the standard. LTER's experience in embracing EML may help GSC to achieve similar success. A possible collaboration between LTER and GSC to provide training opportunities for GCDML and the associated tools is being explored. Finally, LTER is investigating EML enhancements to better accommodate genomics data, possibly integrating the GCDML schema into EML. All these action items have been accepted by the LTER contingent, and further collaboration between the GSC and LTER is expected.     

我国城市可持续发展能力评估指标的元数据分析与管理

在我国大力推动城市可持续发展,推进国家可持续发展实验区建设的同时,采用何种评估方法和数据开展城市可持续发展能力评估是需要重点解决的问题。近年来兴起的元数据理论与技术在解决评估数据质量控制方面被视为是一种行之有效的方法。针对我国现阶段使用的一些城市可持续发展能力评估指标体系的特点,通过深入剖析每一个指标数据的来源、获取手段、适用方法等特征,提出从软件工程学思路研发城市可持续发展能力评估元数据管理系统的具体方法,帮助可持续发展实验区高效获取和管理评估所需数据信息;以"十二五"科技支撑计划项目"城市可持续发展能力评估及信息管理关键技术研究与示范"中所建立的元数据规范,对其所包含的"数据发布日期"、"数据发布形式"、"空间范围"、"时间范围(起始时间、结束时间)"、"统计频率"、"数据安全限制分级"、"数据志说明"、"在线资源链接地址"和"数据统计单位信息(单位名称、联络人、联系电话、单位地址、邮件地址)"共14项为评估数据的关键元数据项,以此追踪对标的评估数据。并通过量化数据质量评分法针对数据质量在运用元数据追踪法前后的评价结果对比发现,被评估指标的数据质量在获得元数据支持时,其数据可靠性、可比性和可持续性方面的评价分值都获得了十分显著的改善。研究认为采用元数据理论在控制和保障城市可持续发展能力评估数据质量方面具有优势作用,开发有针对性的城市可持续发展能力评估元数据管理系统能够有效提高评估数据的综合评价结果。     

Morphological variation of species through time

Ten measurements, taken from each of 700 shells or four biologically distinct shallow marine gastropod species, were used to define the appropriate phenotypes in multidimensional space. Canonical discriminant analysis was performed on the data and a set of allocatory rules was derived. These allocatory rules, derived from extant specimens, were than applied to 644 fossil specimens of three of these biological species. Fossil individuals occupy the appropriate phenotypic space as defined by their modern descendants. The variation of fossil sample means about the modern means is illustrated. This variation is in the form of oscillations around the modern mean values and is correlated with climate. The distinction between taxonomic and biological species is discussed. The results of a number of previous studies are re-examined in the light of this discussion. It is argued that biological groupings can only be reliably determined when the appropriate data are available for extant organisms. Extant organisms, which have good fossil records, should therefore from the basis of paleontological evolutionary studies.