四列藻在光限制胁迫下的超补偿生长响应

采用海洋微藻四列藻为试验材料,试验前期微藻经光限制(500 LX)胁迫处理10 d,试验后期重新接种并恢复正常光照(5000 Lx)培养10 d,均以正常光照(5 000 Lx)培养作对照,测定四列藻的细胞密度、细胞内蛋白质含量、细胞内糖分含量等指标。结果表明,处理组在恢复工常光照的初期(1～2 d)细胞生长量超过对照(P<0.05),即藻细胞平均相对生长率提高,细胞数增多,叶绿素 a含量和生物量增加,细胞数净增率最高达31.6%,生物量净增率最高达34.8%。同时,四列藻在受到光限制胁迫后,藻细胞内蛋白质、细胞内糖和蛋白质/糖(P/C)的比值发生了变化,但是在恢复正常光照培养后,这几个指标均逐渐恢复至处理前的水平。四列藻的这种受到光胁迫后细胞生长量增加的特征表明微藻具有超补偿性能。     

三角褐指藻在磷营养限制胁迫下的补偿生长效应

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究材料,设置了5个磷营养限制处理:磷营养分量分别设为f/2培养基的1/20(P₁)、1/10(P₂)、1/8(P₃)、1/4(P₄)、1/2(P₅),以f/2为对照(P_ck),在磷限制胁迫下培养10d,然后均以相同密度(2.5×10⁵cells·mL^-1)接种在f/2条件下恢复培养16d,测定了三角褐指藻在磷限制胁迫下和恢复培养阶段的生长状况。结果表明,三角褐指藻在受到磷限制胁迫后,细胞密度、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量都显著低于对照(p<0.05);恢复阶段,P₁、P₂和P₃处理组的细胞密度、平均相对生长率及生物量在恢复培养的中前期显著高于对照(p<0.05),最高平均相对生长率分别为0.73、0.70、0.68d^-1,显著高于对照(0.55d^-1)(p<0.05);P₄处理组的细胞密度和生物量与对照无显著差异;P₅处理组的细胞密度和生物量在恢复培养的中前期显著低于对照(p<0.05);随着培养时间的推移,各处理组与对照之间的差异逐渐缩小,处理组和对照的细胞密度、生物量、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量等均无显著差异。     

绿色巴夫藻受紫外(UV－B)胁迫后的超补偿生长效应

以绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)为实验材料,设置了18、36、54、65、86和108 J·m^-2 6个UV-B辐射剂量处理组,以无紫外辐射为对照,解除胁迫后,处理组和对照组在相同接种密度和相同条件下培养12 d,测定了生长过程中的吸光值、生物量、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白质和胞内多糖含量.结果表明,在UV-B胁迫下,绿色巴夫藻细胞生长受到显著抑制,6个处理组细胞的相对增长率比对照下降了16.15%～60.00% (P＜0.05).但在胁迫解除后,各胁迫处理的藻细胞生长指标均显著高于对照(P＜0.05),证明绿色巴夫藻在胁迫后的恢复生长中出现超补偿生长现象.恢复培养第12天,最大吸光值、生物量、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白质和胞内多糖含量分别比对照提高了22.38%、15.00%、26.15%、23.81%、11.63%和27.58%.藻类中存在超补偿生长特性为微藻生物活性物质的开发提供了有效途径.     

绿色巴夫藻在UV-B胁迫后的生长补偿效应

以绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)为试验材料,设置了4、6、8、10μW.cm-2和12μW.cm-25个UV-B辐射强度,以无紫外辐射为对照,UV-B分别胁迫处理10min(a组)和15min(b组)。解除胁迫后,处理组和对照组在相同接种密度和相同条件下培养12d,测定了生长过程中的吸光值、色素含量、可溶性蛋白质和胞内多糖含量。结果表明,P.viridis在UV-B胁迫下,藻细胞生长受到显著抑制,a组和b组辐射处理的细胞相对增长率分别比对照下降了17.70%~51.54%和26.16%~60.01%(p<0.05)。但是,当胁迫解除后,各处理的藻细胞生长速率,在恢复阶段前期(1~4d)与对照无显著差异,在恢复阶段的中后期(6~12d)则显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)高于对照。证明P.viridis在胁迫后的恢复生长中表现超补偿生长现象,恢复培养第12d的最大光密度值比对照提高了26.55%,最大叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、可溶性蛋白质和胞内多糖含量分别比对照提高了29.17%、29.93%、15.34%和34.37%。当然,在各处理中,随着辐射时间的延长和辐射强度的增大,超补偿生长发生的时间也相对滞后。     

三角褐指藻对黑暗胁迫的生理响应

为了研究黑暗条件对三角褐指藻生长及生化组成的影响,并探讨三角褐指藻对黑暗环境的生长适应能力,我们对该藻进行12 d的黑暗处理,着重测定了藻细胞密度、生物量、叶绿素a、可溶性糖和蛋白含量等指标。结果表明,三角褐指藻对黑暗环境表现出一定的适应性忍耐能力,在12 d的长期黑暗胁迫条件下依然可以存活,而藻细胞生化组成对黑暗的响应程度很可能是该藻得以维持细胞低水平生长的主要原因。随着黑暗处理时间的延长,三角褐指藻生长状况受抑制的程度增大,其生长及生化组成与对照组相比发生了极显著的变化。实验结束时,黑暗处理下的藻细胞密度和生物量分别降低到2.93×10⁵ cells·ml^-1和0.011 g·ml^-1,仅为对照的8.0%和37.3%。同样地,黑暗环境也明显地抑制了三角褐指藻体内生化物质的合成与积累,黑暗处理12 d时藻细胞的叶绿素a、可溶性糖和蛋白含量分别比对照降低了约89%、87%和85%。研究结果可为海洋微藻种质的筛选、种质资源库的构建及微藻生物资源的综合开发利用提供参考依据。     

亚高温胁迫解除后铜绿微囊藻的生长恢复

以25 ℃为对照,研究了在35 ℃亚高温条件下处理3、6和12 d后转入正常条件培养的铜绿微囊藻的生长恢复过程,测定了铜绿微囊藻的细胞密度、叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛和酶活性.结果表明： 35 ℃条件下铜绿微囊藻细胞生长受到显著抑制,第12天的细胞密度和叶绿素a含量分别比对照下降了14.5%和22.3%,类胡萝卜素的合成未受到明显抑制,胁迫时间越长,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性越高,丙二醛含量越高.胁迫解除后,藻的生长得以恢复,丙二醛含量与酶活性下降,35 ℃处理3、6和12 d分别出现低补偿、超补偿和等补偿生长,胁迫时间是影响补偿生长程度的重要因素.在恢复培养后期,处理组与对照之间的差异逐渐减小,各生长参数趋于稳定.对细胞密度和叶绿素a含量随胁迫时间、恢复时间的变化进行拟合发现,铜绿微囊藻的补偿效应与水华发生的过程存在相似性,这种生物内源特性为制定湖泊水华的预测体系提供了理论依据.     

光、温限制后铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻的超补偿生长与竞争效应

研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)低温和低光照限制后的超补偿效应,以及共培养条件下的竞争效应。结果表明,低温和低光照均显著抑制微藻的生长发育,但低温对铜绿微囊藻的抑制效应更强,而斜生栅藻则对低光胁迫更敏感。经过低光和低温培养后,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在恢复正常培养时藻细胞密度短期内都表现出超补偿增长效应,但不同藻类超补偿模式不同,斜生栅藻补偿生长时间不超过1周,而铜绿微囊藻的补偿效应可以持续10天;此外,统计结果表明铜绿微囊藻细胞密度对低温限制解除表现出更显著的补偿生长,斜生栅藻则在低光解除后表现出更强的超补偿效应。微藻叶绿素a指标在光恢复条件下都表现出显著的补偿效应,但温度恢复过程中叶绿素a含量与藻密度增长不同步,低温胁迫对恢复正常培养后微藻叶绿素a的形成产生了一定的负效应;铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)在两种恢复模式下脱氢酶活性显著高于对照,产毒株(912)脱氢酶活性的补偿响应明显高于其它两种材料。共培养实验结果表明斜生栅藻同铜绿微囊藻产毒株(912)相比处于竞争劣势,而在同无毒株(469)的共培实验中,尽管连续正常培养情况下两者竞争能力差异不显著,但在恢复培养条件下斜生栅藻竞争能力显著高于后者。因此产毒型铜绿微囊藻低温和低光后的补偿生长效应以及对斜生栅藻的竞争优势可能是蓝藻爆发的内源性机制之一。     

不同温度对念珠藻生理生化特性的影响

文章尝试比较不同温度对念珠藻（Nostocsp.）细胞生长和生理特性的影响。主要内容是分别在10℃、25℃、35℃和40℃环境中对念珠藻进行9 d的室内培养，然后测定不同温度下念珠藻的生物量、光合活性、总多糖、总蛋白质和总脂质含量。研究结果表明，低温（10℃）对念珠藻细胞生长的促进与光合活性的提高基本无影响；而高温（35℃、40℃）会促进藻细胞的生长和光合活性的提升。也就是说，低温时念珠藻细胞的多糖含量几乎不变，蛋白质含量与脂质含量先升高后降低；而高温时多糖含量和蛋白质含量增加，脂质含量降低。以上结果说明温度胁迫会使念珠藻对生物大分子物质进行调控用于抵抗环境变化。     

Cr3+对盐藻(Dunaliella salina)生长及营养品质的影响

以盐藻Dunaliella salina为材料,设定0ìg·L^-1、3ìg·L^-1、12ìg·L^-1、50ìg·L^-1、200ìg·L^-1和800ìg·L^-16个添加Cr³⁺浓度处理,分析测定了不同铬浓度下盐藻的生物量(细胞密度).蛋白质、â胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量.研究结果表明,中低量添加Cr³⁺对盐藻的生长有一定的促进作用,在50ìg·L^-1和200ìg·L^-1Cr³⁺条件下,盐藻的生物量高于对照,中低量添加Cr³⁺对盐藻的生长有一定的促进作用,盐藻蛋白质含量比对照分别提高3.06%和6.55%,Cr³⁺浓度在200ìg·L^-1时,盐藻的â胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量比对照分别提高3.93%和2.38%,适当添加Cr³⁺可提高盐藻蛋白质、â胡萝卜素和可溶性糖含量,有效改善盐藻的营养品质.     

一株新型自絮凝凯式拟小球藻的两步培养产油技术

以分离获得的一株新型自絮凝凯式拟小球藻(Parachlorella kessleri) F01为材料, 自养单步培养法为对照, 设计两步培养法, 研究阶段Ⅰ添加葡萄糖兼养和阶段Ⅱ营养元素限制处理对藻细胞油脂积累及絮凝性能的影响。分别采用血球板计数法、干重法、脂染色法测定藻细胞浓度、生物量和总脂含量, 三维荧光光谱分析藻细胞胞外聚合物(Extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)组分和含量。结果表明: (1)两步培养法阶段Ⅰ兼养培养最适葡萄糖浓度为10 g/L, 10d收获时藻细胞油脂产率204.25 mg/(L·d), 是对照组的16.20倍; 静置12h的藻细胞自絮凝率96.1%, 与对照组差异不显著。(2)在阶段Ⅰ基础上, 阶段Ⅱ进行不同元素限制处理培养1d, 低糖组和低糖低氮协同处理组的藻细胞油脂产率分别为242.64和227.61 mg/(L·d), 分别比阶段Ⅰ增加18.8%和11.4%; 培养4d, 低糖、无糖、低氮和低糖低氮协同4种处理组油脂产量显著高于对照组和阶段Ⅰ, 其中低糖低氮协同处理组最高, 达到3.08 g/L, 是对照组的23.69倍, 比阶段Ⅰ增加了51.0%, 而且阶段Ⅱ中4种处理组藻细胞的自絮凝率基本在85.0%以上, 能满足收获要求。(3) F01藻细胞EPS中蛋白类色氨酸物质含量高低与藻细胞自絮凝率大小密切相关, 不同培养处理通过改变藻细胞EPS中蛋白类色氨酸物质的含量而影响其絮凝性能。自絮凝凯式拟小球藻F01是生物柴油生产的优良潜力藻种, 两步培养法能大幅提升其产油效益。产油微藻的自絮凝优势与两步培养法结合, 有望成为解决微藻生物柴油生产技术瓶颈的关键突破口。     

ABA和SA对于提高植物抗旱及抗盐性的研究进展

植物受到环境胁迫后体内会产生活性氧自由基等有害物质,破坏质膜透性,导致植物生长受到抑制。经研究发现脱落酸(ABA)和水杨酸(SA)作为植物的生长调节物质对于提高植物抗性,维持植物正常生长具有重要的意义。综述近年来国内外有关ABA和SA提高植物抗性的最新进展,为研究提高植物抗性提供理论参考。     

昆虫细胞生长之调控机制的探讨

细胞生长调控机制的探讨是近年来发育生物学中一个十分热门的研究领域。生物体内之细胞是如何得知何时该生长及分裂?何时该停止生长?何时该死亡?对生物体来说至关重大。研究显示调控细胞生长之信息传递系统出现差错,将导致生长异常,从而产生组织细胞之异常增生而诱发癌症或产生其它重大疾病。而人类也只有在充分理解细胞生长之机制的基础上,我们才能了解癌症等重大疾病发生的细胞生物学基础。在探讨细胞生长调控机制的研究中,昆虫特别是果蝇Drosophilamelanogaster一直是一个十分理想的实验材料。文章介绍了如何从昆虫看细胞之生长调控机制。     

Isolation from estuarine sediments of a Desulfovibrio strain which can grow on lactate coupled to the reductive dehalogenation of 2,4, 6-tribromophenol

Strain TBP-1, an anaerobic bacterium capable of reductively dehalogenating 2,4,6-tribromophenol to phenol, was isolated from estuarine sediments of the Arthur Kill in the New York/New Jersey harbor. It is a gram-negative, motile, vibrio-shaped, obligate anaerobe which grows on lactate, pyruvate, hydrogen, and fumarate when provided sulfate as an electron acceptor. The organism accumulates acetate when grown on lactate and sulfate, contains desulfoviridin, and will not grow in the absence of NaCl. It will not utilize acetate, succinate, propionate, or butyrate for growth via sulfate reduction. When supplied with lactate as an electron donor, strain TBP-1 will utilize sulfate, sulfite, sulfur, and thiosulfate for growth but not nitrate, fumarate, or acrylate. This organism debrominates 2-, 4-, 2,4-, 2,6-, and 2,4,6-bromophenol but not 3- or 2,3-bromophenol or monobrominated benzoates. It will not dehalogenate monochlorinated, fluorinated, or iodinated phenols or chlorinated benzoates. Together with its physiological characteristics, its 16S rRNA gene sequence places it in the genus Desulfovibrio. The average growth yield of strain TBP-1 grown on a defined medium supplemented with lactate and 2,4,6-bromophenol is 3.71 mg of protein/mmol of phenol produced, and the yield was 1.42 mg of protein/mmol of phenol produced when 4-bromophenol was the electron acceptor. Average growth yields (milligrams of protein per millimole of electrons utilized) for Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 grown with 2,4,6-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, or sulfate are 0.62, 0.71, and 1.07, respectively. Growth did not occur when either lactate or 2,4,6-bromophenol was omitted from the growth medium. These results indicate that Desulfovibrio sp. strain TBP-1 is capable of growth via halorespiration.     

Measurement of the Growth of a Floc Forming Bacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas putida</Emphasis> CP1

Pseudomonas putida CP1 formed clumps of cells when grown on mono-chlorophenols but not on phenol or glucose. An increase in cell numbers for the organism grown on mono-chlorophenols was accompanied by a decrease in the dry weight. The change in shape of the bacterium from rod shape to coccus shape coupled with a reduction in cell size when the organism was grown under nutritional stress was found. This result together with cell aggregation affected the measurement of growth parameters in the system by conventional methods (optical density measurements, dry weight measurements and the plate count technique). Monitoring growth of Pseudomonas putida CP1 by a direct microscopic count technique was found to be more representative than conventional methods including optical density measurements, dry weight measurements and the plate count technique when grown on phenolics.     

Growth energetics of Clostridium sporogenes NCIB 8053: modulation by CO2

The effects of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the growth energetics of Clostridium sporogenes NCIB 8053 grown in chemostat culture were investigated in defined minimal media. Both the 'maintenance' requirements and the growth yield coefficients were dependent upon the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in otherwise glucose-limited cultures. Since growth yield coefficients decreased along with the apparent 'maintenance' requirements in essential amino acid/fatty acid medium when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was increased above 0.5 atm, the occurrence of some type of metabolic uncoupling seemed likely. By contrast, when the organism was grown in amino acid complete medium both the maintenance requirements and the growth yield coefficients were increased when the partial pressure of carbon dioxide was raised above 0.5 atm partial pressure of carbon dioxide, suggesting an increased efficiency of growth. A futile cycle involving carbon dioxide is proposed as a factor contributing to the variable extent of free energy dissipation within this organism.     

种子萌发和幼苗生长对沙丘环境的适应机制

综述了植物沙生适应机制的研究及其进展.一些植物的种子在刚成熟时具有休眠特性.种子需要适度沙埋促进萌发并实现幼苗定居,但过度沙埋则会抑制种子萌发和出苗.在沙层深处,没有萌发的种子会进入休眠状态,形成土壤种子库.幼苗通过增加节数和延长节间来适应沙埋.沙埋深度超过植物的忍耐限度会抑制幼苗生长,甚至导致幼苗死亡.沙生植物必须适应其他环境因子,如盐风与土壤盐分、昆虫采食、土壤养分亏缺等,才能在沙丘上成功生长.沙蚀可导致幼苗根系暴露并干燥脱水.一些沙漠植物的幼苗在萌发后可忍耐一段时期的干燥,水分条件得到满足之后,幼苗能够恢复生长.     

Characterization of the Mucor circinelloides life cycle by on-line image analysis

AIMS: The life cycle of the dimorphic fungus Mucor circinelloides was studied in a temperature-controlled flow-through cell, which constitutes an ideal tool when following the development of individual cells, with a view to understanding the growth and differentiation processes occurring in and between the different morphological forms of the organism. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mycelial growth and the transformation of hyphae into chains of arthrospores were characterized by image analysis techniques and described quantitatively. The influence of the nature (glucose and xylose) and concentration of the carbon source on specific growth rate and hyphal growth unit length were studied. The organism branched more profusely on xylose than on glucose while the specific growth rates determined were rather similar. Methods were developed to study the yeast-like growth phase of M. circinelloides in the flow-through cell, and combined with fluorescent microscopy which allowed new insights to bud formation. Additionally, numbers and distribution of nuclei in arthrospores, hyphae and yeasts were studied. CONCLUSIONS: The results give essential information on the morphological development of the organism. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: Development of any industrial process utilizing this organism will be dependent on the information obtained here for effective process optimization.     

Metabolite production and growth efficiency

The capacity to sustain the large fluxes of carbon and energy required for rapid metabolite production appears to be inversely related to the growth efficiency of micro-organisms. From an overall energetic point of view three main classes of metabolite may be distinguished. These are not discrete categories, as the energetics of biosynthesis will depend on the precise biochemical pathways used and the nature of the starting feed stock(s). (1) for metabolites like exopolysaccharides both the oxidation state and the specific rate of production appear to be inversely related to the growth efficiency of the producing organism. Maximum rates of production are favored when carbon and energy flux are integrated, and alteration of this balance may negatively effect production rates. (2) The production of metabolites like organic acids and some secondary metabolites results in the net production of reducing equivalents and/or ATP. It is thought that the capacity of the organism to dissipate this product associated energy limits its capacity for rapid production. (3) For metabolites like biosurfactants and certain secondary metabolites that are composed of moieties of significantly different oxidation states production from a single carbon source is unfavorable and considerable improvements in specific production rate and final broth concentration may be achieved if mixed carbon sources are used. By careful selection of production organism and starting feedstock(s) it may be possible to tailor the production, such that the adverse physiological consequences of metabolite overproduction on the production organism are minimized.     

The metaphysics of brain death

The dominant conception of brain death as the death of the whole brain constitutes an unstable compromise between the view that a person ceases to exist when she irreversibly loses the capacity for consciousness and the view that a human organism dies only when it ceases to function in an integrated way. I argue that no single criterion of death captures the importance we attribute both to the loss of the capacity for consciousness and to the loss of functioning of the organism as a whole. This is because the person or self is one thing and the human organism is another. We require a separate account of death for each. Only if we systematically distinguish between persons and human organisms will we be able to provide plausible accounts both of the conditions of our ceasing to exist and of when it is that we begin to exist. This paper, in short, argues for a form of mind-body dualism and draws out some of its implications for various practical moral problems.