水淹对互花米草生长及生理的影响

研究了互花米草在不同没顶水淹时间处理下,株高、叶面积等生长指标以及叶片光合速率与色素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量等生理指标变化情况。结果表明,随着水淹时间延长,米草株高和叶面积呈下降趋势,叶片光合速率下降;叶片中自由水/束缚水、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖在不同水淹时长处理之间也存在显著差异;但可溶性蛋白质和游离脯氨酸含量在各处理间差异无显著性。     

盐胁迫对大米草幼苗某些生理指标的影响

研究了大米草幼苗在不同培养盐度(0、20、30、50、100mmol/LNaCl)下,MDA、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量以及保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性等生理指标的变化情况。结果表明:保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性在盐胁迫40d前逐渐上升且达显著差异。随着胁迫时间延长,MDA含量与CK相比逐渐降低。随着盐分胁迫浓度的增加及盐胁迫时间延长,大米草叶片中游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量呈上升趋势。在盐胁迫下,渗透调节物质的积累作用是大米草对盐胁迫的主要响应过程,其体内的抗氧化保护酶在此过程中也发挥了重要的作用。     

辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

在遮雨网室选用抗旱性较强的农城椒二号和抗旱性较弱的陕蔬2001,研究辣椒在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下不同时间的生长、产量、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性的变化规律及其生理调节机制。结果表明:随干旱胁迫时间的延长,辣椒的株高、分枝数、叶面积、单位面积产量、叶绿素含量和叶片相对含水量的抗旱系数呈下降趋势,下降速率与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关,与品种的抗旱性呈负相关;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性相对值随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势;POD、SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白相对值随着干旱胁迫时间的延长先升高后下降,抗旱性强的材料增加幅度低于抗旱性弱的材料;可溶性糖含量的相对值在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下呈上升趋势,在重度干旱胁迫下呈上升—下降趋势,且抗旱性强的材料上升速度大于抗旱性弱的材料。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下,产量与株高、分枝数、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶片相对含水量抗旱系数呈显著正相关;与细胞膜透性、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量抗旱系数呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,用作辣椒抗旱性鉴定的主要指标是单株产量、株高、叶面积、分枝数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、MDA、叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性及叶片相对含水量,叶片POD、SOD、CAT活性、脯氨酸含量可做为辣椒抗旱性鉴定的次要鉴选指标。     

海三棱藨草及互花米草对模拟盐胁迫的响应及其耐盐阈值

盐度作为滨海湿地的关键环境因子之一,影响盐沼植物的存活、生长及分布。未来海平面上升引起的盐水入侵,将导致滨海湿地的盐沼植物面临高盐胁迫的挑战,进而影响滨海湿地生态系统的结构和功能。本研究选择长江口中低潮滩的主要先锋植物海三棱藨草(Scirpus mariqueter)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为对象,通过人工控制实验,比较不同盐度处理下两种盐沼植物存活、营养生长及繁殖的响应,并确定两种盐沼植物存活的耐盐阈值,从而比较未来盐水入侵背景下,本地物种海三棱藨草及外来物种互花米草对盐胁迫的响应和适应性。结果表明:(1)海三棱藨草和互花米草的存活率随着盐度的增加均呈下降趋势,相同盐度处理下互花米草的存活率显著高于海三棱藨草的存活率(P0.05);(2)盐胁迫明显影响了海三棱藨草和互花米草的生长,随着盐度的增加,海三棱藨草株高、地上生物量及地下生物量均呈逐渐下降的趋势,而互花米草株高、地上生物量及地下生物量呈先增加后下降的趋势,均在盐度为10‰时最高;(3)海三棱藨草和互花米草的分蘖数及结穗率均随着盐度增加呈下降趋势,盐胁迫在一定程度上抑制了两种植物的繁殖能力;(4)互花米草存活的耐盐阈值为43‰,高于海三棱藨草存活的耐盐阈值(21‰);(5)外来物种互花米草比本地物种海三棱藨草具有更强的耐盐性,未来海平面上升引起的盐水入侵将对本地物种海三棱藨草产生更加严重的影响。     

NaCl胁迫对栓皮栎幼苗生长及其生理响应

为了研究栓皮栎幼苗期对盐胁迫的生理耐受特性,选择2年生栓皮栎实生幼苗为材料,在盆栽条件下,设置NaCl盐分梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%),系统测定分析栓皮栎幼苗在不同盐胁迫梯度和胁迫时间下的形态生长指标以及保护酶活性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力等各项生理指标。结果显示:(1)随着盐胁迫程度的加剧,栓皮栎幼苗各部分器官鲜重和干重以及株高、基径和一级侧根长均先升高后降低,而主根长度逐渐增加,叶片数逐渐减少,并在重度胁迫下达到显著水平。(2)随着盐胁迫时间的延长,栓皮栎幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但变化时间和幅度不同;丙二醛(MDA)含量则日益增加,且胁迫度越大增加越显著。(3)栓皮栎幼苗叶片的渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量在低盐胁迫下不断升高,高盐胁迫下先升高后降低;而可溶性糖的含量则随时间延长和胁迫加剧显著增加。(4)随NaCl浓度的提高,幼苗根系活力值先增后减,叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量均呈下降趋势。研究表明,在轻、中度NaCl胁迫下,栓皮栎幼苗通过提高保护酶活性、增加渗透调节物质等策略缓解盐胁迫伤害,表现出一定的耐盐潜力;而在高浓度盐分胁迫下幼苗受到伤害,自我调节能力降低,导致保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量和根系活力等下降。     

紫花地丁对盐胁迫的生理反应

为研究盐分胁迫下紫花地丁生理反应,本文以紫花地丁幼苗为试验材料,对不同浓度NaCl处理中的幼苗叶片,进行光合色素、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸的测定。结果表明,盐胁迫下紫花地丁叶片光合色素含量降低、蛋白质、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量呈先升高后下降的趋势,当处理浓度高于NaCl2%时,各指标与对照之间差异显著。紫花地丁幼苗能够正常生长的抗盐阈值为NaCl2%,可耐低盐胁迫。渗透调节物质是紫花地丁的主要耐盐性指标。     

盐胁迫对盆栽滁菊生理特性的影响

以滁菊扦插苗为材料,采用不同盐浓度进行盆栽实验,研究了在不同 NaCl 浓度(0、100、200、300、400、500 mmol·L-1)下,滁菊的形态及叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、MDA 含量、叶片伤害率和根系活力等生理指标的变化情况。结果表明：叶绿素含量、根系活力随盐胁迫强度的增强而下降;可溶性糖和MDA 含量随盐胁迫强度的增强呈先升后降趋势;叶片伤害率、脯氨酸含量随盐胁迫强度的增强而增加。研究发现滁菊扦插苗能耐受较低浓度的盐胁迫,当盐浓度较高时,其生长受到较大抑制。     

榄仁树的生态分布与耐盐性研究

调查了榄仁树(Terminalia catappa)在海南岛沿海地区的分布情况,并就基质盐度对温室中人工培育的榄仁幼苗的影响进行研究。结果表明,榄仁具有较强的耐盐能力,在盐度高达17．09‰条件下仍可正常生长,温室里幼苗可在10‰左右的盐度下存活。结果还表明,10‰盐度能增加幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,20‰～30‰则下降;盐胁迫下叶片光合速率呈下降趋势,而叶片可溶性糖含量则随盐度增加呈上升趋势。     

盐和温度胁迫对外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)生理生态特性的影响

盐浓度和环境温度是影响外来种互花米草自然分布的两大重要生态因子。在不同NaCl浓度和温度胁迫条件下,对互花米草幼苗根部和叶片中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化进行了测定。结果表明:当NaCl浓度低于100mmol·L-1时,可以促进互花米草的生长;而NaCl浓度超过100mmol·L-1时,互花米草可以通过提高体内保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,增加可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量来适应外界盐浓度变化;温度胁迫后,互花米草地上和地下器官对胁迫的响应程度不同,叶片中可溶性糖含量、CAT活性明显比根部高,而根部SOD、POD活性比叶片中高。     

等渗盐分、干旱胁迫下冬小麦叶片部分渗透调节物质的动态变化

分别以PEG-6000、NaCl模拟干旱胁迫及盐胁迫,采用水培方法研究了抗旱耐盐冬小麦沧-6001在干旱胁迫、盐胁迫条件下叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白质含量的动态变化以及Na⁺、K⁺在地上部和根系的分布。结果表明可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白变化趋势相似,其含量随干旱胁迫或盐胁迫时间延长而增加,但在胁迫处理后期下降,并且随胁迫强度增加,二者出现下降时间提前;脯氨酸在干旱胁迫条件下快速积累达到峰值后下降但在胁迫处理后期再次增加,在盐胁迫条件下,随胁迫强度的增加和胁迫时间的延长而增加;Na⁺在干旱胁迫下随胁迫程度增加而下降,盐胁迫条件下随胁迫程度的增加而增加,K⁺在干旱胁迫或盐胁迫下均随胁迫程度的增加而下降,且在根系中下降的速度大于地上部。     

Root Growth Effects on Soluble C and P in Manured and Non-manured Soils

There is limited research on relationships between root characteristics and soil chemical properties and processes. Because previous studies have shown specific C compounds may release previously sorbed P and make P more plant-available, crops which contribute to high soil C levels could play an important role in soil P cycling. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether rotation crops had different amounts of root growth, (2) whether different amounts of root growth among the crop species could be related to different levels of soluble soil C and (3) whether there were differences in P concentration among the soils under different crops that could be related to soluble C soil concentration. Roots and soil from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), and a forage consisting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and timothy (Phleum pretense L.) were sampled from the Aroostook Research Farm in Presque Isle, Maine, during the summers of 2003 and 2004 to determine root length density (RLD) and soluble C and P concentrations. Half of the sampled plots were amended with beef manure and half were not amended. Barley and forage consistently had higher RLD than potato or soybean crops. Barley and forage typically had higher concentrations of soluble soil C than potato or soybean, but the differences were significant at only three of the five sampling dates. RLD was significantly correlated to soluble C (r=0.56) only for amended soils on the August 2003 sampling date. For other dates r values were non-significant and ranged from 0.32 to 0.49. As with soil C, soluble soil P levels were typically higher in barley and forage than in potato or soybean crops. Significant differences were detected at four of the five sampling dates. Correlations between soluble C and soluble P were significant at two of the five sampling dates (r = 0.58 and 0.62) in amended soils and one of five sampling dates (r = 0.80) in unamended soils. Although the correlations between RLD and soluble C were not significant at every sampling date, the August 2003 data do suggest a possible effect of roots on soluble C. In addition, significant correlations between soluble C and soluble P at several sampling dates suggest a relationship between these parameters. Therefore cropping systems that include crops with higher amounts of root growth may promote increased soluble soil C levels and enhance P bioavailability.     

Elevated Concentrations of Circulating Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in HIV-1 Infection

The aim of this study was to determine whether elevated levels of circulating forms of the soluble adhesion molecules, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (cICAM-1), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (cVCAM-1) and E-Selectin (cE-Selectin) are observed in the sera of HIV-1 infected individuals as compared to healthy HIV seronegative adults and whether these elevated levels can be correlated with disease progression. Significantly elevated levels of cICAM-1—ranging from 184 to 1116 ng/ml with a mean of 617 ng/ml—and cVCAM-1—ranging from 653 to 3456 ng/ml with a mean of 1500 ng/ml—were observed in the sera of 29 HIV-1 infected individuals as compared to controls-ranging from 152 to 354 ng/ml with a mean of 248 ng/ml for cICAM-1 and from 328 to 792 ng/ml with a mean of 560 ng/ml for cVCAM-1 (P < 0.001). The serum concentrations of cE-Selectin of the HIV-1 infected individuals did not differ from those of the healthy controls. The elevated levels of cICAM-1, cVCAM-1 did not correlate with the CD4 count or the serum concentration of C-reactive protein. However, a significant correlation was observed between the serum concentrations of cVCAM-1 and those of neopterin. Since cICAM-1 as well as cV-CAM-1 can interfere with adhesion events leading to immunological functions, it can be suggested that the high amounts of these circulating forms of adhesion molecules, when present in the sera of HIV-1 positive individuals, can further disturb the immune system of these patients. In addition, the present study also suggests that the seric concentrations of cVCAM-1 can be used as pronostic indicators.     

Partitioning of phosphorus between particles and water in a river outflow

The mixing zone between Cayuga Lake, N.Y. and one of its tributaries, Salmon Creek, was studied to determine effects of physical processes such as adsorption, precipitation or sedimentation on phosphorus discharged by the Creek. A high sodium concentration in the lake served as a natural tracer, by which proportions of Creek and Lake water were determined at any point in the mixing zone. Proportions of Creek and Lake water were used to predict amounts of P that would be expected on the basis of mixing alone. Differences between predicted and observed concentrations were attributed to local physical processes. This analysis showed that, in several of the six plumes surveyed, there was substantial loss of P due to sedimentation. The P-distribution in all plumes showed evidence of exchanges between particles and the medium, as a result of which soluble reactive-P usually decreased and soluble unreactive-P usually increased. The nature and magnitude of these local processes were such that they could have significant effects on the fate of stream-P discharged into the lake.Supported in part by Office and Technology, U.S. Department Interior and by Hatch Funds from U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

脂联素及其球状区在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达

目的:克隆表达有生物学活性的脂联素及其球状区蛋白,并制备抗体。方法:以pQE30-adiponectin质粒为模板,PCR扩增脂联素及其球状区蛋白基因片段,插入pGEX-4T-2载体,转化大肠杆菌BL21后获得表达,用GSTrap柱亲和纯化可溶性表达的蛋白。用纯化的蛋白免疫家兔制备多抗,Westernblot鉴定抗体与人血清中脂联素的反应性。结果:PCR扩增脂联素基因片段长约710bp,脂联素球状区基因片段长约430bp。表达的GST-脂联素融合蛋白表观Mr约51000,GST-脂联素球状区融合蛋白表观Mr约42000,纯化后纯度高于90%。免疫产生的抗体与人血清中的脂联素能特异性结合。结论:表达获得的脂联素蛋白和制备的抗体为脂联素的检测及对其功能的研究奠定了基础。     

高山森林溪流冬季不同时期凋落物分解中水溶性氮和磷的动态特征

为了解高山森林溪流凋落物冬季分解过程中水溶性氮和磷的变化过程,采用凋落叶分解袋法,以川西高山森林典型乔木(四川红杉、方枝柏)和灌木(高山杜鹃、康定柳)凋落叶为研究对象,研究冬季不同时期(冻结初期、冻结期、融化期)溪流、河流、河岸带以及林下凋落叶水溶性氮和磷的动态特征.结果表明:经过一个冬季的分解,4种凋落物在不同生境下各时期的水溶性氮含量无显著变化.水溶性磷含量除林下外在其他生境均显著降低,表现出河流＜溪流＜河岸带＜林下的规律.高山森林凋落叶分解过程中水溶性磷含量与平均温度、正积温、负积温和流速呈显著负相关,水溶性氮含量与正积温呈显著正相关,物种显著影响凋落物分解过程中水溶性氮和磷的含量.高山森林凋落物冬季分解过程中水溶性磷更易随河流和溪流等水体的流动而流失,而水溶性氮受冬季水环境的影响相对较小.     

有机肥中可溶性有机碳、氮含量及其特性

测定了7种不同种类、不同腐熟程度有机肥中可溶性有机氮（SON）和可溶性有机碳（SOC）的含量,结果表明：有机肥的水和0．01mol／LCaCl2溶液提取液中SON含量分别平均为105．2mg／L和91．6mg／L;每千克干样平均含SON分别为1188mg和1037mg;SON占可溶性总氮（TSN）和全氮（TN）的比例分别在70．5％～74．7％和4．3％～4．9％之间。水和0．01mol／LCaCl2溶液提取液中SOC含量分别平均为695mg／L和622mg／L;每千克干样平均含SOC分别为7873mg和7054mg;SOC占有机肥有机碳（TOC）比例分别平均为2．1％和1．9％;SOC／SON平均分别为6．7和6．9。SON与SOC间的相关性较高,SON与NO3^--N含量呈现负相关关系。有机肥料中的可溶性氮素绝大部分以SON形式存在,如此高的SON和SOC含量可能会成为氮、碳养分流失和环境污染的潜在来源。     

不同光质光周期对樱桃萝卜生长发育及营养品质的影响

光质和光周期可以调节植物生长过程中肉质根等地下贮藏器官的形成。该试验以‘昆优2号’樱桃萝卜为试验材料,以白光(W)为对照,研究8R2B、5R5B、2R8B红蓝光配比光质(红蓝光比例分别为8∶2、5∶5、2∶8)与8L/16D、12L/12D、16L/8D光周期(光照/黑暗分别为8 h/16 h、12 h/12 h、16 h/8 h)组合对樱桃萝卜生长发育和营养品质的影响,筛选适合樱桃萝卜生长的光质光周期组合。结果表明:长光照(16L/8D)W、8R2B处理对樱桃萝卜叶片生长、肉质根大小、根冠比都有显著的促进作用,长光照W有利于樱桃萝卜更快形成膨大的肉质根;长光照W、8R2B处理下的樱桃萝卜肉质根多酚含量、抗氧化能力差异不大;长光照W利于樱桃萝卜肉质根可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白积累,长光照8R2B有利于肉质根可溶性蛋白积累。研究发现,适当的光质和光周期组合可显著促进樱桃萝卜叶片生长、肉质根膨大以及根中营养物质的积累,从而获得良好的长势和营养品质,并以长光照(16L/8D即光照/黑暗为16 h/8 h)白光组合最佳。     

不同甜樱桃品种果实主要内含物测试与分析

以 拉宾斯 、 斯坦勒 等7个生产上主栽的欧洲甜樱桃品种为试验材料,研究了不同品种采收后果实可溶性蛋白质、维生素C Vc 、可溶性总糖和总酸等主要内含物含量的差异.进一步分析了各主要内含物含量与果实发育期、果实大小以及相互之间的相关性.结果表明:甜樱桃品种果实可溶性蛋白质和总糖含量与果实发育期均呈显著正相关,说明发育期短的早熟品种果实可溶性蛋白质和糖含量显著低于果实发育期长的中、晚熟品种 P<0.05 ;甜樱桃品质标准在 中上 级以上,果实的可溶性蛋白质含量范围在1052.0～1119.3mg·100g-1FW;品质在 中上 标准以上的果实维生素C的含量范围在9.89～18.01mg·100g-1FW;7个甜樱桃品种之间果实总酸度差异显著 P<0.05 ;甜樱桃果实的糖酸比值与果实发育期和可溶性糖含量均呈显著正相关,甜樱桃果实的糖酸比值能确切地反映果实风味及品质的优劣,可以作为一项指标,甜樱桃品质在 中上 标准以上的果实糖酸比范围在31.37～40.54;早、中、晚熟品种之间相比较,甜樱桃早熟品种的果实大小显著低于中、晚熟品种 P<0.05 .     

3种进化类型大豆叶片的某些生理特性比较

半野生、半栽培和栽培大豆叶片可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均表现为随品种的进化而增加的变化趋势。POD活性在生育期中呈上升变化,SOD活性则随着生育进程逐渐下降。栽培大豆的可溶性糖含量和POD活性以上部叶片最高,半栽培大豆与栽培大豆类似,半野生大豆的变化则不明显。     

低温处理对牡丹春节催花及营养类物质变化的影响

连续观察、测定了牡丹春节催花进程中不同低温天数处理对温室外自然低温解除休眠及温室内培养过程中形态及某些生理生化变化的影响,结果显示：低温处理34d后的11月28日温室外牡丹花芽形态及可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸含量变化显著,11月28日左右是低温处理期间牡丹花芽代谢变化剧烈的时期;处理41d后的12月5口及以后移入温室的植株能够正常开花。以上结果从形态与营养物质变化的角度说明了11月28日左右牡丹花芽开始逐步解除休眠,12月5日花芽已彻底解除休眠,不同低温对牡丹春节催花过程中花芽的发育有着质的作用。