关帝山林区景观要素沿环境梯度分布趋势的研究

 应用空间趋势面分析法研究森林景观空间格局,阐明其技术路线和工作步骤,并提出在ARC／INFO支持下的统一网格样点图上取样法。通过对不同景观要素生态潜力的定量化,对关帝山天然次生林区景观要素沿环境梯度的分布趋势进行了研究。试图从高度异质的复杂景观中,揭示景观要素的空间分布规律及其控制机制。结果表明：在研究地区30～50km的空间尺度上,水平地理位置对景观要素空间分布格局的影响极为有限,景观要素总体空间分布格局更多地受地形特征和干扰格局的综合控制,海拔、坡向和坡度是控制研究地区景观要素空间分布格局的基本因素,在不同海拔带上,坡向和坡度对景观要素空间分布格局的影响作用,在方向和强度上都有明显差别。本文应用空间趋势面分析法进一步对这些差别进行了详细分析,并得出了一些基本规律,这将有利于促进研究地区森林可持续经营和景观规划与管理水平的提高。     

森林景观恢复过程中景观要素斑块规模的动态分析

以１９５９年以来的４期航片为基础资料,通过对研究地区各类景观要素的斑块平均规模和粒级结构及其动态变化过程进行分析,揭示了研究地区森林景观恢复演替过程中景观要素斑块动态特点,阐明了植被演替和干扰格局控制下森林景观要素斑块恢复演替的过程和规律。研究地区森林景观自５０年代以来在整体上始终属于细景观,但景观要素斑志规模和粒级结构发生了显著变化,在三个不同时期表现出不同的变化特点,而且不同景观要素的斑块规模     

基于遥感影像的丹霞山国家级自然保护区森林景观格局分析

森林景观格局分析是景观格局优化、森林资源的可持续性经营与保护的重要基础。以无人机遥感影像和DEM为基础数据,利用ArcGIS和Fragstats软件对所选取的不同景观指数进行计算,分析了丹霞山森林景观的类型、格局特征及其地形分异规律。结果表明:1)从类型水平指数来看,丹霞山森林景观类型以天然林为主,占总面积的78.42%,表现出较高的集中连片性;2)从景观水平指数来看,丹霞山景观多样性和均匀度指数均较低,而蔓延度指数和连通度指数则较高,分别为77.85和99.97,表明景观以少数大面积的斑块为主,斑块间连接密切,自然连通度高; 3)从功能分区景观格局和地形分异规律来看,与人类活动密切相关的农田、人工林、裸地、居民地、人工水体和自然水体六类森林景观主要集中分布于海拔较低(60—150 m)、坡度平缓(0—5°)、无坡向的实验区内;灌木、草地、天然林和裸岩四类森林景观则较均衡的分布于海拔60—350m的各级坡度和坡向的核心区和缓冲区内。综上所述,丹霞山森林景观保持完好,破碎化程度较低,人为活动干扰较少,斑块之间物质、能量和物种交换的潜力较大。应建立无人机遥感监测系统,长期、准确的跟踪森林景...     

植被恢复对洪雅县近15年景观格局的影响

退耕还林和天然林保护等重大林业生态工程的实施对我国西部地区生态环境建设起到了积极的推动作用。植被的重建、恢复和保护,不仅改变了景观的类型组成,也强烈地影响着景观的空间构造。以四川盆地山地丘陵区边缘的四川省洪雅县为研究对象,采用景观生态学原理和方法,对工程实施前后15年来（1994—2009）洪雅县景观格局的变化进行分析,探讨了植被恢复对景观格局的影响。结果显示,林地增加、耕地和草地减少,是15年间洪雅县景观变化的主要特点。耕地的减少和林地的增加主要集中于人为活动影响更为强烈的海拔1000 m以下区域,反映了退耕还林对景观类型组成改变的巨大推动作用;海拔1500 m以上区域,更多地受到天然林保护和自然因素影响,面积变化相对稳定,景观格局空间构造方面的变化更为显著;海拔1000—1500 m区域,两种工程实施的影响交错,过程相对复杂。坡度≤5 ?的平缓地中,人为活动影响强烈,林地增加明显;而在坡度25 ?附近的坡地中,耕地较多,退耕还林潜力较大,耕地—林地转换相对其他坡度区段更为明显。总体上,林地向低海拔、缓坡度区域扩张,斑块间空隙还林面积较多,有连片发展趋势;而耕地在面积减少的同时,向低海拔、缓坡度区域收缩,斑块规模更小,格局更加破碎。     

地形因子对森林景观格局多尺度效应分析

以TM影像和野外调查为数据源,3S技术为研究手段,分析了泰山的森林景观结构动态变化以及景观格局沿高程的分异。选择相对高差较大的区域设计了8个地形方位,采用3种由连续样方组成的辐射状样带,在遥感影像上进行信息采集,研究地形对森林景观格局的多尺度效应,分析了不同地形因子对森林景观分异的影响。结果表明,在景观尺度上,地形方位、海拔、山地类型是影响森林景观镶嵌格局的控制因素,坡向、坡度是重要因素,坡形、坡位是不明显因素。以TM影像为信息源,从森林景观分异和梯度分析上,首先要考虑海拔坡向指数、坡形坡位指数和海拔,并立足于地形方位。地形主要因子间存在着稳定的显著正相关,为森林分异多尺度格局提供了较强的综合解释能力。     

基于DEM 的森林景观空间分布分析

在3S 技术的支持下, 通过遥感解译获取南岭国家级自然保护区乳阳片区的森林景观数据, 并建立了该区域数字高程模型(DEM), 提取了海拔、坡度、坡向等地形因子。在ArcGIS9.3 软件中进行叠加分析, 探讨了研究区森林景观空间分布与地形因子(坡度、坡向)的相关关系, 尝试找出其空间分布趋势。结果表明: 阔叶林种对于环境的适应 性是最好的, 在各级坡度和坡向上均有较大范围、较为均衡的分布; 针叶林、山顶阔叶矮林、采伐迹地趋向于聚集分布; 针叶林景观多分布在阳坡和半阳坡, 山地草甸景观倾向于分布在阴坡, 人类干扰所形成的各个景观类型倾向于平坡和缓坡分布。     

气候、植被和地形对大兴安岭林火烈度空间格局的影响

在北方森林中火干扰是森林景观变化的主导因素。林火烈度作为衡量林火动态的重要指标,较为直观地反映了火干扰对森林生态系统的破坏程度,其空间格局深刻地影响着森林景观中的多种生态过程(如树种组成、种子扩散以及植被的恢复)。解释林火烈度空间格局有助于揭示林火干扰后森林景观格局的形成机制,对预测未来林火烈度空间格局以及制定科学合理林火管理策略均有重要意义。基于LandsatTM/ETM遥感影像,将2000—2016年大兴安岭呼中林区的36场火的林火烈度划分为未过火、轻度、中度、重度4个等级。采用FRAGSTAT景观格局分析软件从类型水平上计算了斑块所占景观面积比、面积加权平均斑块面积、面积加权平均斑块分维数、面积加权边缘面积比、斑块密度5个景观指数,以对林火烈度空间格局进行了定量化描述。并且采用随机森林模型,分析了气候、地形、植被对林火烈度空间格局的影响及其边际效应。通过研究得出以下结果:(1)相对于未过火、轻度、以及中度火烧斑块,重度火烧斑块的面积更大、形状更简单;(2)海拔对重度火烧斑块的空间格局起着至关重要的作用,其次是坡向、坡度、植被覆盖度、相对湿度、温度等;(3)随着海拔的升高,面积加权平均斑块面积和面积加权平均斑块分维数的边际效应曲线呈上升趋势,而面积加权边缘面积比和斑块密度呈下降趋势;除了面积加权平均斑块面积外,都受到火前植被覆盖度的影响,且植被覆盖度为0.2—0.3范围内,重度火烧斑块在景观中所占比例最大。总的来看,2000—2016年大兴安岭呼中森林景观中重度火烧斑块与未过火、轻度以及中度火烧斑块存在显著差异性。相对于气候,地形和植被对于塑造重度火烧斑块空间格局具有重要作用。因此,应针对重度火烧区域进行可燃物处理,从景观层面上合理配置森林斑块,从而降低高烈度森林大火发生的风险。     

森林景观斑块密度及边缘密度动态研究——以关帝山林区为例

景观异质性是景观的基本属性 ,是形成不同景观结构和功能的基础 ,直接影响资源、物种和干扰在景观中的分配与传播 ,影响景观的生物多样性和生产力 ,对景观整体功能及生态过程有重要控制作用[4 ,7,8] ,对景观要素斑块动态的影响尤需作具体而深入的研究[3,5,6 ] 。景观异质性可以理解为景观内景观要素属性的变异程度[1] 。景观异质性是由景观要素的多样性和景观要素的空间相互关系共同决定的。当景观要素类型一定时 ,同类景观要素以大斑块相对集中的分布格局 ,景观异质性较低 ;以异质小斑块分散分布的格局 ,异质性较高。因此 ,景观异质性可用…     

浅丘带坝区不同坡度下耕地景观格局分析

不同坡度的耕地景观格局是人类对耕地干扰强度与频度的现实情景。选取重庆市沙坪坝区陈家镇为研究区,利用ArcGIS8.3的空间分析功能,生成0°～2°、2°～6°、6°～15°、15°～25°和>25°的5种耕地景观格局,并提取景观格局指数,分析各坡度内耕地的景观格局特征,探讨人为活动对耕地的干扰情况。结果表明:各坡度内耕地景观要素分布差异显著,冬季水田景观要素受干扰强度与频度最高;旱地相对较低,土地利用程度不高。间作果木旱地景观逐步向果木园地过渡;2°～6°坡度内是人类干扰耕地景观的主要活动区,而15°～25°与>25°坡度内人类干扰程度相对较低;2°～6°坡度的耕地景观要素是研究区实现耕地可持续利用的关键,15°～25°和>25°坡度内耕地景观要素正逐步向自然生态过渡,有利于研究区生态环境的改善。     

大兴安岭北部林区景观格局变化及其影响分析

人为干扰影响着景观格局变化的速率和方向 ,这在景观格局变化过程中的作用越来越大 ,同时景观格局的变化也对人类活动产生了重大影响。通过对大兴安岭北部林区的景观多样性指数、优势度指数等一系列景观指数来研究该地区森林景观格局的变化 ,简要分析了格局变化产生的影响。结果表明 ,大兴安岭森林景观中 ,人为干扰使森林景观短时期内多样性增加、森林的优势度降低 ;景观向破碎化趋势发展 ;景观格局的变化对环境和人类活动产生了重大影响 ,森林向不可持续方向发展 ,因此应该进行合理的人类活动使森林可持续发展。     

孟家岗林场森林景观结构动态分析

以黑龙江省孟家岗林场1989年和2006年两期森林资源二类调查数据为基础,结合林相图,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件包FRAGSTATS进行分析,提取森林景观要素内部结构指标等景观指数,并对孟家岗林场近20年的景观格局的动态特征进行了系统的分析。研究结果表明：由于孟家岗林场森林景观要素类型的增加以及多样性和优势度指数的增高,使得森林景观的分离度和破碎度也在增加;虽然落叶松林为该研究区域的优势景观要素类型,但其优势度却在逐渐降低,表明落叶松景观要素在向其它景观要素类型转化;首次对孟家岗林场进行景观内部结构指数分析,表明阔叶树和混交林景观要素类型是以成、过熟林为主,三大主要针叶树种以中龄林和近熟林为主。人为干扰的加剧,使针叶林年龄结构趋于单一化。     

Bird Species Sensitivity in a Fragmented Landscape of the Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil1

I tested whether terrestrial/understory habits, large body sizes, low tolerance to edge or to matrix habitat, and food/habitat specialization are characteristics of the most vulnerable bird species based on point counts conducted in 14 forest fragments in northern Paraná, southern region of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. In addition, the sensitivity level of each bird species to forest fragmentation in northern Paraná (high, medium, and low) was compared to the Viçosa region, another fragmented landscape of the Atlantic forest. Contrary to expectations, large body size and terrestrial/understory habits were not features clearly related to high sensitivity to forest fragmentation; but species with tolerance to edge did have lower sensitivity. I found also that specialized habitat/food were not good predictors of extinctions; the most specialized guilds, bamboo and vine‐tangle insectivores and trunk and twig insectivores, had a high number of species with low sensitivity. Patterns of sensitivity were compared for 75 bird species that occurred in both northern Paraná and Viçosa; higher incongruence occurred for 14 and 7 species considered as highly sensitive in Viçosa but were of medium or low sensitivity, respectively, in northern Paraná. These differences may occur because sensitivity to habitat fragmentation may vary from the center to the periphery of a species' geographic range. Geographic variation in patterns of sensitivity to forest fragmentation may be important for conservation planning.     

基于SBE法的广东省生态景观林带美景度评价

采用美景度评价法(SBE法)对广东省生态景观林带进行评价，分析影响生态景观林带景观水平的主要因子，探讨生态景观林带景观构成要素与景观质量的关系。结果表明，不同专业、性别、学历、年龄的人群在森林审美态度上具有一致性，其评判结果能够反映森林美景度的实际情况；对53张照片评价SBE值，最大为1.4454，最小为-1.6917；对美景度影响较大的4个因子，即色彩丰富度(X6)、色泽明度(X7)、生活型(X8)、生长状况(X9)，建立的多元线性回归模型是 Y=1.902-0.346X6-0.461X7+ 0.206X8-0.584X9。     

Forest and Landscape Structure as Predictors of Capercaillie Occurrence

ABSTRACT Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is a large, endangered forest grouse species with narrow habitat preferences and large spatial requirements that make it susceptible to habitat changes at different spatial scales. Our aim was to evaluate the relative power of variables relating to forest versus landscape structure in predicting capercaillie occurrence at different spatial scales. We investigated capercaillie-habitat relationships at the scales of forest stand and forest-stand mosaic in 2 Swiss regions. We assessed forest structure from aerial photographs in 52 study plots each 5 km². We classified plots into one of 3 categories denoting the observed local population trend (stable, declining, extinct), and we compared forest structure between categories. At the stand scale, we used presence-absence data for grid cells within the plots to build predictive habitat models based on logistic regression. At this scale, habitat models that included only variables relating to forest structure explained the occurrence of capercaillie only in part, whereas variables selected by the models differed between regions. Including variables relating to landscape features improved the models significantly. At the scale of stand mosaic, variables describing forest structure (e.g., mean canopy cover, proportion of open forest, and proportion of multistoried forest) differed between plot categories. We conclude that small-scale forest structure has limited power to predict capercaillie occurrence at the stand scale, but that it explains well at the scale of the stand mosaic. Including variables for landscape structure improves predictions at the forest-stand scale. Habitat models built with data from one region cannot be expected to predict the species occurrence in other regions well. Thus, multiscale approaches are necessary to better understand species-habitat relationships. Our results can help regional authorities and forest-management planners to identify areas where suitable habitat for capercaillie is not available in the required proportion and, thus, where management actions are needed to improve habitat suitability.     

The Landscape Ecology of Tropical Secondary Forest in Montane Costa Rica

Multinomial logistic models of land use/land cover in montane Costa Rica and landscape pattern analysis showed that relative to agriculture, secondary forest occurred closer to old-growth forest, further from roads, in forest reserves, and at higher elevations. Collinearity between explanatory variables yielded simple multivariate models; proportion of surrounding old growth predicted secondary forest most accurately. An old-growth matrix [mean patch size (MPS) 24.5 ha], located mainly within protected areas, dominated elevations greater than 2500 m. A matrix of agriculture (MPS 23.5 ha), with smaller patches (approximately 9 ha) of secondary forest and old growth, dominated elevations from 1500 to 2500 m. Combining secondary forest with old growth decreased forest patch number and increased MPS from 7.3 to 37.1 ha. I concluded that: (a) secondary forest pattern is nonrandom, so ancillary data will aid its mapping with satellite imagery. The variables elevation, agriculture distance, road distance, and population density distinguished secondary forest from old growth with 74% accuracy; (b) socioeconomic and biological forces probably interact to create these secondary forest patterns; and (c) the strong association between secondary forest and old growth supports the concept that tropical forest recovery depends on the landscape structure of remnant forest. Received 16 February 1999; accepted 20 August 1999.     

Dynamics of Forest Landscape Patterns Along the Main Road in Xishuangbanna

In this paper, we investigated dynamics of forest landscape along the main roads in Xishuangbanna from 1976 to 1988, and from 1988 to 2003, using FRAGSTATS software and the GIS technology, based on the results interpreted from the Landsat MSS TM ETM imageries in 1976, 1988, 2003. Some representative quantitative indices of landscape diversity, including mean patch area, percent of landscape , perimeter-area fractal dimension , aggregation , Shannon′s diversity index , and Shannon′s equality index were used to describe the changes in the spatial pattern of landscape elements. Comparing with whole region of Xishuangbanna during last 27 years , the results showed that the man-made landscape (rubber plantation) and non-forested landscape along the main road expanded faster and their percentage were greater, whereas the natural landscape ( primitive forest patches) reduced faster and its percentage was smaller . There were obviouseffects of road on landscape which the forest coverage was decreased , and rubber plantation landscape was increased with the distance from the road . The natural forest landscape had been fragmented. Especially, the tropical seasonal rain forest was affected severely, while the area and contagion of rubber plantation and shrub increased. The whole landscape pattern along the main road tended to be diversiform, equal and fragmented. The landscape was still dominated by natural landscapes but this dominance was weakening . A case study about the displacement of landscape patch centroids showed that the spatial centroids of many types of landscape, including rubber plantation, tropical seasonal rain forest, mountain rain forest, shrub and non-forested land had moved away from the road. All of these changes in landscape pattern would lead the deterioration of these region environments.     

厦门植物园雨林景区的景观营造和植物配置

介绍厦门植物园雨林景区的景观营造和植物配置。原生植被、景观设施和各类具有热带雨林特征的植物有机结合,营造出颇具特色的亚热带雨林植物景观。     

深圳市梧桐山毛棉杜鹃风景林景观质量评价

为了对毛棉杜鹃风景林的景观质量进行较为准确的景观评价，并提供较为全面和通用的观花乔木景观质量评价体系，在查阅国内风景林评价文献的基础上，采用层次分析法从3个准则和13个指标构建毛棉杜鹃风景林质量评价体系及各层次指标权重。通过德尔菲法确定林外景观质量、单木景观质量、林内景观质量三个项目层权重分别为0.6483、0.2270、0.1591。对毛棉杜鹃景观林贡献程度较大的有色彩对比度、树冠层次性、花色等指标。通过实地调查并按上述体系评价，得到梧桐山万花屏得分为52.8466，属于很好等级；毛棉杜鹃谷得分为44.5834，属于较好等级；双凤亭为20.0336，属于很差等级。     

Use of Forest Edges by Bats in a Managed Pine Forest Landscape

ABSTRACT Forest edges often have increased species richness and abundance (edge effect) and affect spatial behaviors of species and dynamics of species interactions. Landscapes of intensively managed pine (Pinus spp.) stands are characterized by a mosaic of patches and linear forest edges. Managed pine forests are a primary landscape feature of the southeastern United States, but the effects of intensive management on bat communities are poorly understood. Insectivorous bats are important top predators in nocturnal forest food webs. We examined bat foraging behavior along forest edges and in 4 structurally distinct stand types (open-canopy pine, prethinned pine, thinned pine, and unmanaged forest) within a managed pine forest in the coastal plain of North Carolina, USA. During May-August, 2006 and 2007, we recorded echolocation calls using Pettersson D240X bat detectors linked to digital recorders at 156 sites. We also sampled nocturnal flying insects at each site using Malaise insect traps. We used negative binomial count regression models to describe bat foraging behavior relative to forest edges, stand types, and prey availability. Although some species showed affinities for certain stand types and prey items, bat activity patterns were most strongly related to forest edges. Edges were used extensively by 6 aerial-hunting bat species, but avoided by Myotis species. Forest edges function similarly to natural forest gaps, by providing foraging opportunities for aerial-hunting bat species. Therefore, the maintenance of forest edges in managed pine landscapes may enhance foraging habitat for aerial-hunting bat species.     

Landscape patterns and plant species diversity of forest reserves in the Kanto region, Japan

Plant species richness of twenty old-growth forest reserves in the cool-temperate zone in the Kanto region, Japan were investigated to detect the effect of forest fragmentation. The species richness of trees and forest floor plants were analyzed by multiple regression models relating to nine variables on the characteristics of landscape, local habitat and forest stand. The total species diversity did not have a significant correlation with any variables of landscape patterns. In this study, single large reserve in the SLOSS discussion did not seem very effective to preserve more species. However, forest reserves in large patches tend to have relatively infrequent species. Large patches of natural forests were regarded as one of the important factors to preserve infrequent species.