基于希尔伯特-黄变换的核小体定位特征提取

核小体是染色体折叠的整体结构,它们的空间分布与基因组活动的调节密切相关,是基因工程和表观遗传的重要研究领域。为进一步研究核小体定位特征的物种间差异性,将希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)引入到酵母和果蝇两个不同物种的定位信号中,从多个角度客观分析核小体定位信号特征在两个物种间的差异性。在此基础上,对酵母和果蝇核小体分布的周期特征和进化印记进行尺度和频域分析,结果表明酵母和果蝇染色体在组织结构上存在显著差异。本文研究思路为准确提取信号瞬时频率提供了前提条件。     

果蝇胚胎期不同表达模式基因转录起始位点上游核小体的定位

在研究果蝇胚胎期核小体定位时,发现不同表达模式基因上的核小体定位特征有着很大的差异。与以往研究结果不同的是,在果蝇胚胎期限制性表达基因的转录起始位点上游-1核小体位置上存在着H2A.Z核小体。有趣的是,与单细胞酵母基因上的核小体定位相比较发现,果蝇胚胎期限制性表达基因上的核小体排列与酵母极其相似。     

基于DNA变形能的核小体定位预测方法研究进展

真核细胞中,作为染色质基本结构单元的核小体参与调控基因的转录、DNA复制、重组以及RNA剪接等诸多生物学过程。阐明核小体定位机制并准确预测核小体在染色体上的位置对解读染色质结构与功能有重要生物学意义。在过去30多年时间里,研究人员发展了多种预测核小体位置的方法。最理想的方法应考虑DNA序列、组蛋白修饰和染色质重塑等影响核小体定位的诸多因素,然而现实中,捕捉主要因素的模型也往往具有很高的鲁棒性和实用价值。DNA序列偏好性是在全基因组尺度上影响核小体定位的最重要因素之一,因此基于DNA序列的核小体定位预测方法也最常见。这种方法可大致分为两类,即基于DNA序列信息的生物信息学模型和基于DNA变形能的生物物理学模型。本文重点介绍生物物理学模型近些年取得的主要进展。     

酿酒酵母YPH499 Ⅲ号染色体上ARS形成核小体能力的比较

核小体定位是复制起始调控的重要因素,但是核小体定位是如何调控真核生物的复制起始,目前还不是很清楚。研究酵母Ⅲ号染色体上的不同活性复制起始序列形成核小体能力对探究真核生物DNA复制起始机制有着重要的生物学意义。酿酒酵母Ⅲ号染色体上的10个复制起始序列分为高活性和低活性两组复制起始序列,利用核小体体外组装技术,将回收纯化的高活性和低活性复制起始序列分别与组蛋白八聚体在体外进行梯度盐透析组装形成核小体,并进行Biotin标记检测,然后用Image J软件分析不同复制起始序列组装形成核小体能力的强弱。结果表明,用Image J软件对核小体组装能力强弱进行分析:ARS304ARS303ARS313ARS302ARS306ARS314,ARS305,ARS307,ARS309,ARS315。低活性复制起始序列较高活性复制起始序列更易形成核小体;复制起始位点偏好出现于核小体缺乏区。     

酵母基因组中核小体偏好展列的识别

应用多样性增量结合二次判别分析（Increment of Diversity with Quadratic Discriminant analysis, IDQD）方法,对酵母基因组中的核小体强/弱偏好序列进行了识别。10交叉检验的预测成功率超过了97％,受试者操作特性（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线下面积达到了0．99,预测成功率高于现有SVM算法。最后利用构建好的分类器对酵母基因组中三类包含TATA盒基因的起始密码子ATC上游400nt下游100nt区域进行了分析。结果表明,IDQD算法有能力应用于基因组中核小体序列的识别。     

基于位置权重矩阵的核小体识别及功能分析

为研究高通量的人类CD4+T细胞的核小体定位模式,使用迭代算法对核小体定位模式进行分类,并利用位置权重矩阵方法分别构建稳定核小体定位序列、动态核小体定位序列和连接区序列模型,通过十倍交叉验证评估模型性能,并与Segal方法与弯曲度方法进行比较,发现位置权重矩阵方法在敏感性、精度和准确性方面都具有一定优越性。同时采用滑窗法在全基因组选取候选序列进行核小体识别,挖掘核小体定位相关基因,并进行基因生物学进程功能富集分析,发现稳定与动态核小体、真实与潜在核小体对应的基因所参与调控的生物学过程各有不同,但也有一些生物学过程为不同类别核小体所共有,例如对细胞内大分子的调控功能。     

酵母基因组中核小体偏好序列的识别

应用多样性增量结合二次判别分析(Increment of Diversity with Quadratic Discriminant analysis,IDQD)方法,对酵母基因组中的核小体强/弱偏好序列进行了识别.10交叉检验的预测成功率超过了97%,受试者操作特性(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线下面积达到了0.99,预测成功率高于现有SVM算法.最后利用构建好的分类器对酵母基因组中三类包含TATA盒基因的起始密码子ATG上游400nt下游100nt区域进行了分析.结果表明,IDQD算法有能力应用于基因组中核小体序列的识别.     

核小体定位的转录调控功能研究进展

核小体是真核生物染色质的基本组成单位,组蛋白八聚体在DNA 双螺旋上精确位置称为核小体定位．核小体定位已被证实在基因转录调控、DNA复制与修复、调控进化等过程中扮演着重要的角色．随着染色质免疫共沉淀-芯片(ChIP-chip)与染色质免疫共沉淀-测序(ChIP-seq)等高通量技术的出现,已测定了多种模式生物全基因组核小体定位图谱,掀起了一股核小体定位及其功能的研究热潮,并取得了一定的成果．本文介绍了核小体定位的概念,总结了核小体在启动子与编码区域内定位的基本模式．在此基础上,综述了核小体定位在转录起始、转录延伸、基因表达模式多样化以及可变剪接等方面的功能研究进展．     

核小体定位模式及其与DNA甲基化位点分布的关系

核小体定位是指DNA双螺旋相对于组蛋白八联体的位置.核小体定位通过限制蛋白结合位点参与基因转录调控.本文利用实验检测的人类CD4+ T细胞核小体定位数据,研究了核小体定位在转录因子结合位点(TFBS)和转录起始位点(TSS)附近的分布模式,并分析了在TFBS和TSS周围,核小体定位与DNA甲基化之间的关系.结果表明,在休眠和激活的人类CD4+ T细胞中,部分TFBS和TSS周围的核小体定位在动态改变,即在定位和缺失两种状态之间切换.在TFBS周围,核小体定位和DNA甲基化存在一种互补模式,核小体定位与DNA低甲基化相联系;而在TSS周围,两者呈现同步模式,DNA高甲基化伴随高核小体水平.而且,在TFBS和TSS周围,DNA甲基化位点的分布呈周期模式.CD4+ T细胞被激活时,较少的转录因子启动了较多的基因.     

组蛋白与hAMFR基因启动子的结合对体外转录活性的影响

采用从鸡血红细胞中分离纯化的组蛋白,从ＨｅＬａ细胞核中萃取的含有ＲＮＡ聚合酶Ⅱ和多种Ⅱ类基因转录因子的可溶性抽提物,以及从非洲爪蟾卵细胞核中撮以的萃取物热处理物上清用于核小体构建,以含有人自泌移动因子受体基因启动子序列的ＤＮＡ片段为模板进行体外转录实验,结果表明,组蛋白和转录因子在ｈＡＭＦＲ基因启动子序列上的竞争性结合对转录活性具有重要的影响作用,在启动子区域预先构建的核小体能够抑制转录活性;     

ISWI proteins participate in the genome‐wide nucleosome distribution in Arabidopsis

Chromatin is a highly organized structure with repetitive nucleosome subunits. Nucleosome distribution patterns, which contain information on epigenetic controls, are dynamically affected by ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling factors (remodelers). However, whether plants have specific nucleosome distribution patterns and how plant remodelers contribute to the pattern formation are not clear. In this study we used the micrococcal nuclease digestion followed by deep sequencing (MNase‐seq) assay to show the genome‐wide nucleosome pattern in Arabidopsis thaliana. We demonstrated that the nucleosome distribution patterns of Arabidopsis are associated with the gene expression level, and have several specific characteristics that are different from those of animals and yeast. In addition, we found that remodelers in the A. thaliana imitation switch (AtISWI) subfamily are important for the formation of the nucleosome distribution pattern. Double mutations in the AtISWI genes, CHROMATIN REMODELING 11 (CHR11) and CHR17, resulted in the loss of the evenly spaced nucleosome pattern in gene bodies, but did not affect nucleosome density, supporting a previous idea that the primary role of ISWI is to slide nucleosomes in gene bodies for pattern formation.     

Analysis of the chromatin assembled in germinal vesicles of Xenopus oocytes

We have injected circular DNA, labeled with 32P at a single restriction site, into germinal vesicles of Xenopus laevis oocytes in order to study the nucleosome arrangement on the assembled minichromosomes. Two types of genes were used in these studies, the somatic 5 S RNA gene unit of Xenopus borealis and the histone gene unit of Drosophila melanogaster. We find that injections of labeled DNA alone, at 1 ng DNA per oocyte, results in irregularly spaced nucleosomes and partially supercoiled DNA molecules. However, perfectly spaced nucleosomes are assembled and fully supercoiled DNA is recovered if 5 to 20 nanograms of cold vector DNA is coinjected with the labeled DNA. At the optimum chromatin assembly conditions, the nucleosomes are perfectly spaced with a 180 base-pair periodicity, but they are randomly positioned on the DNA. The assembly of a periodic chromatin structure is accompanied by a dramatic enhancement in the expression of the injected 5 S RNA gene.     

Development of a fluorescent probe for the study of nucleosome assembly and dynamics

To develop a probe for use in real-time dynamic studies of nucleosomes, core histones (from Drosophila) were conjugated to a DNA-intercalating dye, thiazole orange, by a reaction targeting Cys 110 of histone H3. In the absence of DNA, the conjugated histones are only very weakly fluorescent. However, upon reconstitution into nucleosomes by standard salt dialysis procedures, the probe fluoresces strongly, reflecting its ability to intercalate into the nucleosomal DNA. The probe is also sensitive to the nature of the DNA-histone interaction. Nucleosomes reconstituted by stepwise salt dialysis give a fluorescence signal quite different from that of the species formed when DNA and histones are simply mixed in low salt. In addition, changing either the DNA length or the type of sequence (nucleosome positioning sequences versus random DNA of the same size) used in the reconstitution alters the resulting fluorescence yield. The results are all consistent with the conclusion that a more rigid, less flexible nucleosome structure results in less fluorescence than a looser structure, presumably due to structural constraints on dye intercalation. This probe should be well suited to analyzing nucleosome dynamics and to following factor-mediated assembly and remodeling of nucleosomes in real time, particularly at the single-molecule level.