以川陕哲罗鲑为目标物种的水样环境DNA分析流程的优化

水样环境DNA分析包括水样采集、DNA提取和分析等流程,已成为监测濒危水生生物种群分布调查的重要手段.为减少在监测目标物种尤其濒危物种中的不确定性,对水环境DNA分析流程的优化至关重要.本研究以川陕哲罗鲑为目标物种,采用滤膜法采集养殖池中的水样,设计了 250 mL、500 mL、1 L和2 L等4种水样采集量,分别采用 PoweWater DNA Isolation kit和DNeasy Tissue and Blood DNA extraction kit 提取水样环境DNA(eDNA),使用物种mtDNA D_loop区特异性引物进行PCR扩增,通过研究滤膜法、水样采集量和水样DNA提取方法对水样eDNA中目标基因检出率的影响,探索适宜的eDNA分析操作方案.结果表明: 使用DNeasy Tissue and Blood DNA extraction kit提取的水样DNA中目的基因的检出率为100%,效果明显优于PoweWater DNA Isolation kit(目标基因的检出率为0);目标基因扩增条带的亮度随水样采样量的增加而增加,其中2 L水样目标基因的扩增效果较理想;序列比对结果显示,本试验从水样DNA中成功扩增得到了川陕哲罗鲑mtDNA Dloop区部分序列.表明DNA提取方法和水样采集量对目标物种的检出率有显著的影响,滤膜法、2 L水样采集量、DNeasy Tissue and Blood DNA extraction kit更适宜进行水样的DNA分析,mtDNA D-loop区可作为川陕哲罗鲑识别的特异性分子标记.     

大鼠疑似泰勒氏病毒荧光定量检测方法的建立

目的建立一种能在临床上快速、准确地检测大鼠疑似泰勒氏病毒(Theiler’s-like virus of rats,TLV)的方法,采用TaqMan探针荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qPCR)技术,特异性针对TLV病毒核酸进行检测。方法通过基因合成序列作为质粒标准品的模板,同时选择特异性的序列在3622~3729 nt处,设计一对引物和TaqMan性探针,优化反应体系及条件,进行qPCR扩增,从而建立TLV TaqMan探针qPCR方法,并对其灵敏度、稳定性和特异性进行评价。结果建立的TLV qPCR检测方法,标准曲线线性关系良好,R~2值可达到0.99,灵敏性最低能够检测到10个拷贝数/μL,对比普通PCR方法,高出其100倍;对其他常见大鼠病毒均无非特异反应;重复性良好,批内和批间变异系数均小于1%。结论利用TaqMan探针建立快速检测TLV的荧光定量PCR方法,该方法具有操作简便、灵敏度高、特异性好等特点。     

基于TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR技术的西花蓟马快速检测

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis（Pargande）是世界性害虫,2003年在我国首次发生危害。针对西花蓟马与其他种类蓟马形态相似、难以快速区分的问题,本文在SCAR标记基础上,采用TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR技术,设计1对特异性引物和1条MGB探针,扩增出大小为138bp的特异片段。以质粒DNA为标准品建立了标准曲线（R2=0.9965）,种特异性检验结果显示,该引物和探针只能检测到西花蓟马的荧光信号,而对其他种类的蓟马不具有检测能力。并且可以定量检测西花蓟马不同虫态靶标DNA片段的拷贝数。该检测体系重复性强、稳定性高,在口岸检疫以及植物种苗及其产品调运中的有害生物检测和监测中具有重要意义。     

ETA基因作为荧光定量PCR靶基因设计TaqMan探针快速检测铜绿假单胞菌的研究

铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见致病菌, 传统的检测方法有各种弊端。本研究对该细菌的ETA基因用生物信息学方法加以分析, 选取相对保守且高度特异的DNA序列, 设计一对特异性引物和一个TaqMan探针, 建立FQ-PCR (fluorescence quantitative PCR)检测PA的方法。通过对梯度浓度的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA样品进行FQ-PCR检测和对多种细菌的DNA进行扩增, 来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。试验结果表明, 对比现有的检测方法, 以ETA基因为靶基因, 基于TaqMan探针的快速FQ-PCR检测技术有更高的灵敏度和更好的特异性等优点, 具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

ETA基因作为荧光定量PCR靶基因设计TaqMan探针快速检测铜绿假单胞菌的研究

铜绿假单胞菌是临床上常见致病菌, 传统的检测方法有各种弊端。本研究对该细菌的ETA基因用生物信息学方法加以分析, 选取相对保守且高度特异的DNA序列, 设计一对特异性引物和一个TaqMan探针, 建立FQ-PCR (fluorescence quantitative PCR)检测PA的方法。通过对梯度浓度的铜绿假单胞菌基因组DNA样品进行FQ-PCR检测和对多种细菌的DNA进行扩增, 来检测其灵敏度和验证引物和探针的特异性。试验结果表明, 对比现有的检测方法, 以ETA基因为靶基因, 基于TaqMan探针的快速FQ-PCR检测技术有更高的灵敏度和更好的特异性等优点, 具有很好的研究价值和应用前景。     

均匀设计在候选内参基因RT—qPCR实验条件优化中的应用

目的探讨均匀设计在候选内参基因RT—qPCR实验条件优化中的应用,有助于后期实验筛选不同状态下THP～1细胞的稳定内参基因。方法以THP-1细胞cDNA为模板,eDNA模板量、引物浓度和退火温度3个因素为影响因素,应用均匀设计3因素8水平,探索影响候选内参基因RT-qPCR的扩增条件,检测不同实验条件下的扩增效果,在最优扩增条件下建立候选内参基因定量扩增的相对标准曲线,并检测扩增效率。结果通过均匀设计,完成对eDNA模板量、引物浓度和退火温度3因素8水平的实验条件优化,建立候选内参基因RT—qPCR检测的最佳组合为eDNA模板量0．5big、引物浓度200μmol／L、退火温度55℃。结论本实验选用均匀设计优化RT—qPCR实验条件,筛选出THP-1细胞候选内参基因RT—qPCR的最优实验条件。均匀设计适合于本实验研究多因素多水平试验条件的配比。     

用基于TaqMan探针的Real-timePCR技术定量检测副溶血弧菌

副溶血弧菌是一种引起食源性疾病的重要病原菌,传统的鉴定方法费时费力且容易出现假阴性,建立一种定量检测副溶血弧菌基因的方法尤为重要。根据GenBank公布的副溶血弧菌的gyrB基因序列设计一对引物和TaqMan探针,建立了基于TaqMan探针的Realtime PCR方法。通过对9种细菌（12株菌株）的DNA进行扩增,结果所有4株副溶血弧菌均可产生扩增曲线,其他8株非副溶血弧菌均不产生扩增曲线,证明了引物和探针具有很高的特异性。细菌纯培养物品和人工布菌的检测敏感度分别为1 CFU/ PCR反应体系和10 CFU/PCR反应体系,相关系数均为0.99（r2＝0.99）,整个试验可在1h内完成。建立的方法可用于海产品中副溶血弧菌的快速定量检测。     

黄颡鱼小RNA病毒qPCR检测方法的建立与应用

黄颡鱼小RNA病毒（Yellow catfish Picornavirus,YCPrV）是黄颡鱼重要的致死性病原，本研究旨在建立一种快速、精准的YCPrV检测方法。基于YCPrV 22426-8毒株RdRp基因编码区序列设计特异性引物和探针，通过质粒标准品和标准曲线的制作，反应体系和反应条件的优化，灵敏度和特异性的测试，建立一种检测YCPrV的TaqMan荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法。结果显示，在绘制的qPCR标准曲线中，拷贝数与Ct值具有良好的线性关系，相关系数（R2）为0.9974，扩增效率为88.98%，最高检测灵敏度为5.09×100拷贝。该方法对来自黄颡鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼和虾的其它8种病毒无扩增信号，仅YCPrV具有扩增曲线，对临床样品阳性检出率比普通PCR高12.28%。自然感染黄颡鱼组织中YCPrV检测结果发现，病毒载量从高到低依次为肠、肾、心、肝、脾、鳃和脑。以上结果表明，本研究建立的TaqMan荧光定量PCR检测方法具有良好的特异性、灵敏度和可重复性，临床检测YCPrV时，建议优选肾和心作为检测靶标组织。YCPrV qPCR方法的建立，可为YCPrV的精准定量检测和疾病...     

降雨决定繁殖期红瘰疣螈的活动性

有尾两栖类的繁殖活动常常受到环境因子,特别是如温度、湿度和降雨等气候因子的限制。红瘰疣螈Tylototriton shanjing是适应云南山地环境的典型有尾两栖类动物。本研究期望通过对繁殖期红瘰疣螈活动个体数量的野外调查和气候因子的分析,弄清影响红瘰疣螈繁殖行为活动的关键气候因子。研究结果显示,繁殖期红瘰疣螈活动个体数量与气温呈显著的负相关关系,与空气相对湿度和降雨量呈显著的正相关关系。然而偏相关和多元回归分析则表明,红瘰疣螈繁殖行为活动与相对湿度和降雨量关系更密切。红瘰疣螈总是在降雨后引起空气湿度增加以及气温下降时进行各种繁殖行为活动,降雨是影响红瘰疣螈繁殖行为活动关键的气候因子。红瘰疣螈的繁殖行为活动与降雨节律保持一致是对云南山地环境的重要适应。     

一种基于寡核苷酸微阵列芯片的多重可扩增探针杂交技术

多重可扩增探针杂交技术(multiplex amplifiable probe hybridization,MAPH)是近年来发展起来的一种用于基因组中DNA拷贝数检测的新技术。并发展了一种基于寡核苷酸微阵列芯片的MAPH技术。该方法根据所检测的DNA序列,制备若干具有通用引物的FCR产物作为可扩增探针组,与固定在尼龙膜上待测的基因组DNA杂交。用磁珠回收特异性杂交的探针,经生物素标记的通用引物扩增后,与相应的寡核苷酸微阵列芯片杂交。该特异性的寡核苷酸微阵列芯片包括10个抗肌营养不良基因的外显子探针和阴性、阳性探针。杂交清冼后,链霉亲和素-Cy3染色用芯片扫描仪得到杂交的荧光图像。分析荧光信号的强度差异给出特定基因片段拷贝数的变化。该方法用微阵列技术代替MAPH中的电泳检测技术,可大幅度增加检测的通量。选择了一个正常男性、一个正常女性和一个肌营养不良症患者的基因组DNA来进行验证。结果表明,该方法能够同时给出抗肌营养不良基因多个外显子中的基因片段拷贝数差异信息。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.