蚕豆叶肉细胞中ABA的胶体金免疫电镜定位

利用胶体金免疫电镜定位技术对蚕豆叶肉细胞中ＡＢＡ定位的研究表明,在以ＡＢＡ抗体处理的切片中,叶绿在有大量的金颗粒标记,细胞质和细胞核也有金颗粒标记,但液泡和细胞壁中没有金颗粒标记,免疫染色前用胰蛋白酶处理可显著增强金颗粒标记密度,而不用ＥＤＣ固定或以免疫前兔血清处理的切片中几乎没有金颗粒标记。本实验为蚕豆叶肉细胞中ＡＢＡ的分布提供了直接的证据并说明了该技术是研究ＡＢＡ定位的一种可靠的方法。     

蚕豆叶片细胞中IAA的胶体金免疫电镜定位

利用胶体金免疫电镜技术对蚕豆(Vicia faba L.)叶片细胞中的IAA定位进行了研究。幼嫩叶片的叶肉细胞中金颗粒主要分布在细胞核和叶绿体中,细胞质及细胞壁也有金颗粒标记。成熟叶片的叶肉细胞中金颗粒主要分布在叶绿体和细胞质,细胞壁也有少量金颗粒标记,液泡中没有发现金颗粒标记。成熟叶片小叶脉的韧皮细胞发现有大量的金颗粒标记,金颗粒主要标记在传递细胞的细胞壁中。小叶脉的维管束鞘细胞中也有很多的金颗粒标记,金颗粒主要分布在叶绿体、细胞质及细胞壁中。幼嫩叶片组织不进行IAA的固定或用正常兔IgG代替IAA抗体染色的对照,很难发现金颗粒标记。对IAA在组织及亚细胞中的定位及其生理意义进行了讨论。     

绿豆上胚轴细胞中BR的胶体金免疫电镜定位

利用葡萄球菌Ａ蛋白与胶体金连接的复合物为探针的免疫电镜定位技术对绿豆上胚轴细胞中ＢＲ定定的结果表明,在用抗ＢＲ抗体处理的超薄切片中,叶绿体、核仁和液泡内有大量的金效果标记,细胞膜和淀粉粒也有金颗粒标记,但细胞壁中没有观察到金颗粒。在不用ＥＤＣ固定的切片中,金颗粒标记密度非常低,而在用正常兔血清处理的切片中,所有细胞器内几乎没有金颗粒。该实验为绿豆上胚轴细胞中ＢＲ的分布提供了直接的证据。     

绿豆上胚轴细胞中BR的胶体金免疫电镜定位

利用葡萄球菌A蛋白与胶体金连接的复合物为探针的免疫电镜定位技术对绿豆上胚轴细胞中BR定位的结果表明,在用抗BR抗体处理的超薄切片中,叶绿体、核仁和液泡内有大量的金颗粒标记,细胞膜和淀粉粒也有金颗粒标记,但细胞壁中没有观察到金颗粒。在不用EDC固定的切片中,金颗粒标记密度非常低,而在用正常兔血清处理的切片中,所有细胞器内几乎没有金颗粒.该实验为绿豆上胚轴细胞中BR的分布提供了直接的证据。     

水分胁迫下蚕豆（Vicia faba L．）气孔关闭与叶片细胞中ABA区隔化与再分配的关系

应用胶体金免疫电镜定位技术研究水分胁迫下叶片ＡＢＡ的再分配。表明：水分胁迫初期蚕豆叶肉细胞中ＡＢＡ的量与对照相比无明显变化,但水分胁迫可导致表皮细胞质外体ＡＢＡ含量明显增加;保卫细胞在水分胁迫前即含有大量ＡＢＡ;ＡＢＡ主要分布在叶绿体和细胞核,细胞的腹壁及相邻外壁和内壁也有大量ＡＢＡ存在,但背壁ＡＢＡ的量很少;气孔完全开放时背壁ＡＢＡ含量更少,当水分胁迫导致气孔关闭时,保卫细胞背壁ＡＢＡ含量大增,说明气孔运动与保卫细胞中ＡＢＡ的区隔化与再分配密切相关。     

用胶体金免疫电镜技术研究水分胁迫对蚕豆根中ABA分布与含量的影响

用胶体金免疫电镜技术对蚕豆 ( Vicia faba L.)根中 ABA的定位结果表明 ,在原分生组织金颗粒主要分布在细胞核。在基本分生组织或伸长区前部皮层细胞的质膜附近有较多的金颗粒标记 ,维管柱特别是维管组织的质外体中发现有大量金颗粒标记。伸长区中部及根毛区细胞也有较多的金颗粒标记。水分胁迫可导致初生分生组织或伸长区前部细胞金颗粒标记密度大增 ,伸长区中部及根毛区细胞的金颗粒密度也明显增加。对根中 ABA在超微结构水平上的分布及其与运输的关系进行了讨论 ,为 ABA有可能作为由根向地上部分传递的逆境信息提供了进一步的证据。     

与蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号胞间运动和长距离转运相关的寄主细胞超微结构研究

电镜超微结构观察和免疫金标记显示:受蚕豆萎蔫病毒2号(Broad bean wilt virus 2,BBWV 2)中国分离物B935侵染的豌豆(Pisum sativum)和蚕豆(Vicia faba)叶细胞中膜结构增生,形成膜结构增生区,病毒以结晶体和管状体形式存在于细胞质中。在病变早期,叶肉细胞的胞间连丝处连接有小管结构,病毒样颗粒呈纵列排在小管中,穿越胞间连丝的小管能被BBWV 2的金标记抗体特异性标记。维管束组织的薄壁细胞、伴胞及转移细胞内存在膜增生区及病毒管状体,在筛管壁附近存在的病毒样颗粒能被BBWV 2金标记抗体特异性标记。实验结果表明BBWV 2胞间运动形式与豇豆花叶病毒(CPMV)相似,以完整粒子通过在胞间连丝处形成的小管结构穿越胞间连丝;细胞质中存在的直径160nm管状体只是一种病毒聚集体,与胞间运动无直接关系;该病毒在筛管中可能也是以完整粒子形式进行长距离转运的。     

大麦和玉米叶片叶绿体中Rubisco及其活化酶的免疫金标记定位

运用免疫金标记电镜技术研究了禾本科C3植物大麦(Hordeum vulgare L.)和C4植物玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片中Rubisoo及其活化酶(RCA)的细胞定位,结果表明:两种植物叶片解剖结构及叶绿体超微结构差别明显.在大麦叶细胞中,只有一种叶肉细胞叶绿体,Rubisoo和RCA主要分布于叶绿体的间质中.在玉米叶细胞中,存在着维管束鞘细胞和叶肉细胞两种类型叶绿体,Rubisco主要分布于鞘细胞叶绿体的基质中,但在叶肉细胞叶绿体中亦有少量特异性标记;RCA在鞘细胞叶绿体和叶肉细胞叶绿体的基质中都有分布.两种植物叶绿体结构及光合作用关键酶定位的不同,体现了C3植物和C4植物在光合器结构与功能上的差异.     

蚕豆保卫细胞中钙调素的免疫电镜定位

以蚕豆横切和平切气孔为材料,对钙调素进行了免疫胶体金电镜定位的结果表明:在蚕豆保卫细胞的细胞核、细胞质、细胞膜、叶绿体、液泡、高尔基体、细胞壁中都有金颗粒分布,在线粒体上的分布较少.     

类胀泡结构是合成核糖核酸多聚酶Ⅱ转录产物的核内结构

采用可定位研究新生ＲＮＡ多聚酶Ⅱ（ＲＰⅡ）转录产物的溴尿嘧啶核苷三磷酸（ＢｒＵＴＰ）标记技术，对洋葱（ＡｌｉｕｍｃｅｐａＬ．）根端分生组织细胞核中的类胀泡结构（ＰＬＳ）进行了研究。经ＢｒＵＴＰ和抗ＢｒｄＵ抗体标记后，在电镜下观察到ＰＬＳ中存在大量的金颗粒，说明该结构中进行着旺盛的ＲＰⅡ转录产物的合成；经α鹅膏蕈碱（αＡ，１０μｇ／Ｌ，２ｈ）处理后，ＰＬＳ中金颗粒的减少极其显著，其金颗粒密度从６６．６５个／μｍ２降至１．７７个／μｍ２，进一步确认该结构上的金颗粒代表ＲＰⅡ转录产物。并且进一步证明该结构是合成ＲＰⅡ转录产物的核内结构。     

An Immunogold Microscopic Study on the Effects of Water Stress on ABA Localization and Contents in Roots of Vicia faba

ABA localization in roots of Vicia faba L. was studied using immunogold microscopy. In cells of promeristem gold particles were mainly localized in the nuclei. In cells of ground meristem and cortex of the front part of elongation zone, some gold particles were found in cytoplasm near. the plasmalemma. Substantial amounts of gold particles were observed in cells of vascular cylinder especially in apoplast of vascular tissue. Cells of middle elongation zone and root hair zone were also labelled by many gold particles. In cells of the primary meristem and the front part of elongation zone, water stress could lead to acute increase of the gold particle density, and also in the cells of the elongation and root hair zone. The distribution of ABA in subcellular level and its relationship with transportation were discussed in the text. and the results provided evidence for ABA as a root-to-shoot transporting stress signal.     

Immunoelectron-microscopy localization of abscisic acid with colloidal gold on Lowicryl-embedded tissues of Chnopodium polyspermum L.

Further study on the localization of abscisic acid (ABA) has been undertaken at the ultrastructural level in Chenopodium polyspermum L. Axillary-bud-bearing nodes on the main axis were fixed with soluble 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3 ethyl carbodiimide, then postfixed with paraformaldehyde and embedded in Lowicryl K4M at-20° C. Ultrathin sections mounted on grids were successively incubated with rabbit anti-ABA antibodies and with gold-labelled goat anti-rabbit anti-bodies (40 nm particle size). Control sections treated with preimmune rabbit serum and ABA-preabsorbed antibodies were devoid of label. The background staining was very low with this technique. Quantitative analysis of the immunolabelling showed that two main sites of ABA accumulation could be defined: first, plastids in cortical cells and vascular parenchyma cells associated with sieve elements and xylem vessels; second, the cell cytoplasm and nucleus in the axillary bud tip and in procambial strands. In vascular bundles, the cambial cells showed no immunoreactivity. These observations support the hypothesis for the cytoplasmic synthesis of ABA which is subsequently trapped in plastids as cells mature.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - EDC 1-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide - GAR 40 goat anti-rabbit antibodies labelled with colloidal gold of particle size 40 nm - IgG immunoglobulin G     

Guard cells in albino leaf patches do not respond to photosynthetically active radiation, but are sensitive to blue light, CO2 and abscisic acid

Stomatal openings can be stimulated by light through two signalling pathways. The first pathway is blue light specific and involves phototropins, while the second pathway mediates a response to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This second pathway was studied with the use of albino Vicia faba plants and variegated leaves of Chlorophytum comosum. Treatment of V. faba with norflurazon (Nf) inhibits the synthesis of carotenoids and leads to albino leaves with guard cells that lack functional green chloroplasts. Guard cells in albino leaf patches of C. comosum, however, do contain photosynthetically active chloroplasts. Stomata in albino leaf patches of both plants did not respond to red light, although blue light could still induce stomatal opening. This shows that the response to PAR is not functioning in albino leaf patches, even though guard cells of C. comosum harbour chloroplasts. Stomata of Nf-treated plants still responded to CO2 and abscisic acid (ABA). The size of Nf-treated guard cells was increased, but impalement studies with double-barrelled microelectrodes revealed no changes in ion-transport properties at the plasma membrane of guard cells. Blue light could hyperpolarize albino guard cells by triggering outward currents with peak values of 37 pA in albino plants and 51 pA in green control cells. Because of the inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis, Nf-treated V. faba plants contained only 4% of the ABA content found in green control plants. The ABA dose dependence of anion channel activation in guard cells was shifted in these plants, causing a reduced response to 10 microM ABA. These data show that despite the dramatic changes in physiology caused by Nf, the gross responsiveness of guard cells to blue light, CO2 and ABA remains unaltered. Stomata in albino leaf patches, however, do not respond to PAR, but require photosynthetically active mesophyll cells for this response.     

Distinct abscisic acid signaling pathways for modulation of guard cell versus mesophyll cell potassium channels revealed by expression studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes

Regulation of guard cell ion transport by abscisic acid (ABA) and in particular ABA inhibition of a guard cell inward K(+) current (I(Kin)) is well documented. However, little is known concerning ABA effects on ion transport in other plant cell types. Here we applied patch clamp techniques to mesophyll cell protoplasts of fava bean (Vicia faba cv Long Pod) plants and demonstrated ABA inhibition of an outward K(+) current (I(Kout)). When mesophyll cell protoplast mRNA (mesophyll mRNA) was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, I(Kout) was generated that displayed similar properties to I(Kout) observed from direct analysis of mesophyll cell protoplasts. I(Kout) expressed by mesophyll mRNA-injected oocytes was inhibited by ABA, indicating that the ABA signal transduction pathway observed in mesophyll cells was preserved in the frog oocytes. Co-injection of oocytes with guard cell protoplast mRNA and cRNA for KAT1, an inward K(+) channel expressed in guard cells, resulted in I(Kin) that was similarly inhibited by ABA. However, oocytes co-injected with mesophyll mRNA and KAT1 cRNA produced I(Kin) that was not inhibited by ABA. These results demonstrate that the mesophyll-encoded signaling mechanism could not substitute for the guard cell pathway. These findings indicate that mesophyll cells and guard cells use distinct and different receptor types and/or signal transduction pathways in ABA regulation of K(+) channels.     

水分胁迫下ABA由蚕豆根向地上部的运输及其在叶片组织中的分布

蚕豆根装载的３Ｈ－ＡＢＡ可经５．６ｃｍ／ｍｉｎ以上的速率向冠部运输。短时间内（５ｍｉｎ）根运来的ＡＢＡ主要分布在有大量气孔密布的下表皮,但长时间内（３ｈ）则主要分布在对内组织中。抑制蒸腾可降低ＡＢＡ向叶片中的运输积累。光镜放射自显影术显示,根运来的ＡＢＡ可有效地在表皮细胞及保卫细胞的质外体积累。３Ｈ－ＡＢＡ由根向地上部快速运输及其在作用部位的有效积累,说明水分胁迫下蚕豆根部可以通过ＡＢＡ信号的传递控制气孔的行为。     

The responses of guard and mesophyll cell photosynthesis to CO2, O2, light,and water stress in a range of species are similar

High resolution chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging was used to compare the photosynthetic efficiency of PSII electron transport (estimated by Fq'/Fm') in guard cell chloroplasts and the underlying mesophyll in intact leaves of six different species: Commelina communis, Vicia faba, Amaranthus caudatus, Polypodium vulgare, Nicotiana tabacum, and Tradescantia albifora. While photosynthetic efficiency varied between the species, the efficiencies of guard cells and mesophyll cells were always closely matched. As measurement light intensity was increased, guard cells from the lower leaf surfaces of C. communis and V. faba showed larger reductions in photosynthetic efficiency than those from the upper surfaces. In these two species, guard cell photosynthetic efficiency responded similarly to that of the mesophyll when either light intensity or CO2 concentration during either measurement or growth was changed. In all six species, reducing the O2 concentration from 21% to 2% reduced guard cell photosynthetic efficiency, even for the C4 species A. caudatus, although the mesophyll of the C4 species did not show any O2 modulation of photosynthetic efficiency. This suggests that Rubisco activity is significant in the guard cells of these six species. When C. communis plants were water-stressed, the guard cell photosynthetic efficiency declined in parallel with that of the mesophyll. It was concluded that the photosynthetic efficiency in guard cells is determined by the same factors that determine it in the mesophyll.     

Tentoxin stops the processing of polyphenol oxidase into an active protein

Previous studies in our laboratory have indicated that polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as measured by its activity, is not present in tentoxin-treated plants. In the present study, immunochemical techniques were used as a sensitive probe of tentoxin effects on PPO. Immunocytochemistry of PPO with peroxidase-antiperoxidase labelling techniques, revealed that in control Vicia faba L. chloroplasts, PPO was associated mainly with the thylakoids. Cytochemical staining of PPO activity using DL-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as substrate was also localized only on the thylakoids in the control chloroplasts. In tentoxin-treated plants all of the immunologically-recognizable PPO accumulated at the plastid envelope although no PPO was detected by cytochemical methods. SDS polyacrylamide gels of extracts from control and tentoxin-treated Vicia leaves were blotted onto nitrocellulose and reacted with rabbit anti-PPO. Secondary labelling of the blots with goat-antirabbit IgG labelled with peroxidase revealed a 40 kdalton protein in both extracts. However, only the PPO from the control extract had DOPA oxidase activity. These data suggest that PPO accumulates in the plastid envelope membranes in tentoxin-affected cells and that PPO in these treated plants is not processed to an active protein.