毛乌素沙化草地景观生态分类与排序的研究

 本文通过对毛乌素沙地景观生态数据的处理与分析,以广泛应用于植被科学的数量分类方法TWINSPAN为工具,对毛乌素沙地景观生态类型进行了自上而下的等级式的数量分类研究,并与实际情况相结合,提出了毛乌素沙化草地景观生态分类系统。然后又利用算法上与TWINSPAN相似的DCA对沙化草地景观生态类型进行了排序分析,并与数量分类结果相结合,辅以逐步回归分析等多元分析方法,对所划分的各景观生态类型之间的关系进行了分析与探讨,指出毛乌素沙化草地具有较为丰富的景观生态类型,地下水位,覆沙厚度,基质类型控制着沙化草地景观生态类型的发生与演化;提出了毛乌素沙化草地景观生态的演化模式。本文还表明,TWINSPAN和DCA是景观生态研究比较有效的数量分析方法。     

毛乌素沙地天然植物多样性组成及区系特征分析

毛乌素沙地位于干旱、半干旱区向半湿润区过渡地带,该研究通过野外调查及数据统计,对毛乌素沙地天然植物科、属、种的组成及区系特征进行了分析,并与周围的沙地(沙漠)植物区系进行比较,以明确毛乌素沙地的珍稀植物及其植物多样性组成特征。结果表明:(1)毛乌素沙地天然植物共90科360属772种,区内植物类群相对丰富,植被群落类型多样,优势科明显,单种属、寡种属占到的比例达到73.45%。(2)毛乌素沙地天然植物90科划分为10个分布区类型及4个变型,360属划分为15个分布区类型及10个变型。(3)毛乌素沙地科的植物区系组成以世界分布为主,属的植物区系组成以温带分布为主,反映了该区的植物区系与所处的地理位置和气候具有相适应的特性。(4)毛乌素沙地植物区系成分与浑善达克沙地植物区系亲缘关系最近,与库布齐沙漠、乌兰布和沙漠、库姆塔格沙漠植物区系有一定差异,表明毛乌素沙地植物区系存在明显的从温带分布到地中海区、西亚至中亚分布的过渡性质。     

毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌的多样性及其抗逆性

从内蒙古毛乌素沙地优势物种中问锦鸡儿收集根瘤,分离根瘤菌15株,对其进行同工酶电泳,聚类分析证明中间锦坞儿的遗传多样性对其耐盐性、耐酸碱性、生长温度范围、产酸产碱性、过氧化氢酶活性以及唯一碳源利用能力进行比较研究,结果表明,所有中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌均分泌H^+,都具有过氧化氢酶活性,73.3%的菌株可以在含3％NaCl的YMA培养基上生长,80％的菌株可以抵抗50℃高温,除对乳糖和淀粉利用表现出差异外,中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌对其余碳源没有选择性,证明中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌具有较强的抗逆性,但仍存在菌株间差异,是对毛乌素沙地多种景观生态类型的适应作为一种新的种质资源,中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌可用于恶劣生境固氮。     

毛乌素沙地中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌的多样性及其抗逆性

从内蒙古毛乌素沙地优势物种中间锦鸡儿收集根瘤,分离根瘤菌15株,对其进行同工酶电泳,聚类分析证明中间锦鸡儿的遗传多样性.对其耐盐性、耐酸碱性、生长温度范围、产酸产碱性、过氧化氢酶活性以及唯一碳源利用能力进行比较研究,结果表明,所有中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌均分泌H⁺,都具有过氧化氢酶活性,73.3%的菌株可以在含3%NaCl的YMA培养基上生长,80%的菌株可以抵抗50℃高温,除对乳糖和淀粉利用表现出差异外,中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌对其余碳源没有选择性,证明中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌具有较强的抗逆性,但仍存在菌株间差异,是对毛乌素沙地多种景观生态类型的适应.作为一种新的种质资源,中间锦鸡儿根瘤菌可用于恶劣生境固氮.     

城市绿地类型的划分及其在生态城市建设中的意义和作用

根据生境和绿地功能把城市绿地划分为10个类型,并阐述了这些类型的组建和管护问题。10个绿地类型包括保护区,植物园,城市公园,城市片林,街心花园、草坪和花坛,道路两旁绿化区,庭园绿地,房顶、墙壁、凉台和室内的绿化,村落生态经济园及生态农业景观。根据归属部门、管理级别、保护对象、管理对象及监控类型的不同,对保护区进行了进一步的划分。城市绿地分类系统的建立既能把城市建设与生物多样性保护相结合,也有助于生物多样性公约的实施,并在维护城市生态安全、美化城市环境、建立具有特色的生物多样性产业、开展生态旅游和生态教育培训、繁荣地方经济和提高当地人民生活水平等方面有重要意义。     

生态保护区外斑块对景观连接度的影响评价

快速的城市化过程带来的生境斑块破碎化及损失会影响物种迁移、捕食等生态活动,对生物多样性构成威胁。然而,现有生态保护区可能无法覆盖其内生物的必要活动范围。生态保护区外的生境斑块对于维持生态过程也具有重要作用,因此识别生态保护区外的关键斑块并加以保护非常重要。以北京市延庆区为研究区,划分两种生境斑块,即核心生境斑块和潜在生境斑块,并基于图论构建生境网络。考虑地表覆盖类型、坡度、人类活动等因素构建生境阻力面。结合未来土地利用类型变化的模拟,研究城市化过程对区域生境网络和景观连接度的影响,选用CLUE-S模型模拟土地利用类型变化的格局。结合生境斑块特征和未来城市土地利用变化情况设计了3种未来生境变化情景。利用连接概率指数(PC)和网络连接度变化率(dI)评价不同生境变化情景下生态保护区外潜在生境斑块的景观连接度重要性,判断保护优先顺序,并分析景观格局变化对不同迁移能力物种的影响。结果表明：生态保护区外的全部潜在生境斑块对维持生境整体景观连接度有最大2.15%的影响,单个潜在生境斑块对维持景观连接度有最大0.28%的影响。此外,景观格局及其变化对不同迁移能力物种的影响差异显著,因此需针对保护物种和城市生境特征设计保护方案,研究区需要优先保护大中型斑块和位于关键位置的小型斑块。为了满足对生物多样性保护的需求,建议在区分生境斑块保护优先顺序时考虑生境斑块对景观连接度的贡献和城市化扩展过程的压力。研究为城市生物多样性保护和生境管理提供了方法参考。     

景观多样性分析及其制图研究

景观多样性是生物多样性研究的主要内容之一。景观多样性是指景观结构、功能和动态的多样性和复杂性。本文讨论了景观多样性的概念、测度和空间制图。提出了景观多样性包括类型多样性、格局多样性和斑块多样性。景观多样性可用多样性指数、优势度、相对丰富度、修改的分维数等指数来测定。一个多样性指数Ｄ＿ｉ＝（ｉ－１）／（ｍ－１）×１００％被给出用于景观多样性制图,黄土高原泉家沟流域被选为研究区域。在地理信息系统的支持下,通过时栅格化的土地利用类型图进行分析操作产生出了研究区域的景观多样性图。对景观多样性进行空间制图有助于分析景观生态过程,研究结果可直接用于景观和土地利用规划、野生动植物保护及立地分析。     

毛乌素沙地根际土壤微生物数量与植物盖度相关性的初步研究

对毛乌素沙地不同生境下根际土壤微生物细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量进行了研究,结果表明：根际不同菌种菌落总量表现为细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少;地貌部位、植物类型等不同生境条件下,微生物菌落总量和垂直分布上均存在明显差异;固定沙丘迎风坡及荒草地的生物多样性指数高于其他地方,各微生物类群间分布比例较均匀。植物盖度与微生物的数量并不存在直接的相关性。因此,在改善毛乌素沙地生态环境时,应关注不同生境条件下植被演替的递续性和植物类型的配置。     

毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮细菌群落差异及其驱动因子

生物结皮在干旱半干旱区具有极为重要的生态功能,细菌是生物结皮中的重要微生物类群,在生物结皮形成、养分循环与调控过程中发挥着关键作用。然而,对于毛乌素沙地生物结皮演替过程中细菌群落多样性和关键环境因子的认识尚不清楚。因此,本文通过q PCR和高通量测序方法调查了毛乌素沙地裸地、藻结皮、地衣结皮和藓结皮之间的细菌丰度和群落多样性,并探究了生物结皮中细菌群落及其与关键环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,随着生物结皮的演替,细菌16S rRNA基因丰度呈显著上升趋势,细菌Chao1、Shannon指数和系统发育多样性呈先降低后增加的模式。生物结皮不同阶段的细菌门、目和属的相对丰度均存在显著差异,在裸地阶段优势细菌类群是拟杆菌门的噬几丁质菌目、放线菌门的红色杆菌目和变形菌门的根瘤菌目;藻结皮和地衣结皮中均以蓝藻门的颤藻目占绝对优势;藓结皮的细菌以拟杆菌门的噬几丁质菌目和变形菌门的根瘤菌目占优势。全磷、全氮、pH和总有机碳是影响土壤细菌群落的关键环境因子。综上所述,生物结皮的演替通过改变土壤理化特性,为细菌群落提供了不同生态位,其中,土壤养分和pH等环境因子对毛乌素沙地生物结皮细菌物种筛选和群落塑造发挥...     

景观中心度及其在生态网络规划与管理中的应用

构建连续性生态网络已成为生物多样性保护、生态环境安全管理、游憩和历史文化资源保护的重要景观规划策略,其规划与管理已受到广泛关注.关键景观组分的识别是生态网络规划与管理的重点和难点,为解决这一问题,本文借鉴图论网络分析理论提出了景观中心度的概念及度量方法,并探讨了景观中心度在生态网络规划与管理中的应用内容和框架.景观中心度方法虽然可为景观规划与管理中关键景观要素的确定和连续生态网络的构建提供新途径,但仍需从指标的生态意义、实验数据的分析和简单通用的分析软件等方面对该方法进行验证和完善.     

Moth assemblages in Costa Rica rain forest mirror small-scale topographic heterogeneity

In many tropical lowland rain forests, topographic variation increases environmental heterogeneity, thus contributing to the extraordinary biodiversity of tropical lowland forests. While a growing number of studies have addressed effects of topographic differences on tropical insect communities at regional scales (e.g., along extensive elevational gradients), surprisingly little is known about topographic effects at smaller spatial scales. The present study investigates moth assemblages in a topographically heterogeneous lowland rain forest landscape, at distances of less than a few hundred meters, in the Golfo Dulce region (SW Costa Rica). Three moth lineages—Erebidae–Arctiinae (tiger and lichen moths), the bombycoid complex, and Geometridae (inchworm moths)—were examined by means of automatic light traps in three different forest types: creek forest, slope forest, and ridge forest. Altogether, 6,543 individuals of 419 species were observed. Moth assemblages differed significantly between the three forest types regarding species richness, total abundance, and species composition. Moth richness and abundance increased more than fourfold and eightfold from creek over slope to ridge forest sites. All three taxonomic units showed identical biodiversity patterns, notwithstanding their strong differences in multiple eco-morphological traits. An indicator species analysis revealed that most species identified as characteristic were associated either with the ridge forest alone or with ridge plus slope forests, but very few with the creek forest. Despite their mobility, local moth assemblages are highly differentially filtered from the same regional species pool. Hence, variation in environmental factors significantly affects assemblages of tropical moth species at small spatial scales.     

毛乌素沙地锦鸡儿（Caragana）种群形态变异

以柠条锦鸡儿（Ｃａｒａｇａｎａｋｏｒｓｈｉｎｓｋｉｉ）人工种群为对照,研究了自然分布在内蒙古毛乌素沙地各类生境（硬梁、覆沙硬梁、覆沙软梁、覆沙滩地和沙丘）的９个锦鸡儿种群的具分种意义的形态特征的变异。荚果长度在一个植株内是比较稳定的性状;但在各个种群内、种群间变异很大,覆盖了小叶锦鸡儿（Ｃ．ｍｉｃｒｏｐｈｙｌｌａ）、中间锦鸡儿（Ｃ．ｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａ）和柠条锦鸡儿３个种的范围。同一生境不同种群以及不同生境种群的比较,说明,．决定荚果长度的主要是遗传因素,环境因子如水分条件可能只起次要作用。每个自然种群荚果长度的分布出现几个峰值,说明种群遗传组成的异质性。小叶形状和被毛的资料也说明各个种群内和种群间的异质性。看来,该地区锦鸡儿是上述３种锦鸡儿的杂种带（Ｈｙｂｒｉｄｚｏｎｅ）．形态变异资料也说明毛乌素沙地在遗体多样性方面也是生态过渡带。     

Genetic diversity in tetraploid switchgrass revealed by AFLP marker polymorphisms

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a perennial warm-season grass native to North America that has been identified as a dedicated cellulosic biofuel crop. We quantified genetic diversity in tetraploid switchgrass germplasm collected at Oklahoma State University and characterized genetic relatedness among the collections from distinct regions. Fifty-six tetraploid accessions, including seven upland and 49 lowland genotypes from throughout the US, were examined. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) procedure was utilized to generate DNA profiling patterns that were scored visually. Sixteen selective AFLP primer combinations were used to amplify 452 polymorphic bands. The accessions' genetic similarity coefficients, UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averaging) cluster analysis and principle coordinate analysis, were performed. The upland and lowland accessions clustered according to ecotypes, with one exception (TN104). Genetic similarity coefficients among the accessions ranged from 0.73 to 0.95. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was performed, showing significant differences between the upland and lowland genotypes. The trnL marker confirmed that TN104 was a lowland genotype, but the trnL marker identification of upland and lowland genotypes was not consistent with the AFLP analysis in two germplasms (Miami and AR4).     

Southern Scandinavian lowland populations of Rhytidium rugosum (Hedw.) Kindb. (Bryophyta,Rhytidiaceae) differ significantly from those in the mountains

Abstract

Haplotype diversity patterns based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and gpd (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) in Scandinavian Rhytidium rugosum were compared between four populations from the mountain range and two in the southern lowlands. The mountain populations differ from the southern lowland ones in haplotype composition and the lowland ones differ from each other, suggesting different histories. A coalescent-based analysis (LAMARC) indicated immigration into the population now found in the mountains from that represented in the lowlands. Because several factors argue against such a dispersal scenario within the relatively short postglacial period, it is proposed that these migration patterns are older than the postglacial period. It is suggested that the mountain range populations immigrated from a source population either in the north-east or within Scandinavia, whereas the lowland populations are likely to represent remains of the glacial population of lowland Europe. The highest haplotype diversity in Scandinavia was found in the Gudbrandsdalen area in southern Norway. This is probably explained by the fact that this is the only region in Europe where R. rugosum regularly reproduces sexually. The lowest diversity was found on the Great Alvar on the island of Öland off the Baltic coast of southern Sweden, and is most likely a result of gradual loss of haplotypes over time.     

Altitudinal species turnover in southern Tanzania shown by anurans: Some zoogeographical considerations

A transect was used to investigate the pattern of altitudinal species turnover shown by the rich fauna of frogs and toads in southeastern Tanzania, and to compare the pattern with those shown by transects taken further south. The transect, taken from the Udzungwa range to the southeastern coast, was divided into 50 m intervals. As with the southern transects, there appears to be a major grouping into lowland and highland sets, with opposing and overlapping subtraction margins that form a replacement‐transition zone. A distributionally complex assemblage of species occurs in this zone. When a similarity value (the Dice‐S?rensen index, expressed as a percentage) taken between the montane ridge and lowland faunas was compared with those of the southern transects, a markedly higher species turnover (low similarity value) is shown in Tanzania. Both lowland and highland faunas have more species than equivalent faunas to the south; the highland fauna is particularly rich in genera not known to occur further south. Yet overall, the pattern of altitudinal turnover shown in the Tanzanian transect is in agreement with the pattern shown in the southern transects. The transects discussed in this paper, combined with other evidence, suggest a need for re‐evaluating the common practice of including all sub‐Saharan Africa in a single so‐called Afrotropical Region.     

干旱区不同草地土壤植物系统水盐的特征

 土壤水盐状况对干旱区草地植物群落的种类组成有直接的影响。本文通过3年对土壤水盐动态(1m土壤含盐量、潜水埋深和矿化度)的定位定点监测,系统地划分出水盐等级指标,并结合草地调查,阐述了不同草地类型与水盐状况的关系,将新疆呼图壁草地生态试验站天然草地划分为沼泽化低地草甸、盐化低地草甸、重盐化低地草甸、盐土荒漠和重盐土荒漠五个亚类。     

Investigating the relationship between raw milk bacterial composition, as described by intergenic transcribed spacer–PCR fingerprinting, and pasture altitude

Aims:  To assess the bacterial biodiversity level in bovine raw milk used to produce Fontina, a Protected Designation of Origin cheese manufactured at high-altitude pastures and in valleys of Valle d'Aosta region (North-western Italian Alps) without any starters. To study the relation between microbial composition and pasture altitude, in order to distinguish high-altitude milk against valley and lowland milk.
Methods and Results:  The microflora from milks sampled at different alpine pasture, valley and lowland farms were fingerprinted by PCR of the 16S–23S intergenic transcribed spacers (ITS-PCR). The resulting band patterns were analysed by generalized multivariate statistical techniques to handle discrete (band presence–absence) and continuous (altitude) information. The fingerprints featured numerous bands and marked variability indicating complex, differentiated bacterial communities. Alpine pasture milks were distinguished from lowland ones by cluster analysis, while this technique less clearly discriminated alpine pasture and valley samples. Generalized principal component analysis and clustering-after-ordination enabled a more effective distinction of alpine pasture, valley and lowland samples.
Conclusions:  Alpine raw milks for Fontina production contain highly diverse bacterial communities, the composition of which is related to the altitude of the pasture where milk was produced.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  This research may provide analytical support to the important issue represented by the authentication of the geographical origin of alpine milk productions.     

Diversity distribution and floristic differentiation of the coastal lowland vegetation: implications for the conservation of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Floristic differentiation and vegetation definition is an important step to recognize biome distribution and for biodiversity conservation. Here, we aim to verify if the distribution of the costal lowland vegetation in Brazilian littoral is congruent with climatic gradient and the previous vegetation definitions. Additionally we discussed the importance of terms for the Atlantic Forest conservation. Our study was based on floristic and geo-climatic data from 58 published surveys. We generate a checklist of 1088 woody species and verified species distribution according to environmental gradient using a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). We compared DCA??s groups with the a priori vegetation definition and generate an a posteriori classification using TWINSPAN. DCA and TWINSPAN resulted in groups determined mainly by rainfall (r = ?0.65) and soil sandiness (r = ?0.71). Those groups were not congruent with both the previous vegetation definitions. The coastal lowland vegetation comprises two distinctive floristic groups representing forests and scrubs that occur in wetter climates (Ombrophilous lowland forests) in the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina, Paraná and São Paulo and in drier climates of Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (Restinga-Northern group) and Rio Grande do Sul (Restinga-Southern group) states. The floristic and historical relationships between Ombrophylous lowland forests and Restingas suggest that conservation initiatives should be more conservative and treat collectively all coastal lowland vegetation as a biodiversity hotspot.     

High genetic differentiation among populations of the small cavy Microcavia australis occupying different habitats

The small cavy Microcavia australis, a social and fossorial rodent, inhabits a large distribution range in South American arid zones. The species is versatile in coping with the seasonal and spatial variability typical of these environments through changes in morphology, physiology, and behavior. In order to explore whether phenotypic variations are related to the evolutionary history of the species, we analyzed the levels of genetic variability and divergence among four populations that differ in climate and habitat characteristics, two belonging to highlands and the other two from lowlands. We sequenced the mitochondrial control region and used the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats technique to study variability in the noncoding nuclear genome. Results from both genetic markers were consistent. Variability levels were high for all populations, and even higher for lowland ones. Pairwise genetic differentiation varied greatly, all comparisons being statistically significant except for the two highland populations. Seventeen haplotypes were detected which displayed three clear lineages: two corresponding to each lowland population and one to those in the highlands. Levels of genetic differentiation between population pairs varied widely. Haplotypes showed a mean sequence divergence of 1.4% between lowland populations and 0.2% between highland ones, whereas divergence was around 9% when populations from different altitudes were compared. Results from BEAST analysis support extant hypotheses suggesting that lowland forms are clearly older than the highland group. The deep genetic divergence between lineages poses the need to search for new evidence for properly defining the taxonomic status of divergent populations of M. australis.     

THE HERITABLE BASIS OF VARIATION IN LARVAL DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS WITHIN POPULATIONS OF THE WOOD FROG (RANA SYLVATICA)

This study compares the heritable basis of variation in larval developmental patterns of mountain and lowland populations of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Additive genetic variances, heritabilities, and genetic correlations for larval developmental time and size at metamorphosis are estimated from half-sib and full-sib crosses. Considerable additive-genetic variances and high heritabilities are revealed for developmental time in both the mountain and the lowland population. There was a high level of additive-genetic variance and high heritability for body size at metamorphosis in the mountain population, but these were very low in the lowland population. The genetic correlations between developmental rate and larval body size are negative for the mountain population and near zero for the lowland population. It is argued that the differences in genetic structure between these two populations reflect differences in the selective regimes of their respective environments.