广东滩涂经济鱼类寄生吸虫──Ⅲ、单孔科、单脏科和八睾科吸虫的研究(复殖目)

本文对广东滩涂经济鱼类寄生复殖吸虫中的单孔科ＨａｐｌｏｐｏｒｉｄａｅＮｉｃｏｌｌ,１９１４,单胜科ＨａｐｌｏｓｐｌａｎｃｈｎｉｄａｅＰｏｃｈｅ,１９２６和八睾科ＯｃｔｏｔｅｓｔｉｄａｅＹａｍａｇｕｔｉ,１９７１吸虫进行研究,其中长尾亚科Ｅｌｏｎａｉｎｕｒｉｎａｅ和鲻长尾吸虫Ｅｌｏｎｇｉｎｕｒｕｓｍｕｕｇｉｌｕｓ分别作为单孔科的新亚科和新属新种;雄囊新单脏吸虫Ｎｅｏｈａｐｌｏｓｐｌａｎｃｈｎｕｓｃｉｒｒｕｓａｃｉ作为单脏科的新属新种;天竺鲷八睾吸虫Ｏｃｔｏｔｅｓｔｉｓａｐｏｇｏｎｉ作为八睾科、八睾吸虫属Ｏｃｔｏｔｅｓｔｉｓ（Ｗａｎｇ,１９６３）Ｙａｍａｇｕｔｉ,１９５１的新种。     

青霉胞外菊粉酶的纯化和性质研究

青霉菌（ＰｅｎｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍＳＰ．９１－４）产生的胞外菊粉酶（ｅｘｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｉｎｕｌｉｎａｓｅ）粗酶液,经硫酸铵沉淀,超滤浓缩,Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ－Ｇ－１００凝胶过滤,ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｃｅｌ离子交换柱层析等步骤,得到提纯３０倍的酶Ｅ。酶Ｅ反应时最适ｐＨ４．５,最适温度为５０℃,在ｐＨ４．７～７．６范围内,温度５０℃以下酶Ｅ活性稳定;其活性受Ａｇ＾＋,Ｃｕ＾２＋ＰＣＭＢ强烈抑制。采用     

中国樟科5属9种植物的核型研究

报道了我国樟科（Ｌａｕｒａｃｅａｅ）５属９种植物核型研究结果,其中７种染色体数目为首次报道,核型结果为：樟（Ｃｉｎｎａｍｏｕｍｃａｍｐｈｏｒａ）２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ油樟（Ｓｉｎｎａｍｏｕｍｌｏｎｇｅｐａｎｉｃｕｌａｔｕｍ）２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ;黑壳楠（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｍｅｇａｐｈｙｌｌａ）１８ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ,山苍子（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｃｕｂｅｂａ）１６ｍ＋８ｓｍ,香叶树（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｍｅｇａｐｈｙｌｌａ）     

宛氏拟青霉菌木聚糖酶的分离纯化

经自然筛选分离得到一株产高木聚糖酶活力的拟青霉属菌,初步鉴定为宛氏拟于霉（ＰａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｖａｒｉｏｔｉＢａｉｎｉｅｒ）菌。该菌所产的木聚糖粗酶液分别经硫酸铵,乙醇沉淀,ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００,ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＡ－５０分离纯化后得４个组分,分别称为Ｉ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ。其反应最适温度和ｐＨ分别为Ｉ,ｐＨ４．２,４７℃,Ⅱ,ｐＨ４．２,５２℃,ⅢｐＨ４．０,４７℃,Ⅳ,ｐＨ３．８,４     

隼形目鹰科四种鸟类线粒体DNA研究

本实验采用ＡｐａＩ,ｆＢａｍＨＩ,ＢｇｉＩＩ,ＥｃｏＲＩ,ＥｃｏＲＶ,ＨｉｎｄⅢＨｐａＩ,ＫｐｎＩ,ＰｓｔＩ,ＰｒｕＩＩ,ＳａｌＩ,ＳｃａＩ,ＸｂａＩ和ＸｈｏＩ１４种限制性内切酶,对鹰科４种鸟类即雀鹰（Ａｃｃｉｐｉｔｅｒｎｉｓｕｓ）,松雀鹰（Ａ．ｖｉｒｇａｔｕｓ）苍鹰（Ａ．ｇｅｎｔｉｌｉｓ）和灰险鹰（Ｂｕｆｔａｔｕｒｉｎｄｉｃｕｓ）ｍｔＤＮＡ限制性片段长度多态分析。结果表明,４种鸟类中雀鹰和松１主     

王瓜的组织培养和快速繁殖

１植物名称王瓜（Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｓａｎｔｈｅｓｃｕｃ－ｕｍｅｒｏｉｄｅｓ），采自浙江天目山。２材料类别顶芽、带腋芽的茎段。３培养条件诱导分化培养基：（１）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ０．５ｍｇ·Ｌ－１（单位下同）；（２）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１；（３）ＭＳ＋６．ＢＡ２＋２，４－Ｄ１。诱导生根与生长培养基：（４）ＭＳ；（５）ＭＳ＋ＩＡＡ２；（６）ＭＳ＋６－ＢＡ１＋２，４－Ｄ１。每种培养基均附加３％蔗糖，０，７％琼脂，ｐＨ５．８。培养温度（２５±１）℃，光照每天１２ｈ，光照度２０００１ｘ左右。４生长与分化情况４．１无菌材料的…     

温度,pH对菌根真菌生长影响的研究

温度、ｐＨ对菌根真菌生长影响的研究韩桂云,齐玉臣,刘忱,周玉芝（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐＨｏｎＭｙｃｏｒｒｂｉｚａｌＦｕｎｇｕｓＧｒｏｗｔｈ￥ＨａｎＧｕｉｙｕｎ;ＱｉＹｕＣｈｅｎ;ＬｉｕＣｈｅｎ;ＺｈｏｕＹｕｚｈｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：１５－１９。ＴｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐＨｏｎｔｈｅｇｒｏｗｔｈｏｆ１９ｐｕｒｅｓｔｒａｉｎｓｏｆｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｌｆｕｎｇｉａｒｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ．ＴｈｅｏｐｔｉｍｕｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐＨａｒｅｆｏｕｎｄａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｈｉｐｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎａｄａｐｔａｂｌｅｒａｎｇｅｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｐＨｆｏｒｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｌｆｕｎｇｕｓｇｒｏｗｔｈａｎｄｔｈｅｉｒｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎａｒｅｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｄ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ,ｐＨ,     

水杨酸对陈化马铃薯切片乙烯产生的促进作用

外源水杨酸（ｓａｌｉｃｙｌｉｃ ａｃｉｄ,ＳＡ）处理可明显促进队化马薯切片的乙烯产生。ＳＡ促进乙烯产生的作用强度与ＳＡ浓度、ｐＨ值、陈化温度以及块茎的生理状态有关：在９０μｍｏｌＬ＾－１内,作用强度与ＳＡ浓度呈正相关;３０℃下的的作用强于２０℃下的作用;ｐＨ６．４的ＳＡ溶液作用最强;对休眠块茎切片的作用强于存除休眠块茎切片。     

地衣芽孢杆菌碱性蛋白酶的研究Ⅱ碱性蛋白酶的提纯和性质研究

地衣芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｌｉｃｈｅｎｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ）Ｂ．Ｌ ＪＦ－１ｄ三级发酵的发酵液经离心去菌体,（ＮＨ４）２ＳＯ４分段盐析,透析后进行Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－１００柱层析得粗酶制剂。比活力从１８７８Ｕ／ｍｇ提高到６７９５Ｕ／ｍｇ,酶活力回收率为３５．３％。该酶水解酷蛋白的最适反应温度为５５℃,最适ｐＨ为１０．５,具有较高的热稳定性,对ＳＤＳ有较强的耐受性。     

环境因子变化对平鲷精子活力的影响

进行梯度试验，观察环境条件变化对平鲷精子活力的影响。结果表明，平鲷精子在盐度２５左右，ｐＨ８．２及２０℃时的活力最强，低温保藏２４ｈ后，精子失去涡动能力，注射ＨＣＧ，对成熟雄鱼精子活力没有明显的影响。     

Water temperature affects osmoregulatory responses in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)

Sea bream (Sparus aurata Linneaus) was acclimated to three salinity concentrations, viz. 5 (LSW), 38 (SW) and 55psμ (HSW) and three water temperatures regimes (12, 19 and 26 °C) for five weeks. Osmoregulatory capacity parameters (plasma osmolality, sodium, chloride, cortisol, and branchial and renal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities) were also assessed. Salinity and temperature affected all of the parameters tested. Our results indicate that environmental temperature modulates capacity in sea bream, independent of environmental salinity, and set points of plasma osmolality and ion concentrations depend on both ambient salinity and temperature. Acclimation to extreme salinity resulted in stress, indicated by elevated basal plasma cortisol levels. Response to salinity was affected by ambient temperature. A comparison between branchial and renal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities appears instrumental in explaining salinity and temperature responses. Sea bream regulate branchial enzyme copy numbers (V_max) in hyperosmotic media (SW and HSW) to deal with ambient temperature effects on activity; combinations of high temperatures and salinity may exceed the adaptive capacity of sea bream. Salinity compromises the branchial enzyme capacity (compared to basal activity at a set salinity) when temperature is elevated and the scope for temperature adaptation becomes smaller at increasing salinity. Renal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase capacity appears fixed and activity appears to be determined by temperature.     

Tissue Distribution, Effects of Salinity Acclimation, and Ontogeny of Aquaporin 3 in the Marine Teleost, Silver Sea Bream (Sparus sarba)

The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the tissue-specific expression of the water channel protein, aquaporin 3 (AQP3), during salinity acclimation and larval development of silver sea bream (Sparus sarba). A cDNA fragment encoding aquaporin 3 (aqp3) from silver sea bream gill was cloned and from the deduced amino acid sequence a polyclonal antibody was prepared. AQP3 was found to be present in gill, kidney, liver, brain, heart, and spleen but not in whole blood. The abundance of AQP3 was significantly highest in gills of hypoosmotic (6 ppt) and isoosmotic (12 ppt) acclimated sea bream when compared to seawater (33 ppt) and hypersaline (50 ppt)- acclimated sea bream. Spleen tissue also displayed significantly high levels of AQP3 protein in hypoosmotic and isoosmotic salinities whereas the AQP3 abundance in brain, liver, heart, and kidney remained unchanged across the range of salinities tested. The ontogenetic profile of AQP3 was also investigated from developing sea bream larvae and AQP3 was first detected at 14 days posthatch (dph) and increased steadily up to 28–46 dph. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that AQP3 expression is modulated in gill and spleen tissue of salinity acclimated sea bream and that it can be detected relatively early during larval development.     

Morphometric characterization of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) spermatozoa using computer-assisted spermatozoa analysis (ASMA)

As part of a larger study on sperm quality and cryopreservation methods, the present study characterized the head morphometry of sharpsnout sea bream (Diplodus puntazzo) and gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) spermatozoa, using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computer‐assisted morphology analysis (ASMA). The latter method has been used rarely in fish and this is its first application on sharpsnout sea bream and gilthead sea bream spermatozoa. Results obtained using SEM are expensive and time‐consuming, while ASMA provides a faster and automated evaluation of morphometric parameters of spermatozoa head. For sharpsnout sea bream spermatozoa, similar head measurement values were obtained using both ASMA and SEM, having a mean ± standard error length of 2.57 ± 0.01 μm vs 2.54 ± 0.02 μm, width of 2.22 ± 0.02 μm vs 2.26 ± 0.04 μm, surface area of 4.44 ± 0.02 μm² vs 4.50 ± 0.04 μm² and perimeter of 7.70 ± 0.02 μm vs 7.73 ± 0.04 μm using ASMA and SEM, respectively. Although gilthead sea bream spermatozoa were found to be smaller than those of sharpsnout sea bream, spermatozoal head morphometry parameters were also found to be similar regardless of evaluation method, having a mean head length of 1.97 ± 0.01 μm vs 1.94 ± 0.02 μm, head width of 1.80 ± 0.01 μm vs 1.78 ± 0.02 μm, surface area of 3.16 ± 0.03 μm² vs 3.18 ± 0.06 μm² and perimeter of 6.52 ± 0.04 μm vs 6.56 ± 0.08 μm using ASMA and SEM, respectively. The results demonstrate that ASMA can be considered as a reliable technique for spermatozoal morphology analysis, and can be a useful tool for studies on fish spermatozoa, providing quick and objective results.     

Aquaporin inhibition changes protein phosphorylation pattern following sperm motility activation in fish

Our previous studies demonstrated that osmolality is the key signal in sperm motility activation in Sparus aurata spermatozoa. In particular, we have proposed that the hyper-osmotic shock triggers water efflux from spermatozoa via aquaporins. This water efflux determines the cell volume reduction and, in turn, the rise in the intracellular concentration of ions. This increase could lead to the activation of adenylyl cyclase and of the cAMP-signaling pathway, causing the phosphorylation of sperm proteins and then the initiation of sperm motility. This study confirms the important role of sea bream AQPs (Aqp1a and Aqp10b) in the beginning of sperm motility. In fact, when these proteins are inhibited by HgCl₂, the phosphorylation of some proteins (174 kDa protein of head; 147, 97 and 33 kDa proteins of flagella), following the hyper-osmotic shock, was inhibited (totally or partially). However, our results also suggest that more than one transduction pathways could be activated when sea bream spermatozoa were ejaculated in seawater, since numerous proteins showed an HgCl₂(AQPs)-independent phosphorylation state after motility activation. The role played by each different signal transduction pathways need to be clarified.     

An assessment of the angling fishery for yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Günther), in Moreton Bay, Australia

Yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis , support an important angling fishery in Moreton Bay, a large estuarine system on the east coast of Australia. An analysis of the records of catches by anglers indicates that abundance and mean size of yellowfin bream have changed little in Moreton Bay during the period 1945 to 1980. Over the past 5 years substantial increases have occurred in the total angling effort for yellowfin bream at surf bar spawning areas in Moreton Bay. This has resulted in a decrease in mean catch per unit effort but no apparent decrease in total yield. Reclamation and development projects which cause degradation of the surf bar spawning areas have the greatest potential to cause reduction in abundance of yellowfin bream in Moreton Bay.     

Climate change does not affect the seafood quality of a commonly targeted fish

Climate change can affect marine and estuarine fish via alterations to their distributions, abundances, sizes, physiology and ecological interactions, threatening the provision of ecosystem goods and services. While we have an emerging understanding of such ecological impacts to fish, we know little about the potential influence of climate change on the provision of nutritional seafood to sustain human populations. In particular, the quantity, quality and/or taste of seafood may be altered by future environmental changes with implications for the economic viability of fisheries. In an orthogonal mesocosm experiment, we tested the influence of near‐future ocean warming and acidification on the growth, health and seafood quality of a recreationally and commercially important fish, yellowfin bream (Acanthopagrus australis). The growth of yellowfin bream significantly increased under near‐future temperature conditions (but not acidification), with little change in health (blood glucose and haematocrit) or tissue biochemistry and nutritional properties (fatty acids, lipids, macro‐ and micronutrients, moisture, ash and total N). Yellowfin bream appear to be highly resilient to predicted near‐future ocean climate change, which might be facilitated by their wide spatio‐temporal distribution across habitats and broad diet. Moreover, an increase in growth, but little change in tissue quality, suggests that near‐future ocean conditions will benefit fisheries and fishers that target yellowfin bream. The data reiterate the inherent resilience of yellowfin bream as an evolutionary consequence of their euryhaline status in often environmentally challenging habitats and imply their sustainable and viable fisheries into the future. We contend that widely distributed species that span large geographic areas and habitats can be “climate winners” by being resilient to the negative direct impacts of near‐future oceanic and estuarine climate change.     

Arginine vasotocin, isotocin and melatonin responses following acclimation of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) to different environmental salinities

Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) is a euryhaline species with a capacity to cope with demands in a wide range of salinities and thus is a perfect model-fish to study osmoregulatory responses to salinity-adaptive processes and their hormonal control. Immature sea bream acclimated to different salinities, i.e. SW (38 per thousand), LSW (5 per thousand) and HSW (55 per thousand), were kept at 18 degrees C under natural photoperiod. Arginine vasotocin (AVT) and isotocin (IT) in plasma and pituitary were determined by HPLC. Plasma melatonin (Mel) was assayed by RIA. Plasma osmolality, ion concentrations (Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Cl(-)) and Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in gill were measured. A steady increase in plasma AVT, along with increasing water salinity was observed. Pituitary IT concentration in HSW-acclimated fish was significantly higher than that in LSW group. AVT/IT secretory system of sea bream does appear to be involved in the mechanism of long-term acclimation to different salinities. The distinct roles and control mechanisms of both nonapeptides are suggested. Plasma Mel was significantly higher in LSW compared with both HSW and SW groups. Data indicate that the changes in Mel level are linked to osmoregulation. Further studies are required to elucidate a complex role of AVT, IT and Mel in sea bream osmoregulation.     

Movements and migrations of yellowfin bream, Acanthopagrus australis (Günther), in Moreton Bay, Queensland as determined by tag recoveries

Yellowfin bream were tagged and released in three non-spawning areas and two spawning areas in Moreton Bay, a large estuarine system on the east coast of Australia. A total of 194 fish were recaptured. Juvenile fish made only small-scale movements (less than 6 km) from the release site. Small-scale movements were also recorded for adult fish, although large-scale movements from 10 to 90 km were also recorded. The large-scale movements appear to be associated with the migration of adult fish to or from surf bar spawning areas. Some adult fish remained in feeding areas during the spawning season (May-August). There was no indication from tag recoveries of any movements of yellowfin bream outside Moreton Bay and the results indicate that adult yellowfin bream in Moreton Bay may be regarded as a unit stock for the purpose of fisheries management.     

Cryopreservation of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) spermatozoa (Teleost, Perciformes, Sparidae)

The effects of both osmolality and cation in the initiation of sperm motility were examined in yellowfin seabream, Acanthopagrus latus. Various factors involved in the cryopreservation of yellowfin seabream spermatozoa on motility are discussed. Extender containing only glucose proved to be a suitable medium for freezing yellowfin seabream spermatozoa to -196 degrees C. Glycerol seems to have a direct osmotic effect on yellowfin seabream sperm cells, and it induced sperm motility before freezing and during thawing. However, this exhausted the energy needed for sperm motility for fertilization. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) proved superior to ethylene glycerol, propylene glycerol, glycerol and methanol as a cryoprotectant. Prolonged equilibration time had a detrimental effect on both prefreezing and post-thawing sperm motility. The estimated optimum freezing rate was in the range of -20 to -154 degrees C/min. More frozen-thawed than fresh spermatozoa are required to achieve comparable fertilization rates.