山东半岛南部海湾底栖动物群落生态特征及其与水环境的关系

2006-2007年对山东半岛南部4个海湾(荣成湾、桑沟湾、靖海湾和五垒岛湾)19个站位的底栖动物群落结构特征进行了研究,并对14个环境因素和底栖动物群落生态特征分别进行主成分分析和Spearman相关分析。结果显示,荣成湾、桑沟湾和靖海湾的底栖动物种类中,多毛类所占比例最高,而五垒岛湾仅秋、冬季多毛类所占比例最高。根据聚类分析和非度量多维标度方法分析,4季底栖动物群落均可分为2个群落,春、冬季的第一聚群为靖海湾和五垒岛湾,第二聚群为荣成湾和桑沟湾。秋季荣成湾、桑沟湾、靖海湾组成第一聚群,第二聚群由五垒岛湾构成。夏季,底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')与采样深度和总碱度呈显著正相关,与水温呈极显著的负相关关系。秋季,与硝酸盐呈负相关关系,说明富营养化对山东半岛南部4个海湾大型底栖动物群落产生了一定负面影响。ABC曲线法分析显示,荣成湾和桑沟湾底栖动物的丰度优势度曲线与生物量优势度曲线相交,表明荣成湾和桑沟湾大型底栖动物群落处于中度干扰状态,密集的养殖活动可能对其生态系统带来了巨大影响,加强海水养殖管理,强化生态健康养殖理念,合理利用海洋生物资源,对大型底栖动物群落的稳定性具有重要意义。     

深澳湾海水养殖生态系统健康评价

深澳湾是粤东地区典型的海水养殖基地,多年的海水养殖活动导致了富营养化等环境问题。本文采用压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,进行深澳湾养殖生态系统健康状况的模糊综合评价。结果表明:深澳湾生态系统的隶属度为0.4983,处于很健康的状态;包含的7个生态要素的最大隶属度分别为0.5717、0.3714、0.5215、0.5942、0.6014、0.7792和0.6562,其中只有直接压力的隶属度处于不健康和亚健康状态,其他要素都处于健康水平以上;影响该生态系统整体健康状况的主要原因是养殖品种过多和养殖面积过大,另外,海洋初级生产力和养殖产值年增长率偏低也对总体健康状况有一定的影响。     

基于可变模糊评价模型的东山湾生态系统健康评价

根据东山湾海域环境污染现状和生态系统的特点,从水质环境、沉积物环境、生物残毒以及海洋生物方面构建了东山湾生态系统健康评价指标体系,提出了基于可变模糊评价模型的海湾生态系统健康评价方法,并利用该方法对东山湾生态系统健康状况进行了评价。结果表明:东山湾春季生态系统健康指数为2.36,秋季为2.44,均处于"良与中之间,偏良"水平,春季略优于秋季。影响东山湾生态系统健康状况的主要负面指标因子为鱼卵及仔鱼密度(春秋季健康指数均值为4.95)、营养水平(秋季健康指数为4.47)和底栖生物生物量(春季健康指数为3.59)。实例研究表明该方法通过准则参数α和距离参数p的不同组合变化,以线性与非线性相结合,能够较客观系统、标准量化地评价海湾生态系统健康状况的优劣,。     

海湾生态系统健康评价方法构建及在大亚湾的应用

根据海洋生态系统的压力-结构-响应框架模型,从压力指标、结构指标、响应指标等几个方面构建了海湾生态系统健康评价的指标体系,提出了基于GIS的海湾生态系统健康综合指数法.以春季大亚湾海洋生态系统为例进行实证研究.结果表明:大亚湾海湾生态系统春季的健康综合指数平均值为0.57±0.08,从总体看来,生态系统健康状态处于“较好”水平,浮游植物丰度、浮游植物多样性和生态缓冲容量是其主要健康负面因子,健康状况可能面临着向“临界”状态转化的危险.实证研究表明该方法适用性强、结果客观准确、形象生动,是一种值得推广的定量评价方法.     

桑沟湾海洋生态系统的服务价值

对我国黄海内的典型集约化浅海养殖区域——桑沟湾的生态系统服务价值进行了评估.结果表明:2003年桑沟湾的总服务价值为6.07×108元,平均单位海域面积的服务价值为4.24×106元.km-2.在总服务价值中,供给服务、调节服务和文化服务分别占51.29%、17.34%和31.37%.在所评估的8项主要和次要生态系统服务中,食品供给服务价值最高(50.45%),其次是旅游和娱乐服务价值(29.89%)及气候调节服务价值(9.18%),最低的是有害生物与疾病的生物调节与控制服务价值(0.0017%).桑沟湾的养殖活动对当地社会经济、环境调节与社会文化均有较大贡献.海水养殖活动,特别是大型藻类的养殖对于维持和提升海洋生态系统的服务具有重要意义.     

海水养殖生态系统健康综合评价:方法与模式

我国海水养殖业快速、大规模发展的同时给生态系统带来巨大的压力,养殖自身的健康和持续发展也受到影响。为了评估海水养殖生态系统所承受的环境压力、系统的状态和发展趋势,以海湾养殖生态系统为典型,根据系统性、动态性、生态-社会-经济相结合的原则,构建了基于指标体系法和层次分析法的海水养殖生态系统健康综合评价的方法与模式,以期为养殖海域生态系统健康评估和适应性管理提供科学工具。     

珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统健康评价

基于湿地生态系统健康理论和压力-状态-响应模型,以珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统为研究对象,构建了红树林湿地生态系统健康评价指标体系,并确定了具体的评价指标、评价标准、指标权重、评价等级和评价方法,对珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统健康状况进行了评价.结果表明:2008年,淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统总健康指数为0.6580,评价等级为Ⅱ级(健康);压力、状态和响应指标的健康指数分别为0.3469、0.8718和0.7554,说明该评价系统存在一定的压力,而状态和响应方面较好.作为省级自然保护区,珠江口淇澳岛红树林湿地生态系统健康水平有待进一步提升.红树林湿地生态系统健康评价研究目前尚不成熟,进一步研究需重点关注针对红树林特征的评价因子筛选、相关数据的长期定位监测、生态系统健康与生态系统功能的定量关系研究等.     

黄海和渤海沿海地区生态系统健康评价

随着社会经济的发展,环境问题得到广泛的关注和重视,生态系统健康评价成为近年来生态环境领域的研究热点。本文以黄海和渤海沿海地区为研究区,以131个县区为评价单元。基于压力、状态和响应(PSR)模型,从人口、社会、经济、环境、景观、政策等方面综合考虑,根据社会经济统计数据和景观格局指数,构建了符合黄海和渤海沿海地区特点的生态系统健康评价模型,并计算出各评价单元的生态系统健康指数。结果表明:黄海和渤海沿海地区有84.73%的地区健康状况达到合格及以上水平;黄海和渤海沿海地区生态系统整体健康状况较好,系统对于自然和人工干扰有一定的抵抗力和恢复力,具备一定的自我调控能力。本文还分析了该地区所面对的各种潜在的压力,针对现状,结合这些潜在压力,提出了提高生态系统健康水平的建议。     

海峡西岸经济区生态系统健康评价

基于活力、组织结构、恢复力、生态功能、人类健康等区域生态系统健康标准,综合考虑人为压力、响应措施等因素,构建了海峡西岸经济区(海西区)生态系统健康评价指标体系;针对区域生态系统健康的自然特性与人工特性,采用均方差法和层次分析法,确定了各指标权重;运用模糊综合评价法,建立了海西区生态系统健康评价模型.结果表明： 2008年,海西区生态系统健康状态优越,人为压力较轻,区域生态系统健康状况总体较好,但具有显著的空间差异;受固定资产投资、教育经费支出等响应指标的制约,部分地市生态系统健康状况劣于其健康状态.与1992年相比,2000和2008年海西区生态系统健康状况相对较优,驱动要素以经济活力、组织结构、人类健康、人口压力和投资调整等为主;但受建设用地扩张及其引起的自然景观减少、人类干扰增强等制约,2008年海西区生态系统健康状况劣于2000年.     

基于PSR的黄河河口区生态系统健康评价

根据压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架模型,从广义上定义河口区生态系统,将河口及毗邻的陆域、海域生态系统作为一个整体,从压力指标、状态指标、响应指标3个方面构建了黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的指标体系,以研究区1991年数据和相关国家标准为基准,2013年代表现况,利用综合指数法(CEI)评价了黄河河口区的生态系统健康状况。结果显示:黄河河口区生态系统健康评价的响应指数最高(0.9055),压力指数居中(0.8288),状态指数最低(0.6458),综合指数为0.7427。总体来看,与1991年相比,目前黄河河口区生态系统仍处于"健康"状态,但健康状况明显下降,其中状态指数下降最为严重。从区域轻度开发到人类活动强烈干扰阶段,黄河河口区存在过度捕捞、湿地不合理开发、浅海养殖过度及污染物排放等一系列影响生态系统健康的问题,应进行区域的生态恢复和科学管理。     

Development of mariculture and its impacts in Chinese coastal waters

China has a long history of aquaculture. Since the 1980s, mariculture has been considered by the government as an increasingly important sub-sector of aquaculture. Mariculture provides nutritional and economic benefits, and decreases the intensity of exploitation on declining wild living resources. China now has the highest mariculture production in the world. Kelp made up 50–60% the total Chinese mariculture production in 1967–1980. Production of Laminaria japonicaAresch, the leading species, reached 252, 907 t (dry wet) in 1980. The percentage of kelp production decreased after 1981 because of proportionally greater production of molluscs, shrimps and finfish. Marine finfish and mollusc production increased sharply after 1990. In 2001, the total mariculture production reached 11,315,000 t from a production area of 1,286,000 ha. The rapid development and changes in mariculture species have aroused increasing concern about maricultures impact on the coastal environment. The impact of coastal aquaculture, such as water quality deterioration and contaminants, will have a significant bearing on the expansion of mariculture. The key of improving and maintaining the long-term health of mariculture zones lies in adopting sustainable culture systems. It is imperative that the density of stocking fish and other economically important organisms such as oysters, and scallops, be controlled, in addition to restricting the total number of net-cages in the mariculture zones. The authors suggest moving rafts (cages) periodically and to development of a fallow system in which area fish culture will be suspended for 1–2 years to facilitate recovery of the polluted sediment. Moving fish culture offshore into deeper waters is also suggested. The authors also believe that large-scale seaweed cultivation will reduce eutrophication in coastal culture zones in China.     

Southern Sea Otter as a Sentinel of Marine Ecosystem Health

The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and is a keystone species, strongly influencing the abundance and diversity of the other species within its kelp forest ecosystem. This is accomplished primarily by preying upon urchins that eat the kelp stipe and holdfast, which can reduce a kelp forest to an urchin barren. Sea otters are very susceptible to marine pollutants such as petroleum, which may be directly toxic and/or alter their furs insulating properties. Sea otters are an excellent sentinel species. They eat approximately 25% of their body weight per day in shellfish and other invertebrates, and can concentrate and integrate chemical contaminants. In addition, they appear to be susceptible to a number of diseases and parasites that may have anthropogenic origins, and shellfish may serve as an intermediary for some of these infections. Many of the shellfish the otters eat are also harvested for human food. In their role as sentinels, sea otter health has implications for human health, economic sustainability of shellfisheries, as well as overall marine ecosystem health. The recent southern sea otter decline has been viewed with some alarm by conservationists and, indeed, recovery seems a long way off. High mortality rather than depressed recruitment appears to underlie the decline. A good deal of debate has centered on the role of infectious diseases and parasites, exposure to contaminants, nutrition and prey availability, net and pot fishery interactions, and other sources of mortality. Current research is being done related to major classes of mortality, various types of pollutants and some specific organisms causing southern sea otter mortality, and their implications for marine ecosystem health and sustainability.     

26 Development of the cultivation of Laminaria Saccharina as the extractive inorganic component of an integrated aquaculture system and monitoring of therapeutants and phycotoxins

The development of sustainable integrated aquaculture systems requires combining fed aquaculture (finfish) with extractive inorganic aquaculture (seaweed) and extractive organic aquaculture (shellfish). With the support of AquaNet, the Network of Centers of Excellence in Aquaculture in Canada, we are developing such a system at an industrial pilot scale by co‐cultivating salmon (Salmo salar), kelp (Laminaria saccharina) and blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) at aquaculture sites in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. This presentation will focus on the development of the extractive inorganic component. The entire cycle of rearing Laminaria saccharina has been completed and improved, both in the laboratory and at the integrated sites: release in the laboratory of spores from mature macroscopic sporophytes, seeding of ropes, germination of microscopic gametophytes, sexual maturation of male and female gametophytes, development of zygotes into juvenile sporophytes, which are then transplanted to the sites for rapid grow‐out. Another aspect of the project, food safety monitoring of chemical therapeutants and phycotoxins in mussel and kelp cultured in proximity to salmon, will also be described. The productivity, nutrient absorption capacity, and role of the seaweed component are being analyzed so that its appropriate scale to the other components can be defined in order to develop responsible aquaculture practices in which metabolic/physiological processes of the different co‐cultured organisms counter‐balance each other within acceptable operational limits. Adopting polytrophic strategies will be key to the aquaculture industry to develop its environmentally and economically‐balanced diversification and increase its social acceptability within a broader coastal management framework.     

27 Spatiotemporal distribution of abundance and density of calcareous green macroalgae along the florida keys: a synchrony study

The development of sustainable integrated aquaculture systems requires combining fed aquaculture (finfish) with extractive inorganic aquaculture (seaweed) and extractive organic aquaculture (shellfish). With the support of AquaNet, the Network of Centers of Excellence in Aquaculture in Canada, we are developing such a system at an industrial pilot scale by co-cultivating salmon (Salmo salar), kelp ( Laminaria saccharina ) and blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) at aquaculture sites in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. This presentation will focus on the development of the extractive inorganic component. The entire cycle of rearing Laminaria saccharina has been completed and improved, both in the laboratory and at the integrated sites: release in the laboratory of spores from mature macroscopic sporophytes, seeding of ropes, germination of microscopic gametophytes, sexual maturation of male and female gametophytes, development of zygotes into juvenile sporophytes, which are then transplanted to the sites for rapid grow-out. Another aspect of the project, food safety monitoring of chemical therapeutants and phycotoxins in mussel and kelp cultured in proximity to salmon, will also be described. The productivity, nutrient absorption capacity, and role of the seaweed component are being analyzed so that its appropriate scale to the other components can be defined in order to develop responsible aquaculture practices in which metabolic/physiological processes of the different co-cultured organisms counter-balance each other within acceptable operational limits. Adopting polytrophic strategies will be key to the aquaculture industry to develop its environmentally and economically-balanced diversification and increase its social acceptability within a broader coastal management framework.     

象山港网箱养殖区与非养殖区的细菌群落分布

近海集约化养殖是导致我国近海污染的主要来源之一。浮游细菌在近海生态系统的物质循环过程中发挥重要作用,研究海洋浮游细菌群落对养殖活动的响应,对于指示和评价海水养殖生态系统健康具有重要意义。采集了象山港网箱养殖区与非养殖区3个深度,包括表层(0.5 m)、中层(2.5 m)、底层(8.0 m)的水样,利用焦磷酸测序技术测定16S rRNA基因,研究浮游细菌的群落结构和多样性。结果表明:网箱养殖活动不仅使得附近区域水体理化性质发生改变,如化学需氧量浓度显著高于非养殖区域,而且显著地(P0.05)改变了浮游细菌的群落结构,但不同深度间群落结构和多样性的差异不显著。网箱养殖区和非养殖区中主要浮游细菌类群为α-变形菌(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌(Gammaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、放线菌(Actinobacteria)、β-变形菌(Betaproteobacteria)、ε-变形菌(Epsilonproteobacteria)和其它变形菌(Unclassified Proteobacteria),占细菌总序列数的98.64%。有些细菌类群的平均相对丰度从网箱区到非养殖区差异显著,如拟杆菌(P0.01)和放线菌(P0.05)显著降低,而γ-变形菌(P0.05)显著增加。相似度分析表明γ-变形菌、α-变形菌和拟杆菌是造成网箱区和非养殖区群落差异的主要类群,对群落差异总贡献率达到45.02%。偏冗余分析表明,影响细菌群落分布的主要环境因子有化学需氧量、磷酸盐、铵盐和总有机碳,共解释38.18%的群落变异,空间距离单独解释10.66%的群落变异。实验结果表明,养殖活动导致浮游细菌群落的改变,其中拟杆菌、放线菌和γ-变形菌的丰度显著变化,可能用于评价养殖水体的水质状况。     

A Box Model for Ecosystem-Level Management of Mussel Culture Carrying Capacity in a Coastal Bay

The carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture is determined by the interaction of cultured species with the ecosystem, particularly food availability to suspension feeders. A multiple box dynamic ecosystem model was constructed to examine the carrying capacity for mussel (Mytilus edulis) aquaculture in Tracadie Bay, Prince of Edward Island, Canada. Criteria for carrying capacity were based on chlorophyll concentration. The model was run in two different years (1998 and 1999) in which time series for three points inside the bay and a point outside the bay were available. This data set allows spatial validation of the ecosystem model and assessment of its sensitivity to changes in boundary conditions. The model validation process indicated that the differential equations and parameters used in the simulation provided robust prediction of the ecological dynamics within the bay. Results verified that mussel biomass exerts top-down control of phytoplankton populations. The model indicates that conditions observed during 1999 are more sensitive to grazing pressure from aquaculture than was observed during 1998, highlighting the importance of inter-annual variability in carrying capacity of the bay. This result is important from a management perspective because it emphasizes application of a precautionary policy and prediction in regulation of aquaculture activity in the bay. Retrospective scenarios showed that although the bay could yield greater mussel biomass production, stress on the environment would lead the ecosystem outside of its natural range of variation. Despite the spatial simplicity employed in the present model, it provides substantial management capability as well as an ecosystem-oriented approach to shellfish aquaculture.     

大亚湾石化排污海域生态系统健康评价

基于近海生态系统健康评价模型,以2011—2012年间海洋生态环境调查数据为基础,对大亚湾石化排污海域的生态系统健康状态进行了综合评价。结果表明:丰水期(2011年8月),大亚湾石化排污海域生态系统健康综合指数为0.808,健康状态为"好",空间分布为近岸海域健康状况好于远岸海域,其中底栖生物多样性综合指数是影响该海域生态系统健康的主要负面因子。枯水期(2012年1月),石化排污海域生态系统健康综合指数为0.767,健康状态为"一般",远岸海域健康状况好于近岸海域,浮游植物多样性综合指数和底栖生物多样性综合指数是影响该海域生态系统健康的主要负面因子。与2006—2007年相比,大亚湾石化排污海域生态系统的健康状况正向"一般"状态退化。