准噶尔盆地东南缘不同生境条件下梭梭群落结构特征研究

在新疆准噶尔盆地东南缘,以平缓低洼地、平缓沙地、半流动沙丘等3种不同生境类型上的天然梭梭群落为研究对象,从物种结构、物种多样性、生物量以及梭梭天然更新幼苗幼树种群分布格局等方面,研究不同生境条件下梭梭群落的结构特征.结果表明,以平缓低洼地上梭梭群落的植物种类最丰富,其次是平缓沙地,半流动沙丘上的植物种类最少.3种生境类型上群落中的植物种类分别为1种、15种和12种;梭梭天然更新幼苗幼树以半流动沙丘上的梭梭群落为最多,达 87株·hm^-2,但幼苗幼树在梭梭群落内分布不均匀,平缓低洼地上梭梭群落内的幼苗幼树比半流动沙丘上的略少,为5 799株·hm^-2,但幼苗幼树在梭梭群落内分布均匀,总体评价以平缓低洼地上梭梭群落的天然更新最好;平缓低洼地上梭梭群落的总生物量为19.39 t·hm^-2,平缓沙地上为9.32 t·hm^-2,半流动沙丘上为.9 t·hm^-2;不同生境类型上梭梭群落天然更新幼苗幼树的分布格局均为聚集分布.平缓低洼地地面固定,土壤水分和肥力较好,比较适宜梭梭林木生长和梭梭群落的发育,平缓沙地和半流动沙丘的地面容易产生风蚀,土壤水分和肥力较差,生境条件比较严酷.     

滇西北藏族地区不同管理方式的草地生物量的比较研究

用样方法比较研究了香格里拉县藏族村寨3种管理的亚高山草地物种多样性和生物量。在研究样地中,种植草地、刈草草地、放牧草地的植物物种数量分别是49种、24种、12种;地上生物量分别是169.2±69.5、228.0±48.3和100.2±35.6 g.m-2;地下生物量分别是767.7±264.2和1593.5±553.0 g.m-2、2593.6±894.3 g.m-2;地上地下生物量的比值分别是1∶4.5、1∶7.0、1∶25.9。认为藏族自由放牧的草地有减少植物物种多样性和促使生物量向地下转移的趋势,用围栏圈养的传统刈草利用方式是维持草地较高物种多样性和较高而且稳定的生物量积累的有效途径。     

黄龙山不同白桦林群落结构特征研究

在黄龙山林区以4种不同白桦林群落类型为研究对象,共设置20 m×20 m的样地15块,从林分特征、物种组成、物种多样性、灌木和草本生物量及乔木蓄积量等方面,对不同白桦林群落类型结构特征进行调查分析.结果显示：（1）群落B林（白桦＋茶条槭昆交）中白桦林分状况为最好,其次为群落A（油松＋白桦混交林）,群落D（自桦纯林）最差;（2）不同群落中植物种类分别为群落A（51种）＞群落B（49种）＞群落D（48种）＞群落C（38种）;（3）物种多样性指数为群落A＞群落B＞群落C＞群落D;（4）不同群落内草本和灌木总生物量排序为群落D（73.19t·hm^-2）＞群落B（65.07 t·hm^-2）＞群落C（59.93 t·hm^-2）＞群落A（44.82 t·hm^-2）,乔木蓄积量为群落A（123.50 m^3·hm^-2）＞群落D（69.50 m^3·hm^-2）＞群落B（53.25 m^3·hm^-2）＞群落C（50.25 m^3·hm^-2）.研究结果表明,黄龙山不同白桦林群落中混交林在生长状况、物种组成、物种多样性和生物量方面均优于纯白桦林.表明白桦混交林对保持黄龙山森林群落稳定性,提高林分质量,实现白桦林向松栎林的逐渐过渡有重要意义.     

呼伦贝尔草原不同草地利用方式下生物多样性与生物量的关系

生物多样性与生产力的关系是当前生态学中研究的重点之一,以呼伦贝尔草原为研究对象,通过连续两个生长季的野外监测,从草地植物功能型的角度探讨了在不同利用方式下草地物种丰富度与地上生物量的关系,结果表明：（1）不同草地利用方式显著影响草地生物多样性和生产力,在3种不同利用方式中,生物多样性总体的趋势是割草〉围封〉放牧,其中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和物种丰富度均差异显著;割草草地地上生物量最高,围封草地次之,放牧草地最少。（2）将草地植物按照植物功能型分类,放牧草地1、2年生植物占优势,随着物种丰富度的增加,1、2年生植物生物量没有明显的变化趋势;割草草地以禾本科植物和非禾本科植物为主,随着物种丰富度的增加,禾本科植物生物量呈下降趋势,而非禾本科植物变化不明显;围封草地中禾本科植物占优势,其他功能型植物分布较均匀,多度、频度和生物量等差异不显著。（3）3种草地利用方式中只有围封草地物种丰富度和地上生物量存在显著的正相关,即随着物种丰富度的增加,生物量也随之升高。其他两种利用方式下,物种丰富度对地上生物量没有显著影响。     

四川若尔盖县不同退化程度高寒草地群落比较研究

于2008年、2009年在若尔盖县沿高寒草地退化梯度进行物种多样性和生物量等方面的群落监测,以期探讨不同退化程度高寒草地群落结构特征,并提出引起退化的原因.结果表明:(1)随着退化加剧,草地群落盖度、群落物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均递减.未退化群落以鹅绒委陵菜、无脉苔草为优势种,群落...     

青藏高原火绒草斑块群落空间格局分析

以青藏高原两种生境(阴坡和阶地)和4个斑块大小等级水平(等级1:0.2—0.6m2,G1;等级2:0.6—2 m2,G2;等级3:2—3.6 m2,G3和等级4:3.6—8.6 m2,G4)的火绒草(Leontopodium nanum)群落为对象,利用幂乘方法则,分析了其种群和群落空间异质性和群落物种多样性特征,明晰了优势种、亚优势种、伴生种和偶见种对其植被分布格局的影响。结果表明:各火绒草斑块的群落空间分布格局均呈集群分布,植物种的随机出现频率和实际出现频率的方差对数值与其幂乘方法吻合性较高(R2﹥0.8),幂乘方法能对火绒草斑块植被空间分布格局进行客观分析。优势种火绒草和线叶嵩草(Kobresia capillifolia),亚优势种球花蒿(Artemisia smithii)和珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum)等的相对空间异质性(ε)高于群落的空间异质性(δC),位于直线y=0上方,使群落趋于集群分布;伴生种西北针茅(Stipa krylovii)、瑞香狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)和苔草(Carex sp)等的ε与群落的δC类似,位于直线y=0附近,它们维持群落自身空间分布状态;偶见种的ε低于群落的δC,位于直线y=0下方,降低群落的集群分布。随火绒草斑块等级水平的增加,群落物种数呈增加,丰富度指数DGI呈降低变化。一般火绒草斑块的δc和βw为阶地﹥阴坡,DGI为阶地﹤阴坡;两种生境下,植物种组成的相似性G1斑块较低,G2—G4斑块较高。火绒草斑块的群落分布格局主要由优势种和亚优势种及偶见种的ε决定。     

青藏高原不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响

为缓解草蓄矛盾,青藏高原人工草地得到快速发展。土壤线虫对环境变化敏感,是草地生态系统的重要组成部分。然而,不同牧草人工草地对土壤线虫群落的影响尚不明确。2016年7月,对多年生禾本科(垂穗披碱草Elymus nutans Griseb.、老芒麦Elymus sibiricus L.、早熟禾Poa annua L.和羊茅Festuca ovina L.)、一年生禾本科燕麦Avena sativa L.和多年生豆科紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa L.等6种单播牧草人工草地(建植期4年)和天然草地(对照)的土壤线虫群落进行了调查。结果表明：(1)土壤线虫隶属于2纲8目32科58属,平均密度为1754个/100 g干土;紫花苜蓿样地的线虫密度最低,为949个/100 g干土;燕麦样地最高,为3267个/100 g干土;(2)与天然草地相比,燕麦样地的线虫群落总密度、多样性以及植食性和杂食-捕食性线虫密度显著增加,而其他人工草地的线虫群落密度、多样性以及植食性、食真菌和食细菌线虫密度均无显著变化;(3)土壤线虫总密度以及各营养类群密度在不同人工草地间差异显著,且均在燕麦样地最高;(4)建...     

天山西段北麓主要草地类型的地上生物量时空分布格局

以天山西段北麓草地生态系统为研究对象,通过2012—2021年实际调查并结合遥感影像数据对不同类型草地的地上生物量时空变化进行分析。结果表明：温性草原、温性荒漠草原、温性草原化荒漠和温性荒漠草地地上年均生物量分别为114.65±18.04、58.67±8.49、46.56±7.34、57.74±8.57 g·m^-2。空间上,随纬度自北向南方向生物量呈现高-低-高的分布模式,随着经度的增加,生物量由西向东方向呈显著降低的趋势（P<0.05）;草地地上生物量在空间上随着海拔升高而增加,时间上随时间推移整体呈下降趋势,其中山地草甸类下降最为显著（P<0.05）。分析该区域草地生物量时空变化可为天山西段北麓草场资源的可持续利用和畜牧业的发展提供指导。     

基于物种多样性与生物量关系的草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应研究进展

全球变暖背景下物种多样性和生物量的空间变化格局及其对温度升高的响应是生态学研究的热点内容,是探究群落稳定性响应全球变暖的关键.物种分布是多个生态过程相互作用的产物,温度升高通过改变群落关键种的作用影响物种多样性,从而改变群落稳定性.关于草地群落稳定性对全球变暖的响应过程,国内外学者的相关研究存在很大差异.该文作者结合自...     

不同生境类型枣园中节肢动物群落结构特征

在山西太谷枣区对不同间作生境组合类型枣园的节肢动物群落结构特征进行了研究,结果表明,在有杂草的枣园与其他枣园相比,节肢动物的物种数最大(P<0.05), 而节肢动物物种的个体数最小(P<0.05),而在单作无杂草的枣园则相反(P<0.05)。植食性类群的物种数和个体数在单作无杂草的枣园显著(P<0.05)大于其间作类型的枣园,而捕食性和寄生性的物种数和个体数则明显(P<0.05)小于其间作类型的枣园,而在有杂草的枣园则相反。枣树与大豆和棉花间作枣园的捕食性和寄生性的物种数和个体数则明显(P<0.05)大于枣树与大豆间作的枣园,而枣树与大豆间作的枣园与单作无杂草枣园的寄生性的物种数和个体数则无明显差异(P>0.05),但捕食性的物种数有大豆的枣园明显(P<0.05)大于单作无杂草枣园,而个体数则无明显差异(P>0.05)。多样性均匀度和相对稳定性指数研究结果表明有杂草的枣园明显(P<0.05)大于单作无杂草枣园,枣树与大豆和棉花间作的枣园明显(P<0.05)大于枣树与大豆间作的枣园,而优势度则相反。研究结果进一步表明,在枣园合理间作多种作物或者适当保留一定的杂草,不仅可以减少天敌昆虫迁出枣园,而且还可以增加枣园天敌的物种数量和节肢动物群落结构的多样性和均匀度,同时还能有效地利用枣园的空间和自然资源,增加单位面积的产量。     

围栏封育和自由放牧对克氏针茅草原植被空间异质性的影响

群落组成结构的异质性是群落动态的主要属性。本研究采用样线、样方调查方法,基于物种频度与幂函数法则,分析了内蒙古克氏针茅草原围栏封育和自由放牧条件下群落物种结构与空间异质性的变化。结果表明:在围栏外和围栏内不同利用方式下,物种均呈现集中分布;从水分生态型、生活型、生育型、种子传播型和植物科属等不同功能群类别来看,旱生植物和中旱生植物广泛分布,生活型以多年生草本植物为主,依靠重力传播种子的植物占有相对较大的比例,达到60%以上,禾本科、百合科、菊科和豆科等适牧植物具有相对优势;在围栏保护状态下,物种多样性增加,群落异质性降低,放牧退化草原开始向群落状况良好的草原类型演替。     

Spatial pattern changes in aboveground plant biomass in a grazing pasture

Using gamma distribution and spatial autocorrelation, it was demonstrated that plant biomass per unit area of a pasture grazed by cattle exhibited two kinds of spatial heterogeneity: small-scale heterogeneity caused by grazing and large-scale heterogeneity caused by topography, land aspect, etc. For each of the 10 measurement times from May to August, 100 quadrats 50cm × 50cm were arranged along a straight line 50m long in a pasture, and the plants within the quadrats were harvested at the height of 3cm above the ground surface to measure the dry weight. The data were aggregated into frequency distributions, and gamma distribution and the parameter values were estimated. This analysis showed that with the progression of grazing the amount of biomass decreased and the degree of spatial heterogeneity in biomass, measured per 0.25m², increased, and due to plant regrowth the trends were reversed. By rearranging the 100 biomass data in order of weight, it was suggested that plots with an extremely large biomass were not grazed by cattle and remained in the pasture. For the same data, variations of biomass along the straight line were divided into two parts based on the moving average: the spatial trend and the residuals which cannot be explained by the trend. In this analysis, 48–75% of the total spatial variation was explained by the trend along the straight line. Analysis using spatial autocorrelation for the actual biomass changes showed that the biomass changes within a range of about 10m on the straight line gave a positive correlation, which indicates a topographical trend in biomass. Spatial autocorrelation for residuals suggested that the spatial changes in biomass along the straight line followed a wave-like or checker-board pattern. Small-scale spatial heterogeneity in plant biomass may be caused by the uneven deposition of excreta by grazing animals, uneven use of the grassland by grazing animals, and uneven dispersal of plant seeds through faeces over the grassland. The possibility that such unevenness might accelerate energy flow in the grassland ecosystem and contribute to grassland sustainability is discussed.     

Spatial heterogeneity in a grassland community: Use of power law

A new regression analysis was proposed to evaluate the degree of spatial heterogeneity for individual species comprising a plant grassland community. The weighted average of the heterogeneity value of all the species comprising the community provides a measure of community-level heterogeneity. A field survey was carried out, as an example, in order to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of a pasture with grazing cows, using 100 quadrats 50 cm × 50 cm, each of which was divided into four smaller quadrats 25 cm × 25 cm, on a 50 m long line-transect. The frequency of occurrence for all the species in each small quadrat was recorded. The regression associated with the ratio of the theoretical and observed variances of occurence counts was used to analyse the frequency distribution of species in a pasture community. A good fit to the regression for the whole community was obtained. These results indicate that (i) each species in the example was distributed more heterogeneously than a random pattern; and (ii) the regression could well describe the spatial heterogeneity of the grassland plant community. In most of the observed species, spatial heterogeneity is often characterized by species-specific propagation traits and the architecture of plant bodies. Thus, the spatial patterns of a grassland community can be evaluated in detail by this power-law approach. This measure is suitable for field surveys and comparative studies of grassland communities, and for other plant communities that are generally short in height.     

封育对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落植被特征及空间异质性的影响

以科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿群落为对象,分析了放牧和不同封育年限下小叶锦鸡儿群落的植被特征及植被分布的小尺度空间异质性.结果表明:放牧和封育样地内植被均以1年生草本植物为主,物种数没有明显差异;封育6年、封育12年样地的植株密度分别为(124.46±5.22)株·m~(-2)和(203.05±10.38)株·m~2,显著高于放牧样地(P<0.05);封育样地的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数均低于放牧样地,并随着封育年限的增加而减小;封育样地植被分布的小尺度空间异质性小于放牧样地,并且封育年限越长,空间异质性越小.

Abstract：

This paper studied the vegetation characteristics and small-scale spatial heterogeneity of Caragana mirophylla community in Horqin Sandy Land in northeast Inner Mongolia of China under grazing and under 6-and 12 years enclosure, aimed to assess the effects of grazing and enclosure on vegetation restoration. In the sampling plots of grazing and different years enclosure, the species composition of C. mirophylla community all dominated by annual herbaceous plants. The species richness in grazed plot and in the plots enclosed for 6 and 12 years was 22, 19, and 20, respectively, with no significant difference. In the plots enclosed for 6 and 12 years, the plant density was (124.46±5.22) plants·m~(-2) and (203. 05±10. 38) plants·m~(-2), respec- tively, being significantly higher than that in grazed plot, which suggested that enclosure was an effective method to accelerate the vegetation restoration in Sandy Land. The Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson species diversity, and Pielou evenness in enclosed plots were lower than those in grazed plot, and decreased with increasing enclosure duration. The small-scale spatial heteroge-neity of vegetation in enclosed plots was smaller than that in grazed plot. The longer the enclosure duration, the smaller the spatial heterogeneity was.     

The latitudinal gradient of species diversity among North American grasshoppers (Acrididae) within a single habitat: a test of the spatial heterogeneity hypothesis

Abstract. The spatial heterogeneity hypothesis predicts a positive relationship between habitat complexity and species diversity: the greater the heterogeneity of a habitat, the greater the number of species in that habitat. On a regional scale, this hypothesis has been proposed to explain the increases in species diversity from the poles to the tropics: the tropics are more diverse because they contain more habitats. On the local scale, the spatial heterogeneity hypothesis suggests that the tropics are more diverse because they contain more microhabitats. The positive relationship between habitat heterogeneity and species diversity, on the local scale, is well documented. In this paper, we test whether habitat heterogeneity on the local scale can explain the latitudinal gradient of species diversity on the regional scale. We determined the latitudinal gradient of species diversity of 305 species of North American grasshoppers using published distribution maps. We compared the slope of this multihabitat (regional-scale) gradient with the slope of a within-habitat (local-scale) gradient in the prairie grasslands. Our results show no significant difference between the slopes at the two scales. We tested the generality of our results by comparing multi- and within-habitat latitudinal gradients of species diversity for ants, scorpions and mammals using data from the literature. These results are in accordance with those from grasshoppers. We can therefore reject the local-scale spatial heterogeneity hypothesis as a mechanism explaining the regional-scale latitudinal gradient of species diversity. We discuss alternative mechanisms that produce this gradient.     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲植物群落物种多样性的空间异质性

采用地统计学方法研究了黑河下游额济纳绿洲物种多样性的空间异质性.结果表明:Margalef丰富度指数(Ma)、Shannon多样性指数(H')、Simpson多样性指数(Ds)和Pielou均匀度指数(J')均服从正态分布,变异系数(CV)为55.8%～67.8%,均属中等变异;Ma和H'符合指数模型,Ds和J'符合球体模型;H'的空间变异程度最高,其次是Ma和J',Ds最小;在变程范围内,各物种多样性指数空间变异的结构性因子占主导地位,所占比例为81.1%～93.0%.各多样性指数沿河流方向的格局变化明显,绿洲核心区达来呼布镇(42°N,101°E)附近为显著高值区,在100°—101°E和102°—102°30'E的带状范围内呈明显的低值区,主要包括东、西戈壁及巴丹吉林沙漠腹地.