转人源免疫球蛋白猪胚胎的研究进展

转基因猪能够为人类提供可移植的异种器官,从而缓解临床医学应用上供体移植器官短缺的压力.本文综述了异种器官移植后发生免疫排斥的研究进展,讨论了应用原核显微注射法和精子栽体法生产转人源免疫球蛋白基因(DAF、MCP、CD59)巴马香猪胚胎的方法,力争为解决异种移植的技术"瓶颈"提供技术支撑,为后续的异种器官移植做初步的研究.     

延迟激活对猪克隆胚胎体外、体内发育效率的影响

为了提高猪克隆效率,获得更多的克隆猪,研究了延迟激活对猪体细胞克隆胚胎体外、体内发育的影响。研究发现,和同步融合激活方法相比,延迟激活虽然会降低克隆重构胚的融合率(P> 0. 05),但能够显著提高克隆胚胎的卵裂率(P <0. 01)和囊胚率(P <0. 05);延迟激活方法重构胚使用CB辅助激活4h,其囊胚率均极显著高于不使用CB组(P <0. 01);将克隆胚胎移植到126头受体母猪后,延迟激活组受体母猪分娩率显著高于同步激活组(P <0. 05),虽然在窝均总仔、窝均活仔、克隆效率方面没有显著差异,但延迟激活组显然获得了更多的克隆仔猪。以上结果说明,延迟激活方法能够提高猪克隆胚胎的体外、体内发育效率。     

延迟激活对猪克隆胚胎体外、体内发育效率的影响

为了提高猪克隆效率,获得更多的克隆猪,研究了延迟激活对猪体细胞克隆胚胎体外、体内发育的影响。研究发现,和同步融合激活方法相比,延迟激活虽然会降低克隆重构胚的融合率(P 0. 05),但能够显著提高克隆胚胎的卵裂率(P 0. 01)和囊胚率(P 0. 05);延迟激活方法重构胚使用CB辅助激活4h,其囊胚率均极显著高于不使用CB组(P 0. 01);将克隆胚胎移植到126头受体母猪后,延迟激活组受体母猪分娩率显著高于同步激活组(P 0. 05),虽然在窝均总仔、窝均活仔、克隆效率方面没有显著差异,但延迟激活组显然获得了更多的克隆仔猪。以上结果说明,延迟激活方法能够提高猪克隆胚胎的体外、体内发育效率。     

广西巴马小型猪转基因克隆胚胎的体外生产

广西巴马小型猪是一种原产于广西巴马县的小型猪品种,非常适于实验动物化,进行广西巴马小型猪的基因修饰研究,可以显著提升其在生物医学研究中的利用价值。当前最有效的构建转基因猪方法是体细胞核移植,但因用于体细胞核移植生物供体细胞在经受转基因操作后活性显著下降,从而制约了转基因克隆猪的生产效率。Xfect polymer是一种新型转染试剂,具有细胞毒性低和操作简便等优点,已被证明适用于多种真核细胞的转基因操作。本研究旨在利用体细胞核移植技术来检验经Xfect polymer转染制备的广西巴马小型猪转基因体细胞,可否支持猪克隆胚胎完全的体外发育的能力,以期为将来生产模拟人类疾病的转基因克隆广西巴马小型猪奠定基础。     

利用改进的手工克隆技术生产转GFP基因猪克隆胚胎

通过体细胞核移植(Somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT)培育转基因动物新个体是当前被广泛使用的技术之一,但其生产成本高和转基因囊胚形成率低在很大程度上制约了该技术的应用。文章报告对该技术的一些改进以提高其成功率并降低成本。首先将增强型绿色荧光基因(EGFP)导入猪胎儿成纤维细胞中,通过荧光观察EGFP的表达来筛选适合做细胞核移植的体细胞。这样避免了外源EGFP基因虽已整合至猪基因组但不表达的情况,保证供体细胞100%是表达目标蛋白(绿色荧光蛋白)的细胞;然后利用新一代体细胞核移植技术——手工克隆技术(Handmade cloning,HMC)将供体细胞与卵母细胞融合生产胚胎。共收集了4个批次378个肉用家猪的卵母细胞,经体外培养成熟后手工去核得到266个去核卵母细胞,与EGFP细胞融合后获得127个重构胚胎,将重构胚胎体外培养到144 h,得到转基因囊胚65个,平均囊胚率为52.1±8.3%。与传统SCNT相比,HMC不仅操作简便,而且能大幅提高核移植细胞的囊胚率。更为重要的是,改进的手工克隆技术摆脱了昂贵的显微操作仪,为产业化生产转基因动物提供了新的实用基础。     

人溶菌酶基因的克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆人溶菌酶基因并进行生物信息学分析及构建其原核表达载体方法:采用RT-PCR法扩增人溶菌酶基因,运用相关生物信息学软件对其理化性质、疏/亲水性、功能结构域及蛋白质二级结构等进行分析.将该基因克隆入载体pET32a,PCR、双酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定.结果:获得约400bp的人溶菌酶基因,其序列与GenBank中公布序列完全一致.生物信息学分析显示人溶菌酶基因编码130个氨基酸,分子量为14.7kDa,理论等电点为9.28,含有一个功能结构域,二级结构主要由α-螺旋、无规则卷曲、延伸链和β-转角组成.经PCR、双酶切鉴定和核苷酸序列测定,表明重级表达质粒构建成功.结论:该基因的克隆、生物信息学分析及原核表达质粒的构建为进一步研究其功能奠定了基础.     

体细胞起源的人胚胎干细胞

根据治疗性克隆假设,可以通过体细胞核移植技术获得与病人具同样基因型的细胞或组织。这样起源的细胞或组织植回病人将不会引起免疫排斥反应。本研究将5岁、42岁、52岁和60岁4个不同年龄的人体细胞核植入去核的兔卵母细胞中重新启动,发育至囊胚,并分离人胚胎干细胞。研究结果提示,年龄不影响体细胞被重新启动的效率。经过核型分析,同源染色体分析,原位杂交,PCR和免疫组化染色等多种鉴定,ntES细胞具有人染色体。ntES细胞可以长期增殖并保持不分化状态,也可以形成类胚体并分化出包括神经和肌肉在内的多种细胞类型。由类胚体诱导生成的混合细胞群体表达所有三个胚层(外、中、内胚层)细胞类型标记,说明ntES细胞具有分化成所有三个胚层的潜力。因此,从人体细胞核获得的ntES细胞与普通人胚胎干细胞一样具有向多种细胞类型分化的能力。     

人溶菌酶基因的合成和克隆

用固相亚磷酰胺法合成了人溶菌酶的全基因,全长为409bp,它包括了编码人溶菌酶的结梅基因,起始密码于ATG,终止密码子TAA、TGA,以及两端的BamHI和SphI的识别顺序。整个基因分成24个寡聚核苷酸片段进行合成,每个片段长度分别为26至38个核苷酸．然后用两种方法酶促连接成完整的人溶菌酶基因。基因克隆到M13载体上。用点杂交和限制酶酶切分析确定阳性克隆株。用双脱氧链终止法进行序列分析,证实所合成的人溶菌酶基因序列与设计的完全一致。     

Scriptaid处理可提高近交系五指山猪克隆胚胎的发育能力和克隆效率

为探讨一种新型低毒的组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂Scriptaid处理克隆胚胎时对其发育能力和克隆效率的影响,本研究以近交系五指山小型猪胎儿成纤维细胞为供体细胞进行体细胞核移植构建重构胚胎,重构胚胎激活后培养在添加Scriptaid不同浓度(0～300 nmol/ L)的胚胎培养液中培养不同的时间(0～36 h),观察克隆胚胎的卵裂率和囊胚率,评价克隆胚胎体外的发育能力.实验结果发现100 nmol/L Scriptaid处理24 h组克隆胚胎的囊胚发育率(30.4%)较对照组(17.5%)显著提高,P<0.05.将100 nmol/L Scriptaid处理24 h组克隆胚胎和对照组胚胎分别移植到4头受体母猪中,进一步观察其体内的发育能力.处理组克隆胚胎的受体在平均窝产仔数和克隆效率(分别为5头,2.4%)均显著高于对照组(分别为1.5头,0.7%),P<0.05.以上结果表明,100 nmol/L Scriptaid处理24 h近交系五指山小型猪克隆胚胎,有利于提高克隆胚胎的发育能力和克隆效率.     

转基因克隆动物研究

克隆动物是目前生物技术领域研究的热点之一,其科学意义和应用价值重大根据现有理论和技术发展趋势,本文提出了转基因克隆动物的概念,即将克隆动物与转基因克隆动物技术有机地结合起来,认为转基因克隆动物制作技术将有望成为下一世纪创建遗传工程动物的主层性技术。     

Effects of donor cells on in vitro development of cloned bovine embryos

The donor cells from different individuals and with different foreign genes introduced were investigated to determine their effects on the efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The bovine ear fibroblast from different individuals was isolated, cultured, and then transfected with foreign genes to establish the stable cell lines, which were used as donor cells for nuclear transfer. The ooeytes were obtained through ovum pick up operation. After in vitro maturation, the M II phase oocytes were selected as receptors for nuclear transfer.The reconstructed embryos were cultured in vitro and observed at 2 h, 48 h, and 7 days after transfer to assess the rate of fusion using cleaved and blastoeyst as the parameters of SCNT efficiency. The donor cells from different individuals (04036, 06081, 06088, and 06129)had no obvious effect on the fusion and cleaved rate, whereas there was significant difference in the blastocyst rate (P<0.05), and the rate was 62.3%, 37.0%, 35.1%, and 15.6%, respectively. There was no significant difference among the rate of fusion, cleaved and blastocyst in donor cells with different foreign genes (P>0.05). It was concluded that the genetic background of the donor cells could affect the effi-ciency of SCNT, while the introduction of foreign genes into the donor cells had no obvious effect on the efficiency. This study provides useful information for the SCNT and would benefit in promoting the efficiency.     

Experimental cloning of embryos through human-rabbit inter-species nuclear transfer

Therapeutic cloning, which is based on human somatic cell nuclear transfer, is one of our major research objectives. Though inter-species nuclear transfer has been introduced to construct human somatic cell cloned embryos, the effects of type, passage, and preparation method of donor cells on embryo development remain unclear. In our experiment, cloned embryos were reconstructed with different passage and preparation methods of ossocartilaginous cell, skin fibroblast, and cumulus cells. The cumulus cell embryos showed significantly higher development rates than the other two (P < 0.05). The development rate of embryos reconstructed with skin fibroblasts of different passage number and somatic cells of different chilling durations showed no significant difference. Also, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was conducted to detect nuclear derivation of the embryos. The result showed that the nuclei of the inter-species cloned embryo cells came from human. We conclude that (1) cloned embryos can be constructed through human-rabbit interspecies nuclear transfer; (2) different kinds of somatic cells result in different efficiency of nuclear transfer, while in vitro passage of the donor does not influence embryo development; (3) refrigeration is a convenient and efficient donor cell preparation method. Finally, it is feasible to detect DNA genotype through FISH. Translated from Zoological Research, 2005, 26(4): 416–421 [译自: 动物学研究]     

Chromatin in early mammalian embryos: achieving the pluripotent state

Abstract Gametes of both sexes (sperm and oocyte) are highly specialized and differentiated but within a very short time period post-fertilization the embryonic genome, produced by the combination of the two highly specialized parental genomes, is completely converted into a totipotent state. As a result, the one-cell-stage embryo can give rise to all cell types of all three embryonic layers, including the gametes. Thus, it is evident that extensive and efficient reprogramming steps occur soon after fertilization and also probably during early embryogenesis to reverse completely the differentiated state of the gamete and to achieve toti- or later on pluripotency of embryonic cells. However, after the embryo reaches the blastocyst stage, the first two distinct cell lineages can be clearly distinguished—the trophectoderm and the inner cells mass. The de-differentiation of gametes after fertilization, as well as the differentiation that is associated with the formation of blastocysts, are accompanied by changes in the state and properties of chromatin in individual embryonic nuclei at both the whole genome level as well as at the level of individual genes. In this contribution, we focus mainly on those events that take place soon after fertilization and during early embryogenesis in mammals. We will discuss the changes in DNA methylation and covalent histone modifications that were shown to be highly dynamic during this period; moreover, it has also been documented that abnormalities in these processes have a devastating impact on the developmental ability of embryos. Special attention will be paid to somatic cell nuclear transfer as it has been shown that the aberrant and inefficient reprogramming may be responsible for compromised development of cloned embryos.     

克隆猪技术及其在转基因猪研究中的应用

哺乳动物核移植技术是一种可以获得基因组遗传信息完全相同的后代的生物技术。猪体细胞核移植技术包括以下几个环节：卵母细胞的体外成熟、供体细胞的分离和处理、体细胞的核转移、重构胚胎的人工激活、胚胎体外培养和胚胎移植。由于该技术在最近几年的迅速发展,很多实验室已通过该技术成功获得了克隆猪后代。核移植克隆猪技术的出现为生产转基因猪提供了一种有效的方法,并且是目前生产基因打靶猪的惟一方法。至今利用克隆猪技术已经成功获得了一系列的转基因猪和基因敲除猪。以核移植技术产生基因修饰猪目前正处于从基础研究走向应用的过渡阶段。尽管猪体细胞核移植克隆的效率（出生克隆猪数占所用卵数的比例）还不高,但是由于通过该技术能够对猪基因组进行特定的修饰,确保生产的克隆动物100％为转基因动物,从而大大提高了转基因猪的制作效率,可以预料猪核移植技术将会对医药业和农业产生重大的影响。     

广西巴马小香猪体细胞克隆

本研究旨在检验新生广西巴马小香猪肾脏成纤维细胞支持克隆胚胎完全的体内发育潜能,亦即能通过其构建出存活的克隆猪,从而为克隆技术在广西巴马小香猪资源保存和开发上的应用奠定基础。首先制备新生雄性广西巴马小香猪肾脏成纤维细胞,用其制备体细胞核移植胚胎,追踪观察体细胞核移植胚胎体外发育潜能,最后通过胚胎移植检验其完全的体内发育潜能。实验结果表明,制备的新生雄性广西巴马小香猪肾脏成纤维细胞具有良好的细胞增殖活性,用其制备的体细胞核移植胚胎分裂率和囊胚率分别为77.7%(334/430)和16.5%(71/430),将1 658枚克隆胚胎移植给6头代孕母猪,其中2头妊娠并最终产下8头存活雄性克隆小猪和3头死胎,整体克隆效率为0.66%,存活克隆猪健康状况良好。本研究表明,新生猪肾脏成纤维细胞是一种理想的用于生产体细胞克隆广西巴马小香猪的细胞资源。     

转基因红鲤体细胞的核移植

以F4代转hGH基因红鲤体细胞（肾脏和尾鳍）及培养18代的F4代转hGH基因红鲤尾鳍细胞为核供体,泥鳅或黄河鲤成熟卵为受体,进行了核移植,以探讨外源F4代转基因鱼体外源基因的分布与存在形式,稳定性和克隆转基因鱼的可能性。F4代红鲁肾脏细胞核与泥鳅卵配合的核移植胚胎有12．4％发育到囊胚,0．33％发育到神经胚;F4代尾鳍细胞核移入泥鳅卵后的重组胚发育到囊胚,神经胚、肌节期和肌肉效应期的胚胎分别为24．5％、0．3％、0．2％和0．1％;对照卵无发育。F4代红鲤尾鳍培养细胞与黄河鲤卵子配合的重组胚胎有50．53％发育到囊胚,5．69％发育到原肠胚,0．53％发育到神经胚,0．4％发育到肌节期。说明由于同种细胞核与卵细胞的相容性高于异种核卵的相容性,早期发育率高;而由于培养细胞的异倍化,后期的发育率降低。用PCR技术对供体鱼不同个体及同一体不同组织外源基因检测,结果100％个体为阳性鱼,而且不同组织的阳性率也是100％,说明外源基因均匀分布在不同组织中。无论F4代转基因鱼的肾脏细胞、尾鳍细胞还是培养的尾鳍细胞作核移植供体,核移植胚胎中hGH基因的检出率为100％。说明F4代转基因红鲤个体不同细胞都存在hGH基因,而且经长期培养不会丢失。表明F4代转基因红鲤中的外源hGH基因已基本稳定,体细胞核移植可以作为获得同质化转基因鱼的有效手段,但核移植效率还很低。另外还讨论了核质的相容性、细胞周期的协调、染色体的变异等因素对核移植的影响。