抗虫耐除草剂玉米GH5112E-117C定性PCR检测方法

转基因抗虫耐除草剂玉米GH5112E-117C是由北京奥瑞金公司研发的转mG2-aroA基因和mcry1Ah基因抗虫耐除草剂玉米新品系,对玉米螟、粘虫等鳞翅目害虫具有抗性、耐草甘膦除草剂的转基因玉米,在我国具有重要产业化应用前景。本文研发了GH5112E-117C转基因玉米的定性PCR检测方法,该方法能特异性地检测转基因抗虫耐除草剂玉米GH5112E-117C,在每个反应引物浓度为0.2 μmol/L、Taq DNA 聚合酶0.625 U、DNA模板50 ng,退火温度为58℃的条件下,检测灵敏度可稳定达到0.1%。该方法为转基因抗虫耐除草剂玉米GH5112E-117C的精准检测提供了一种新的技术手段,为农业转基因监管提供技术支撑。     

从作物驯化谈转基因

正1994年,美国Calgene公司研制的延熟保鲜转基因番茄在美国批准上市,成为世界上第一个批准商业化生产的转基因作物。之后,改良营养成分的转基因油菜、抗虫转Bt基因玉米、耐除草剂草甘膦转基因大豆等多种性状的转基因作物相继研发成功,并被批准大面积商业化种植。根据国际农业生物技术应用服务组织(ISAAA)发布的最新统计资料显示,截至2018年年底,     

转基因棉花研发及商业化发展态势

正国内外转基因棉花的研发主要集中于抗虫、抗除草剂、抗病、耐盐碱、抗旱和纤维改良等性状研究,但只有转基因抗虫、抗除草剂和纤维改良等性状得到注册应用。转基因棉花的大规模商业化种植,可以有效控制棉花害虫与杂草并改善棉花纤维品质,显著提高棉花产量,降低生产成本。主要描述了棉花转基因的主要技术和规模化转基因技术体系平台,论述了转基因棉花近年来的总体研发状况及在棉花抗虫、抗除草剂及纤维改良方面的研究进展,分析了全球前四大转基因棉花种植国家(印度、美国、中国和巴基斯坦)转基因棉花的商业化发展态势,并归纳总结了转基因棉花的安全性问题及今后主要的发展方向。     

转基因耐除草剂作物的环境风险及管理

自1996年第1例转基因作物在美国商业化种植, 其在全球的种植面积一直处于持续、快速增长的趋势。2010年, 全球转基因作物种植总面积达1.48×10⁸ hm², 所种植的转基因作物主要是耐除草剂和抗虫作物, 其中耐除草剂作物占种植总面积的81%。耐除草剂作物的种植为杂草的高效控制提供了新的手段, 但其可能带来的生态环境风险也引起了全世界各国的广泛关注和争议。该文在总结归纳前人研究的基础上, 针对耐除草剂作物的基因漂移、杂草化及对生物多样性的影响等当前人们普遍关注的环境风险问题, 系统讨论了相关的风险评价程序和方法, 概括和分析了当前耐除草剂作物的环境风险研究进展和管理措施, 以期为我国转基因耐除草剂作物的开发、风险评价及管理提供依据。     

转入抗虫基因 减少农药使用——转基因抗虫棉的环境安全和风险管控

正人类利用基因工程技术可以将外源基因转入农作物,使受体作物获得新的性状,如抗病虫、抗旱、抗寒等。全球商业化种植转基因农作物始于1996年,到2017年种植转基因耐除草剂或抗虫大豆、玉米、棉花和油菜等达到1.898亿公顷。到目前为止,我国只批准了商业化种植转基因抗虫棉花(Bt棉花)和转基因抗病毒木瓜两种作物。转基因抗虫棉花的商业化始于1997年,到2017年种植面积约280万公顷。转基因抗病毒木瓜种植比例高于普通木瓜面积的80%,但年度面积不足1万公顷。鉴于上述     

转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉对棉田冠层节肢动物群落的影响

【背景】随着转基因抗虫棉在我国的广泛种植,一种具有抗虫和耐除草剂（草甘膦）的双价棉被培育成功。这种转双价基因棉和转单价基因抗虫棉对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响可能不同。因此,在该类转双价基因棉花进行环境释放之前,有必要研究其对棉田节肢动物群落的影响,评价其环境安全性。【方法】试验于2010年5月9日~9月23日和2011年5月10日~9月24日在河南省安阳市中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验农场进行,棉田类型有3种——转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、转Bt棉田和常规棉田,每种棉田种植3个小区,每个小区面积为200 m2（8 m×25 m）。采用对角线5点取样方法,每5 d调查1次棉田的节肢动物群落,通过目测对节肢动物鉴定到属。【结果】抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、Bt棉田和常规棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的结构与组成无明显差异;抗草甘膦抗虫棉田害虫种群数量低于抗虫棉田和常规棉田,而其天敌种群数量与常规棉田相当,略低于Bt棉田;3种棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数均无明显差异。【结论与意义】种植转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉花不会对棉田节肢动物群落组成造成显著影响。本研究为转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田的环境安全性评价提供了依据。     

抗除草剂bar基因与EPSPS基因在转基因甘蔗中的应用研究

通过农杆菌介导法,分别将bar基因和EPSPS基因导入到甘蔗中,分别获得了抗草铵膦和草甘膦两种除草剂的转基因甘蔗。通过直接喷洒田间施用浓度的草铵膦和草甘膦除草剂,证明了转基因甘蔗T0、T1代、宿根1代和宿根2代外源基因遗传稳定,且均具有稳定的耐除草剂的功能。因此转耐除草剂基因的甘蔗,可以与转耐除草剂基因的玉米、大豆、油菜和棉花一样,有广阔的应用前景。     

转基因耐除草剂大豆的食用安全评价研究进展

转基因大豆是目前种植最广泛的转基因作物之一,其中具有耐除草剂特性的转基因大豆占比最高。公众对转基因食品一直争议不断,因此,其批准商业化种植前的食用安全性评价显得尤为重要。已有研究显示,转基因耐除草剂大豆已经商业化种植了二十多年,迄今为止还没有观察到任何不良反应。目前已经批准的转基因耐除草剂大豆均进行了严格的毒理学评价、过敏性评价和营养学评价,经过严格评价后上市的转基因大豆可以放心食用。综述了转基因耐除草剂大豆的主要类型,分析了可能存在的安全性问题,对转基因耐除草剂大豆的食用安全性评价方法进行了总结,以期为后续相关转基因食品安全性评价工作的开展提供借鉴。     

转基因大豆豆粕外源基因和蛋白在SD大鼠体内消化吸收分析

为了评估转基因抗草甘膦除草剂大豆的食用安全性,以20%的比例将转基因抗草甘膦除草剂大豆GTS40-3-2和其亲本非转基因大豆A5403豆粕分别添加到基础饲料中喂养两代Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,采用定性、定量PCR和ELISA方法检测转基因大豆成分相关基因和蛋白在长期饲喂的大鼠体内代谢残留状况。结果表明,大鼠喂养转基因大豆豆粕后,除了大鼠肠粪和盲肠内容物检测到有转基因成分的残留,肠道菌群和实质脏器均未发现相关基因和蛋白。结果提示,长期饲喂转基因抗草甘膦除草剂大豆GTS40-3-2与亲本A5403大豆豆粕对SD大鼠具有同样的食用安全性。     

以草甘膦为筛选标记的大豆转基因体系的建立及抗除草剂转基因大豆的培育

抗草甘膦转基因大豆能显著提高大豆生产效率,具有重大的应用前景.本实验室前期研究建立了农杆菌介导、草胺膦为筛选剂的大豆转基因体系,转化效率在4%以上.在此基础上,利用G6-EPSPS和G10-EPSPS 2个具有自主知识产权的草甘膦抗性基因,通过优化转化体系,成功建立了以草甘膦为筛选剂的大豆遗传转化体系,转化效率达1%以上.浓度梯度实验发现,当草甘膦的筛选浓度为100 mg/L时,虽然丛生芽的再生率下降了50%～60%,但最终转化效率不受影响.进一步通过基因表达分析、Western blot、Southern blot和除草剂抗性鉴定等方法对转基因大豆进行了分子检测和验证,最后获得了分子特征明确、对草甘膦抗性稳定的抗草甘膦转基因大豆后代.结果对国内抗草甘膦转基因大豆转基因方法研究及抗除草剂新品种选育具有意义.     

Efficient particle bombardment-mediated transformation of Cuban soybean (INCASoy-36) using glyphosate as a selective agent

Soybean is highly affected by weeds in tropical countries, causing significant losses in yields. Transgenic herbicide resistant soybeans have been produced in a limited number of varieties and parental lines. This study was conducted to obtain glyphosate herbicide resistant transgenic soybean plants through particle bombardment of embryonic axes in a Cuban variety. Shoot regeneration in 25 mg/L of glyphosate occurred within a short period and plantlets developed roots in a medium without selection pressure, which favored the in vitro growth of plants at a transformation frequency of 3.1–6.0?%. Expression and integration of the cp4epsps gene was confirmed in the progeny by an immune-detection assay, PCR and Southern blot. All greenhouse evaluated transgenic soybean lines (T₁) displayed tolerance to 1.25 Kg/ha of glyphosate. Growth and seed development of transformed plants was similar to untransformed plants. The regeneration procedure using embryonic axes combined with the efficient selection of shoots in glyphosate enabled the production of transgenic plants of this Cuban genotype, showing high tolerance to the herbicide, good efficiency and reproducibility.     

Gene flow from transgenic to nontransgenic soybean plants in the Cerrado region of Brazil

Evaluation of transgenic crops under field conditions is a fundamental step for the production of genetically engineered varieties. In order to determine if there is pollen dispersal from transgenic to nontransgenic soybean plants, a field release experiment was conducted in the Cerrado region of Brazil. Nontransgenic plants were cultivated in plots surrounding Roundup Ready transgenic plants carrying the cp4 epsps gene, which confers herbicide tolerance against glyphosate herbicide, and pollen dispersal was evaluated by checking for the dominant gene. The percentage of cross-pollination was calculated as a fraction of herbicide-tolerant and -nontolerant plants. The greatest amount of transgenic pollen dispersion was observed in the first row, located at one meter from the central (transgenic) plot, with a 0.52% average frequency. The frequency of pollen dispersion decreased to 0.12% in row 2, reaching 0% when the plants were up to 10 m distance from the central plot. Under these conditions pollen flow was higher for a short distance. This fact suggests that the management necessary to avoid cross-pollination from transgenic to nontransgenic plants in the seed production fields should be similar to the procedures currently utilized to produce commercial seeds.     

Influence of herbicide tolerant soybean production systems on insect pest populations and pest-induced crop damage

Conventional soybean weed management and transgenic herbicide-tolerant management were examined to assess their effects on soybean insect pest populations in south Georgia in 1997 and 1998. Soybean variety had very little impact on the insect species observed, except that maturity group effects were observed for stink bug, primarily Nezara viridula (L.), population densities on some sampling dates. Stink bugs were more abundant on the early maturing varieties in mid-season. Velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner, potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and grasshoppers Melanoplus spp. were more numerous on either conventional or herbicide-tolerant varieties on certain dates, although these differences were not consistent throughout the season. Soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), and whitefringed beetles, Graphognathus spp , demonstrated no varietal preference in this study. Few weed treatment differences were observed, but if present on certain sampling dates, then pest numbers were higher in plots where weeds were reduced (either postemergence herbicides or preplant herbicide plus postemergence herbicide). The exception to this weed treatment effect was grasshoppers, which were more numerous in weedy plots when differences were present. In post emergence herbicide plots, there were no differences in insect pest densities between the conventional herbicides (e.g., Classic, Select, Cobra, and Storm) compared with specific gene-inserted herbicide-tolerant materials (i.e., Roundup and Liberty). Defoliation, primarily by velvetbean caterpillar, was different between soybean varieties at some test sites but not different between herbicide treatments. We did not observe differences in seasonal abundance of arthropod pests between conventional and transgenic herbicide-tolerant soybean.     

The role of transgenic crops in sustainable development

The concept of sustainable development forms the basis for a wide variety of international and national policy making. World population continues to expand at about 80 M people per year, while the demand for natural resources continues to escalate. Important policies, treaties and goals underpin the notion of sustainable development. In this paper, we discuss and evaluate a range of scientific literature pertaining to the use of transgenic crops in meeting sustainable development goals. It is concluded that a considerable body of evidence has accrued since the first commercial growing of transgenic crops, which suggests that they can contribute in all three traditional pillars of sustainability, i.e. economically, environmentally and socially. Management of herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant transgenic crops to minimize the risk of weeds and pests developing resistance is discussed, together with the associated concern about the risk of loss of biodiversity. As the world population continues to rise, the evidence reviewed here suggests it would be unwise to ignore transgenic crops as one of the tools that can help meet aspirations for increasingly sustainable global development.     

Dynamics of canopy-dwelling arthropods under different weed management options,including glyphosate,in conventional and genetically modified insect-resistant maize

The use of genetically modified varieties tolerant to herbicides (HT varieties) and resistant to insects (Bt varieties) in combination with application of a broad-spectrum herbicide such as glyphosate could be an effective option for the simultaneous control of weeds and pests in maize. Nevertheless, the possible impact of these tools on nontarget arthropods still needs to be evaluated. In a field study in central Spain, potential changes in populations of canopy-dwelling arthropods in Bt maize under different weed management options, including glyphosate application, were investigated. Canopy-dwelling arthropods were sampled by visual inspection and yellow sticky traps. The Bt variety had no effect on any group of studied arthropods, except for the expected case of corn borers—the target pests of Bt maize. Regarding the effects of herbicide regimes, the only observed difference was a lower abundance of Cicadellidae and Mymaridae on yellow sticky traps in plots not treated with pre-emergence herbicides. This effect was especially pronounced in a treatment involving two glyphosate applications. The decrease in Cicadellidae and Mymaridae populations was associated with a higher density of weeds in plots, which may have hindered colonization of the crop by leafhoppers. These differences, however, were only significant in the last year of the study. The low likelihood of the use of glyphosate- and herbicide-tolerant varieties for weed control triggering important effects on the nontarget arthropod fauna of the maize canopy is discussed.     

Two heteropteran predators in relation to weed management in herbicide-tolerant corn

Deployment of genetically modified (GM), herbicide-tolerant corn may alter weed flora abundance and composition and may affect pests and their natural enemies. Among on-plant predators, Orius spp. are the prevalent group in Spain and were selected to study the impact of glyphosate use on predators. We also studied Nabis sp. which is commonly recorded on corn in the study area. For this, a 4-year study was conducted in NE Spain. Three different herbicide regimes were compared: two glyphosate (a broad-spectrum herbicide) treatments per season, no herbicide treatment, and one pre-emergence conventional treatment with selective herbicides against broadleaf and grassy weeds. Density of main arthropod herbivores and the above two predatory groups was recorded on plants. Differences between herbicide regimes were observed in the two functional groups studied, herbivores and heteropteran predators. The comparison of glyphosate-treated and untreated plots showed significant differences for both functional groups, but the differences between glyphosate-treated and conventionally treated plots for the two functional groups were lower. For Orius spp., annual density per plot was significantly correlated with annual density of leafhoppers and to a lesser extent, with aphids. Nabis sp. densities were never different between glyphosate-treated and conventionally treated plots, and Nabis sp. density showed no relation to any of the herbivores tested. We concluded that no significant changes in heteropteran predator densities may be expected from moderate alterations in weeds arising from the deployment of herbicide-tolerant corn varieties and that leafhoppers are probably the herbivore prey that most influences Orius spp. densities in corn in our study area.     

Glyphosate-Tolerant Crops: Genes and Enzymes

This review focuses on the genes for the enzymes 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimlc acid synthase (EPSPS) and the glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX). These genes have been used to genetically engineer plants that are resistant to the herbicide glyphosate. Overproduction of glyphosate-insensitive.EPSPS in transgenic crops has been used to overcome the deleterious effuts of this herbicide. The introduction into plants of GOX also confers glyphosate tolerance to plants and augments the tolerance of transgenic plants already expressing a glyphosate tolerant EPSPS. These genes also provide a method for selecting transformed plant tissue using the glyphosate tolerance as the selectable marker in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of glypllosate. Glyphosate tolerant transgenic plants of beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, poplar, potato, rapeseed. soybean, tobacco, tomato, and wheat have already been field tested and are entering agriculture.     

大豆微核心种质对草甘膦的耐受性鉴定

以萌发初期大豆弯曲的子叶节为靶点,利用草甘膦(Roundup)点施鉴定法,分析了221份大豆微核心种质的草甘膦耐受性及其与抗草甘膦转CP4-EPSPS基因大豆AG5601的差异,结果表明,草甘膦对不同大豆种质的抑制程度与点施的草甘膦浓度呈正相关,Roundup稀释浓度为1/1000、1/10000时,草甘膦对大豆生长几乎无影响;Roundup稀释浓度为1/10时,草甘膦显著抑制大豆生长,导致植株死亡;Roundup稀释浓度为1/100时,不同大豆种质对草甘膦耐受性差异显著,并鉴定出对草甘膦具有较好耐受性的种质10份。虽然大豆微核心种质对草甘膦的耐受程度远远低于AG5601,但不同大豆种质对草甘膦耐受性存在显著差异,这为利用转基因和杂交转育技术培育抗草甘膦转基因大豆的受体或轮回亲本的选择提供了理论依据。