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1.
2007~2009年在黑龙江中南部地区对绿翅鸭(Anas crecca)繁殖生态习性进行了观察。绿翅鸭在黑龙江属夏候鸟,每年3月末4月初迁来,10月上旬迁离,所观察的4对绿翅鸭居留期约6个月。迁来时成群停留在湖泊及江的冰面上,开江以后散去,繁殖期间,绿翅鸭的配偶关系为一雄一雌,巢址多选择离水域较近的草丛或灌木丛中,所观察的4巢,巢都比较简单,筑巢时间为(5.5±1.0)d(n=4)。巢筑成后的(3.25±0.50)d开始产卵。每窝70~12枚不等,平均(9.80±2.21)枚(n=4)。卵重平均(28.70±0.72)g(n=39),最后一枚卵产出后(2.50±0.577)d(n=4),开始孵卵,孵卵期约为22~26 d不等,平均孵卵期为(24.25±1.17)d(n=4),平均孵化率为79.5%±29.98%。幼鸟为早成鸟,育雏期为(29.75±1.70)d。  相似文献   

2.
2007~2009年每年5~7月对四川省绵阳地区黑卷尾Dicrurus macrocercus的繁殖生态进行了观察.结果 表明,在绵阳,黑卷尾5月初迁入,5月中旬开始筑巢,巢深(6.73±1.41)cm、巢位高(6.38±1.27)m,巢内径为(9.88±1.54) cm,外径为(12.87±2.75) cm;5月底6月初产卵, 窝卵数多为3~5枚,平均卵重4.61 g,平均卵长径24.4 mm,平均卵短径17.4 mm;孵卵期(16±1) d,育雏期15~17 d,在幼鸟8~12日龄亲鸟育雏频次最高,平均为(8.23±2.13) 次/d.  相似文献   

3.
2004年2~5月在四川省南充市嘉陵江中上游的河漫滩内对白鶺鴒(Motacilla alba)的繁殖习性进行了研究。结果表明:白鶺鴒2月开始繁殖;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~10 d;主要雌鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d,上午8:00~9:00时孵卵出现一次高峰;窝卵数(5.00±0.52)(n=16)枚,孵化率42.5%;雌雄参与育雏,育雏期15~16 d,下午18:00~19:00时育雏出现一次高峰,日育雏次数(112.9±48.6)(n=17),育雏时间间隔(5.60±5.34)min(n=1 584);雏鸟形态生长曲线呈“S”型。  相似文献   

4.
鹟莺属(Seicercus)鸟类的繁殖资料十分缺乏。2015年4~8月,采用录像全程监控的方法,在贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区,对4巢栗头鹟莺(S.castaniceps)的繁殖过程进行了完整观察。栗头鹟莺的繁殖期主要集中在5~7月,巢址选择专一性较强,均筑巢于公路边的土坎内壁,距路(1.3±1.2)m,巢为球状侧开口,巢材主要为新鲜苔藓及细草根,巢高(2.2±0.6)m,巢宽(10.9±1.5)cm,杯宽(3.3±0.5)cm,巢深(9.5±1.9)cm,杯深(5.5±1.0)cm。窝卵数(4.5±0.6)枚(4~5枚),卵重(0.92±0.04)g,卵长(14.30±0.30)mm,卵宽(11.22±0.23)mm,卵体积(0.92±0.05)mm3(n=18)。亲鸟在产满窝卵后开始孵卵,孵卵期12~13 d,在孵卵中期(第5~9天)亲鸟的孵卵时间开始增加,翻卵次数增多,在孵卵后期(第10~13天)亲鸟的孵卵时间和翻卵次数基本保持不变。育雏期13~14 d。雌、雄共同育雏,雏鸟在3日龄时,体重和跗跖开始显著增长,在7日龄时,增长速度变缓。孵化率为88.9%(16/18),营巢成效为100%,出飞成效为3.3只/巢。  相似文献   

5.
2019和2020年,在广西崇左恩城观察了喀斯特森林一对冠斑犀鸟(Anthracocerosalbirostris)的繁殖行为。此对冠斑犀鸟每年4~7月在石壁上的洞穴里营巢,其孵卵期约为35 d,育雏期约为55 d。每年均有2只幼鸟成功离巢。幼鸟及雌鸟食物以植物性食物为主,雄鸟喂食时缺少明显的高峰。结果表明,冠斑犀鸟在繁殖行为上适应了喀斯特这一特殊生境。  相似文献   

6.
2003年3月~2004年5月在四川省南充市区的校园和公园内对红头长尾山雀(Aegithalosconcinnus)的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明,红头长尾山雀在2月上旬开始求偶、配对。2月中旬开始营巢,巢多筑于圆柏、凤尾竹等上,营巢期10~11 d,影响巢址选择主要因素6种。3月初产卵,窝卵数(5.17±0.41)枚;轮流昼夜孵卵,孵卵期为14~15 d;育雏高峰期每日9:00~10:00、16:00~17:00时,育雏期为14 d。从孵卵开始到育雏结束,其中3个巢均有一个帮手,与生殖鸟轮流孵卵和育雏。  相似文献   

7.
2007年5~6月,对1窝普通夜鹰的繁殖习性及雏鸟的生长发育进行了观察.普通夜鹰育雏期约为18 d.雌、雄性都参与孵卵和育雏.育雏期每天有3个喂食高峰期,分别是晚上20:00~22:00、凌晨0:00~2:00、早上4:00~6:00.育雏过程中,亲鸟的领域性弱,护雏性强.初级飞羽在雏鸟出壳6 d后长出,但生长速度最快.  相似文献   

8.
四川南充地区白鸰的繁殖习性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
2004年2~5月在四川省南充市嘉陵江中上游的河漫滩内对白鹡鸰(Motacilla alba)的繁殖习性进行了研究.结果表明白鹡鸰2月开始繁殖;雌雄参与筑巢,营巢期7~10 d;主要雌鸟孵卵,孵卵期13~14 d,上午800~900时孵卵出现一次高峰;窝卵数(5.00±0.52)(n=16)枚,孵化率42.5%;雌雄参与育雏,育雏期15~16 d,下午1800~1900时育雏出现一次高峰,日育雏次数(112.9±48.6)(n=17),育雏时间间隔(5.60±5.34)min(n=1 584);雏鸟形态生长曲线呈"S"型.  相似文献   

9.
2004~2006年的3~7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400~900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3~7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6~8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。  相似文献   

10.
邓腾  张瑞  许华磊  刘伟 《动物学杂志》2016,51(5):743-750
2015年4~9月,采用焦点动物取样法,通过人工观察及监控设备记录,在青海省祁连县研究了2窝在人工巢中繁殖的大(鵟)(Buteo hemilasius)行为.构建了大(鵟)亲鸟及雏鸟在繁殖期的行为谱,将亲鸟繁殖期内的行为划分为12项30种,将雏鸟的行为划分为9项25种.研究发现,大(鵟)繁殖期开始于4月中下旬,持续至8月中旬结束,平均(112.0±2.0)d(n=2);将繁殖期划分为孵卵前期、孵卵期、育雏期及雏鸟成熟期.利用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)比对了雌雄亲鸟之间,以及不同时期间亲鸟、雏鸟的行为时间分配.结果显示,(1)雌雄大(鵟)之间的行为时间分配在孵卵前期及孵卵期差异不显著(P>0.05),在育雏期及雏鸟成熟期差异显著(P<0.05).在这两个时期,雌性栖停行为所占比例显著高于雄性(P<0.01),而捕食行为占比显著低于雄性(P< 0.01).(2)雌性大(鵟)行为时间分配在不同时期均变化显著(P< 0.05),雄性大(鵟)行为时间分配在育雏期与雏鸟成熟期间差异不显著,其余各个时期间差异显著(P< 0.05).(3)大(鵟)雏鸟行为时间分配在育雏期与成熟期之间差异显著(P<0.05).  相似文献   

11.
2009年至2012年期间,在甘肃莲花山自然保护区共发现91个白腹短翅鸲(Hodgsonius phaenicuroides)巢,其中15巢被大杜鹃(Cuculus canorus)寄生,寄生率为16.48%。根据对13枚寄生的大杜鹃卵的观察,其中12枚卵色为浅蓝色,与白腹短翅鸲的深蓝绿色卵差异明显,仅1枚与白腹短翅鸲卵色一致。大杜鹃与白腹短翅鸲的卵重(t =11.208, df=38, P<0.001)和卵短径(t=0.970,df=38, P<0.001)差异极显著。白腹短翅鸲具有识别大杜鹃卵的能力,15巢中只有4巢接受寄生卵并继续孵化,7巢成功识别,剩余4巢无法确定是否识别。白腹短翅鸲为雌鸟单独孵卵,推测识别大杜鹃卵可能只与雌鸟有关。  相似文献   

12.
郝萌  邹红菲 《动物学杂志》2013,48(2):206-211
作者2011年9 ~ 10月在黑龙江省扎龙国家级自然保护区对人工林内中华攀雀(Remiz consobrinus)的巢址特征进行了研究.研究期间共发现36巢,选取巢距地面距离、巢距主干距离、巢距挂枝末端距离、巢树胸径等9个巢址因子进行主成分分析.结果表明,巢下生境、巢距地面距离和巢距主干距离以及巢距挂枝末端距离在中华攀雀巢址选择中起主要作用;巢树胸径、巢向和巢挂枝年龄次之.中华攀雀巢距地面(5.59±1.44)m,距主干距离为(1.81±0.50)m,距挂枝末段距离为(0.10±0.04)m,巢树胸径(0.29±0.08)m.巢距地面高度(P =0.002 3)和巢距明水面距离(P =0.003 7)在芦苇沼泽与林地草甸2种生境类型之间差异显著,巢树胸径在林地草甸与房屋农田2种生境类型之间差异显著(P=0.003 4),不同生境类型之间巢距主干距离、巢距挂枝末端距离和巢挂枝年龄无显著差异.  相似文献   

13.
张洪海  王明  陈磊  刘松涛  窦华山  高东泉 《生态学报》2013,33(10):3233-3240
2010年和2011年3月-6月,对内蒙古达赉湖国家级保护区达赉湖西岸地区大鵟(Buteo hemilasius)的巢穴结构和巢址选择因子进行了调查研究.采用野外观察和样方法定位了13个大鵟巢址,并对巢址样方的20个生态因子进行测量,运用主成分分析法对影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子进行了分析.测量显示,大鵟巢穴的基本结构特征为:外径(94.7+4.2) cm;巢高度(46.1±2.7) cm;内径(24.8±1.5)cm;巢深(14.0±+0.9)cm.生境因子分析结果表明,达赉湖西岸地区大鵟的巢集中分布在湖岸或水塘附近的悬崖,营巢点坡度为15°-45°之间的阳坡或半阳坡;隐蔽度高于20%;草本密度大于5株/m2;植被均高大于30cm;巢距悬崖上部距离2-5m;距水源l00m以内;距居民点距离大于lkm;距草原道路的距离大于0.5km;而对于物种丰富度没有特殊要求.主成分分析显示,影响大鵟巢址选择的主要因子有3个,依次为:隐蔽性因子(主要包括巢址区域的植物特征和地形特征)、干扰因子和食物因子.各主成分中,相对系数绝对值最高的变量依次是:植被盖度、距居民点距离、巢的高度和距草原道路距离.  相似文献   

14.
闽楠人工林细根寿命及其影响因素   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
采用微根管技术对闽楠(Phoebe bournei (Hemsl.) Yang)人工林细根生长动态进行了连续2a的观测,通过Kaplan-Meier方法估计细根寿命,使用对数秩检验(Log-rank test)比较单一因素(细根直径、序级、出生季节和土层)对细根寿命的影响;并分析细根化学性质对细根寿命的影响.结果表明:出生季节极显著影响闽楠细根寿命(P<0.01),细根主要在春季出生(82.36%),夏季出生的细根平均寿命和中值寿命皆最长,分别为(218±23)d和(175±65)d;土层对闽楠细根寿命的影响不显著(P>0.05),下层(20-40 cm)细根平均寿命为(126±4)d高于表层(0-20cm)的(116±5)d;细根平均寿命随直径增大而极显著增大(P<0.01),0-0.3 mm的细根平均寿命为(109±4)d,0.3-0.6 mm的为(123±5)d,0.6-1 mm的为(139±11)d,1-2 mm的为(185±25)d.随着径级增大,闽楠细根碳含量极显著增大(P<0.01),氮含量极显著减小(P<0.01),碳氮比极显著增大(P<0.01),磷含量极显著减小(P<0.01).细根平均寿命随序级增大亦显著增大(P<0.05),其中一级根平均寿命和中值寿命分别为(120±4)d和(89±1)d,高级根的则为(137±7)d和(123±1)d.以上结果表明闽楠细根寿命受到细根形态结构(直径和序级)、出生季节以及细根化学性质的影响.  相似文献   

15.
In the sparse larch forests of the upper Kolyma River, hypopi of the mite Anoetus myrmicarum (Scheucher, 1957) were found in several nests of the ant Formica lemani Bondroit, 1917. These mites were not found in hundreds of nests of the other 10 ant species examined in northeastern Asia. A possible ecological and physiological conditionality of the restricted distribution of phoretic mites was analyzed. For this purpose, coldhardiness of mites and their ant hosts, the biotopic distribution and the structure of nests, and the temperature conditions of overwintering were examined. At the stage of hypopus, the mites overwintered on ants in the overcooled stage; their mean supercooling temperatures (SCP) varied from ?25.8 ± 0.3°C to ?27.7 ± 0.4°C (min ?32.2°C, n = 157). These values were by 0.1 to 7.0°C lower than the mean SCP of the ants from 8 tested nests of F. lemani (?20.7 ± 0.5°C to ?25.7 ± 0.8°C). The soil temperatures at the level of winter chambers varied from ?12°C to ?15°C. Scarcity of findings of Anoetus myrmicarum in the Kolyma Highland is not associated with the limited cold-hardiness of the examined stages, but is most probably determined by interrelations between mites and ants.  相似文献   

16.
为探讨旧大陆食果和食蜜蝙蝠的食性类型不同是否造成其取食器官舌长度及结构的差异,本研究以2种食果蝙蝠犬蝠(Cynopterus sphinx)和棕果蝠(Rousettus leschenaultii)以及1种食蜜蝙蝠长舌果蝠(Eonycteris spelaea)为研究对象,比较了这3个物种间舌的差异.犬蝠、棕果蝠和长舌果蝠伸入直径为2 cm试管的最大舌长度L1(包括伸入试管的吻部和吻部以外的舌长)分别为(29.19±0.52)mm、(35.05±0.82) mm、(49.34±1.64) mm;伸出吻端外部的舌长L3分别为(16.25±0.53)mm、(19.25±0.79) mm、(31.88 ± 1.56) mm;与体重转换后的最大舌长度,即转换L1分别为(8.57±0.17) mm/g1/3、(7.90 ±0.27) mm/g1/3、(12.41 ±0.40) mm/g1/3;与体重转换后的伸出吻端外部的舌长,即转换L3分别为(4.77±0.16) mm/g1/3、(4.34±0.22) mm/g1/3、(8.01 ±0.38) mm/g1/3;与体重转换后的解剖舌长分别为(5.56 ±0.16) mm/g1/3、(5.35 ±0.14) mm/g1/3、(6.65±0.38)mm/g1/3.此5个参数种间比较均差异显著,食蜜类的长舌果蝠的5个参数均显著长于食果类犬蝠和棕果蝠的相应参数.通过比较3种蝙蝠的舌结构发现,长舌果蝠的舌尖尖细且具有毛刷状丝状乳头结构,舌面及两侧凹槽较多;犬蝠和棕果蝠的舌尖钝圆,舌面乳头和凹槽较少而平缓.本文结果表明,旧大陆食蜜蝙蝠与食果蝙蝠在舌长度和舌结构上存在明显差异,可能与捕食行为的差异有关.  相似文献   

17.
Due to their importance as pollinators of many plant species, this study aimed to know the nest density, spatial distribution, and nesting substrates used by Xylocopa species in the Caatinga, a xerophilous vegetation of Northeastern Brazil. Three areas of Caatinga in the surroundings of passion fruit crops were sampled. The bee species found in these areas were Xylocopa grisescens Lepeletier and Xylocopa frontalis (Olivier). All nests were in Commiphora leptophloeos (Burseraceae) trees (n?=?113). Phytosociological analysis showed that this tree species presented the highest absolute density (212.5 individuals/ha) and index of importance value (52.7). The distribution pattern of the C. leptophloeos was aggregated. The nests were located in dead and dried branches with an average diameter of 5.3?±?2.0 cm (n?=?43). The mean number of nests/tree was 3.1?±?2.8 (n?=?113). The less disturbed area showed 6.7 nests/ha and 4.2 nests/tree. In the disturbed areas, 0.9 nests/ha and 2.4 to 2.7 nests/tree were observed. The availability of substrate for nesting in the studied areas and its importance as a limiting factor for nesting are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Atta bisphaerica is a species of grass-cutting ants commonly found in the Cerrado biome. The Brazilian Cerrado (savanna) biome covers 2 million km representing 23% of the area of the country. It is an ancient biome with rich biodiversity, estimated at 160,000 species of plants, fungi and animals. However, little is known about their nest architecture development. This study investigated the architecture of fourteen A. bisphaerica nests from Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Molds were made of the nests by filling them with cement to allow better visualization of internal structures such as chambers and tunnels. After excavation, the depth and dimensions (length, width, and height) of the chambers were measured. As expected, there was a lateral development in the nests and increase in the number of chambers over time. Results showed that in nests with an estimated age of 14 months, the average depth was 1.6 ± 0.4 m; for those with 18 months it was 2.2 ± 0.7 m and at 28 months it was 2.5 ± 0.7 m. The number of chambers varied from 4 to 7 in 28-month nests, 2 to 4 in 18-month nests, and from 2 to 3 in 14-month nests. With respect to the dimensions of the internal tunnels, there were variations in their average width, increasing with time. The fungus chambers were located beneath the largest mound of loose soil. This study contributes to a better understanding of the so far unknown nest architecture development of A. bisphaerica grass-cutting ants.  相似文献   

19.
Seaweeds are rich in bioactive compounds which have well-documented antioxidant properties. They also have antimicrobial activities against food pathogenic microorganisms. This study uses an extract of the brown seaweed, Saccharina (Laminaria) japonica, produced by subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) for investigating its potential to inhibit bacteria. De-oiled S. japonica was obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The reaction temperatures for hydrolysis of raw and de-oiled S. japonica were maintained from 200 to 280 °C. The experiment was done with condition 1.3–6.0 MPa for the reaction pressure and 1:10 (w/v) for the ratio of material to water. The antibacterial activities of raw and de-oiled S. japonica produced by SWH were determined by using the agar diffusion method. Antibacterial activity was tested against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). The antibacterial activities of hydrolysate water with catalyst at 240 °C showed better bacterial inhibition than the others. Strong antibacterial activity was found using de-oiled material with acetic acid added, with a zone of inhibition of S. typhimurium (14.33?±?0.06 mm) and E. coli (13.00?±?0.09 mm). On the other hand, the weakest antibacterial inhibition was found for S. aureus (12.83?±?0.10 mm) and B. cereus (12.50?±?0.09 mm).  相似文献   

20.
Leaf-cutting ants (Atta spp.) have become a topical issue in Neotropical ecology, particularly because they are reaching hyper-abundance due to escalating levels of fragmentation in recent years. Yet, despite intensive research on their role as dominant herbivores, there is still insufficient documentation on the impacts of their large, long-lived nests on plant assemblage structure and ecosystem functioning. Our study aimed at investigating the magnitude, nature, and spatial extent of nest influence by assessing 11 attributes of ant nest, canopy structure, light environment and sapling assemblage for 20 colonies in four plots along nest-understorey gradients in a large remnant of Atlantic forest. We also monitored the performance of seeds and seedlings of Chrysophyllum viride, an abundant shade-tolerant species. Previously unrecognized canopy gaps above ant nests (0.04–87.9 m2) occurred in 95% of all colonies surveyed. Overall, canopy openness and light availability at least doubled in ant nest plots compared with distant understorey plots. These drastic changes in the light environment paralleled those in plant assemblage: sapling density almost tripled (mean ± SE: 0.42 ± 0.1 saplings m?2) and sapling species richness doubled (0.16 ± 0.02 species m?2) in distant plots, as did shade-tolerant species. After a 1-year period, only 33 ± 15.6% of the seeds germinated and all seedlings died on nests, whereas seed germination reached 68 ± 5.1% in distant plots and 66.4 ± 7.6% of their seedlings survived after 12 months. Therefore, plot location was the most significant explanatory variable for predictable and conspicuous changes in the light environment and structure of sapling assemblages. Our findings greatly extend knowledge on the role played by leaf-cutting ants as ecosystem engineers by demonstrating that ant nest-mediated disturbance promotes environmental modifications in tens of meters around nests and is thus, strong enough to drive plant recruitment and consequently alter both the floristic and functional signature of plant assemblages.  相似文献   

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