不同发育时期及外源处理后赤霞珠葡萄脂氧合酶活性及脂肪酸含量变化

以酿酒葡萄品种赤霞珠为试材,研究了果实发育时期、机械创伤处理与外源茉莉酸甲酯处理对葡萄果皮中脂肪酸组分、含量及LOX活性的变化。结果表明:(1)葡萄果皮的LOX活性在花后12周达到最大值;花后15周对果实进行创伤处理,处理3h后LOX活性达到最高点;花后17周对果实进行MeJA处理,处理后24hLOX活性达到最大值。(2)葡萄果皮脂肪酸组分中,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸和硬脂酸为主,而不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸和亚麻酸为主。(3)葡萄果实脂肪酸含量随葡萄发育先增加后下降,花后15周创伤处理后的葡萄脂肪酸含量波动较大,花后17周茉莉酸甲酯处理后24h葡萄脂肪酸含量显著升高。     

桂花籽中脂肪酸成分、氨基酸及矿物质含量分析

目的:通过研究桂花籽脂肪酸成分、氨基酸、矿物质元素含量,为桂花籽资源利用开发提供理论依据.方法:以八月桂桂花籽为实验材料,通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析桂花籽脂肪酸成分、凯氏定氮分析蛋白质含量及氨基酸自动分析仪快速分析16种氨基酸含量、电感耦合原子发射光谱仪分析6种微量元素含量.结果:桂花籽中脂肪酸主要成分油酸(5.91...     

1-MCP对‘粉红女士’苹果冷藏期间品质变化和香气形成的影响

以'粉红女士'苹果为试验材料,研究了1 μL/L 1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)对苹果冷藏期间乙烯释放速率、呼吸速率、果实硬度以及香气成分和相对含量的影响.结果表明,1-MCP处理可显著抑制'粉红女士'苹果冷藏期间呼吸作用和乙烯释放,有效延缓果实硬度的下降.冷藏期内'粉红女士'苹果香气物质主要有醇类、醛类、酯类、烯类、酸类和烷烃类等,并以酯类香气为主(占46.15%);1-MCP能显著减少果实贮藏期间酯类、醇类和烷烃类香气成分种类和相对含量,处理果中酯类和醇类香气成分种类比同期对照分别减少了50%和78%,主要香气成分丁酸己酯在处理和对照果实的相对含量分别为1.12%～1.73%和1.87%～5.18%.可见,1-MCP处理对'粉红女士'苹果具有良好保鲜效果,也显著地抑制了贮藏期间香气的形成.     

干旱对棉花根和下胚轴质膜脂肪酸组分及其相关酶活性的影响(简报)

棉花根和下胚轴质膜（PM）脂肪酸主要由棕榈酸（16：0）、硬脂酸（18：0）、亚油酸（18：2）和亚麻酸（18：3）组成。干旱胁迫后,PM脂肪酸论和度增加,不饱和脂肪酸和不饱和指数（IUFA）降低。其中棕榈酸含量上升和亚麻酸含量下降较大,膜透性增高,质膜H －ATPase和Ca2 －ATPase活力降低,脂氧合酶（LOX）活性增强。     

鲜茶叶摊放过程中呼吸速率、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性、游离态香气和糖苷类香气前体含量的变化

鲜茶叶在12h摊放过程中,总的变化趋势是：随着摊放时间的延长,叶组织逐步失水;细胞的呼吸速率逐渐降低;内源β-葡萄糖苷酶活性明显提高;游离态香气的含量增加,摊放4h最高,此后下降并稳定在这个相对低的水平上;糖苷类香气前体含量较鲜茶叶上升,特别是在摊放0-8h期间,后期有所下降,在摊放10h后与鲜茶叶中的含量相当。     

熊蜂成群与未成群蜂王体内氨基酸和脂肪酸含量的比较研究

为探究熊蜂Bombus spp.蜂王体内氨基酸和脂肪酸对其不同繁殖状态的影响,本研究分别利用高效液相色谱方法和气质联用方法测定成群蜂王和未成群蜂王体内氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量并进行比较分析。研究结果表明：熊蜂蜂王体内分别包含16种氨基酸和17种脂肪酸。熊蜂蜂王体内含量最多6种的水解氨基酸为谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、丝氨酸、天冬氨酸和苏氨酸,含量最多的3种脂肪酸为油酸、亚油酸和α-亚油酸。成群与未成群阶段熊蜂蜂王体内13种氨基酸含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),且除丙氨酸外,成群蜂王体内其余12种氨基酸含量均显著低于未成群蜂王。成群与未成群阶段熊蜂蜂王体内有6种脂肪酸含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中未成群蜂王体内辛酸、癸酸、月桂酸的含量较高,而成群蜂王体内亚油酸、顺-11-二十烯酸、二十三酸的含量较高。本研究结果表明,熊蜂成群和未成群蜂王体内氨基酸和脂肪酸含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),蛋白质和脂类代谢异常可能是导致熊蜂蜂王成群率低的一个主要原因。     

水杨酸诱导美登木悬浮细胞产生脂氧合酶及多羟基脂肪酸的研究

水杨酸 (SA)可诱导云南美登木 (Maytenushookeri)悬浮培养细胞产生 9 脂氧合酶(9 lipoxygenase ,9 LOX)。通过LC ESI MS测定SA诱导下悬浮培养系中多羟基脂肪酸的含量变化 ,发现用浓度为 80 0 μmol L的SA诱导培养 18h ,悬浮细胞产生最大量的三羟基十八碳烯酸。同时 ,通过对比不同羟基十八碳烯酸含量的变化 ,推测在SA诱导下 ,9 LOX介导的十八碳酸途径中有环氧中间体的生成。     

晚熟脐橙果实发育过程中抗坏血酸含量及相关酶活性的变化

以‘鲍威尔’脐橙为试材, 研究了果实发育期间果皮和果肉中抗坏血酸（AsA）含量及相关酶活性的变化。结果表明, 果皮中总抗坏血酸（T-AsA）和AsA含量显著高于果肉, 且在发育期间T-AsA和AsA的变化趋势一致; 果皮中L-半乳糖内酯脱氢酶（g·LLDH）活性与T-AsA和AsA积累速率的变化趋势基本一致, 呈显著正相关关系, 而在果肉中的变化趋势却不明显; 在发育过程各阶段中果皮的抗坏血酸氧化酶（AAO）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）活性均高于果肉; 相关性分析显示, 果皮中AsA含量积累主要取决于g·LLDH活性, 而果肉中AsA含量水平可能取决于AsA的再生循环系统。     

地菍果实成熟过程中品质及种子油脂肪酸组分的变化

对地菍果实不同成熟期品质的研究表明,成熟时的地菍果实,维生素C、总糖含量达最高值,酸度则降至最低。此期风味最好,软硬适宜,色泽甚佳,为地菍鲜食的最佳采收期。对不同成熟期的种子油脂肪酸分析表明,种子油以不饱和脂肪酸为主,尤其是亚油酸含量很高,达84%;果实成熟过程中脂肪酸各级分的含量变化趋势不明显。     

果梅果实发育过程中有机酸含量及相关代谢酶活性的变化特征

以优选荔波野生梅单株‘荔波-3’和‘荔波-11’为试验材料,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定了果梅果实在发育过程中有机酸含量及相关代谢酶活性变化特征。结果表明:(1)‘荔波-3’和‘荔波-11’果梅果实中柠檬酸和苹果酸主要在果实发育后期积累,花后140d两品种的柠檬酸积累量达到最大,且果实中总酸的积累量也相应的达到最大值。(2)柠檬酸积累量与柠檬酸合成酶(CS)活性呈极显著正相关关系,‘荔波-11’因CS活性高于‘荔波-3’,使得其果实成熟时的柠檬酸含量高于后者。(3)苹果酸积累量与磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)和NAD-苹果酸脱氢酶(NAD-MDH)活性呈极显著正相关关系,但与NADP-苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)活性呈负相关关系;在花后45~100d内,果梅果实中PEPC和NAD-MDH活性迅速升高,而NADP-ME活性相对较低,使苹果酸积累量迅速增加;在花后120~140d,‘荔波-3’果实中PEPC、NADP-MDH活性显著高于‘荔波-11’,而其NADP-ME活性低于‘荔波-11’,导致成熟时‘荔波-11’的苹果酸含量高于‘荔波-3’。可见,果梅果实的有机酸主要在果实发育后期积累,有机酸积累差异受多个酶协同调控;苹果酸的积累差异主要由NAD-MDH、PEPC和NADP-ME活性协同变化引起,柠檬酸积累差异主要受CS活性变化影响。     

Variability in cell wall preparations: quantification and comparison of common methods

Cell wall materials were prepared from apple tissue by seven different procedures, some of which are methods in current use in laboratories. The yield, the composition and the fractionation patterns of the pectin content, following sequential extraction in water, chelating agent (CDTA) and a pectin lyase treatment, was compared for each CWM. Variability of the yields and compositions of the CWM were small and few differences were statistically significant. There were differences in the partitioning pattern of the pectin during fractionation but also a high standard deviation of the yields between repetitions.     

Drought tolerance of apple rootstocks: Production and partitioning of dry matter

The drought tolerance of the commercial apple ( Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks M9, M26, M27 and MM111, and some new selections from the rootstock breeding programme at HRI-East Malling (AR69-7, AR295-6, AR360-19, AR486-1 and AR628-2), was assessed using potted, glasshouse-grown, unworked rootstocks. After an initial period of growth under well-watered conditions the amount of irrigation was gradually reduced, for some treatments, to simulate natural drying in the soil. At the end of a six-month growth period, the rootstocks were harvested and the production of dry matter and its partitioning to various plant parts determined. The rootstocks exhibited large differences in shoot and root dry matter, and root length but not all the rootstocks showed declines in root mass or length in response to the droughting treatment. The dwarfing rootstocks tended to have smaller amounts of both coarse (>2 mm diameter) and fine roots (<2 mm diameter), than the more vigorous rootstocks. Irrespective of rootstock or irrigation treatment there was a close linear relationship between coarse and fine root. There was also no change in the length/weight relationship for fine roots irrespective of rootstock or irrigation treatment, i.e. 42 m of fine root weighed 1 g dry weight. In some cases the amount of root produced could be directly correlated with the rootstock known potential to control scion vigour, but this was not true for all the rootstocks examined. The absence of this relationship was particularly evident in some of the new selections of rootstock. The possible causes for these differences, compared with commercially used rootstocks, is discussed in relation to the origin and parentage of the rootstock selections. Despite this lack of a root length/vigour relationship, the amount of dry matter partitioned to shoot growth reflected the rootstocks' known vigour. The different responses of these rootstocks to drought are discussed along with their implications for understanding the mechanisms by which rootstocks are thought to dwarf scion shoots.     

Empirical models of the conductance of leaves in apple orchards

Abstract. Seasonal data on leaf conductance (g_l) for three different apple cultivars grown in four separate orchards with different aged trees was studied between 1979 and 1985. A number of empirical models for predicting leaf conductance from environmental measurements were compared using this data and a general method for adapting such models for the prediction of different data sets is proposed. Although stepwise multiple regression identified relative humidity or vapour pressure as important variables, it frequently did not identify the optimal set of independent variables, which often did not include either of these. There was no advantage in regressing g_l against principal components of the environment, rather than against the raw environmental variables. A simple model involving air vapour pressure deficit, air temperature and a hyperbolic function of irradiance was found to explain between 32 and 62% of the variance in g_l for the different data sets. Parameters fitted for one data set led to the effective prediction of g_l in other years or plots. The model fit could generally be improved significantly by including soil moisture deficit among the independent variables.     

苹果果实糖积累特性与品质形成的关系

以'富士'和'国光'苹果为研究对象,对其果实发育过程中糖含量及其代谢关键酶活性的变化进行测定分析,以揭示糖分积累代谢特性对果实品质形成的影响.结果表明:(1)'富士'和'国光'均为己糖积累型果实, '富士'果实以积累果糖最多,果糖/葡萄糖(F/G)值为1.56,而'国光'以积累葡萄糖最多,F/G值仅为0.68;蔗糖在两品种中含量和所占比例均很低,在近成熟期'富士'高于'国光'.(2)'富士'果实蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性均随果实糖的累积量增加而显著升高,酸性转化酶(AI)活性也渐趋升高,而中性转化酶(NI)活性波动不大,且其糖累积与AI和SPS活性相关性最大,而与NI相关性不大,SS的作用主要表现在发育后期;在 '国光'果实糖积累过程中SPS起主导作用,SS和NI的作用主要表现在发育前期,而AI的作用不大.(3)'富士'和'国光'果实淀粉含量变化趋势相同,在淀粉积累高峰之后,'富士'果实淀粉降解速度更快,其淀粉含量迅速下降且低于'国光',此时其相应淀粉酶活性也高于'国光'.研究发现,'富士'和'国光'果实糖积累和淀粉代谢均存在显著差异,从而直接或间接地影响着果实糖代谢过程,进而导致果实品质的显著差异.     

Induction of embryogenesis from isolated apple microspores

 We report, for the first time, the induction of embryogenesis and plant formation from isolated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) microspores in vitro. Different isolation techniques were tested and an optimized protocol was elaborated. Furthermore, the influence of the induction medium and starvation treatment, using different starvation material, temperatures and time, were studied. In addition to embryo induction, the number of multicellular structures per divided microspores was found to be a suitable parameter of assessment and could be used in earlier stages during microspore culture. Although the number of embryos induced in these first experiments is low, the best frequency of embryo induction was shown to be at least twice as efficient as that obtained by anther culture. Received: 9 September 1998 / Revision received: 22 December 1998 / Accepted: 12 January 1999     

山荆子腊叶标本表型性状变异分析

为了揭示山荆子表型性状的变异程度和规律,以150份山荆子腊叶标本为材料,选择20个表型性状,统计基本参数并进行聚类分析.结果表明:叶的平均变异系数(CV=32.67%)大于果的平均变异系数(CV=20.7%),果的性状稳定性较高,叶性状中叶柄长变异系数(CV=38%)最大,叶宽位/叶长变异系数(CV=13.29%)最小;果实性状中果径宽位/果柄长(CV=29.37%)变异最大,变异最小的性状是果长/果径(CV=13.10%);选用平均欧氏距离对各地方居群的20个表型性状进行UPGMA聚类,在距离5阈值处,可以划分为5类,在欧氏距离6阈值处,可划分为3大类.