成熟香蕉果实活性氧与乙烯形成酶活性的关系

香蕉果实成熟过程,随着活性氧产生速率从低水平→迅速跃升→高峰→下降的变化,其乙烯形成酶活性及乙烯产生也经厅了基本同步的过程。显示了三者之间具有某种内在联系。外源超氧阴离子自由基能使乙烯形成酶活性及乙烯产生出现跃升和高峰的时间明显提前;超氧歧化酶则使ＥＦＥ活性及乙烯产率明显下降。进一步说明了在香蕉果实成熟过程中,Ｏ２可能是引起ＥＦＥ活性及乙烯产生迅速上升的原因之一,而过氧化氢则被证明与ＥＦＥ活性及乙     

成熟香蕉果实活性氧与乙烯形成酶活性的关系

香蕉果实成熟过程,随着活性氧产生速率从低水平→迅速跃升→高峰→下降的变化,其乙烯形成酶活性及乙烯产生也经历了基本同步的过程,显示了三者之间具有某种内在联系。外源超氧阴离子自由基（O2）能使乙烯形成酶（EFE）活性及乙烯产生出现跃升和高峰的时间明显提前;超氧歧化酶（SOD）则使EFE活性及乙烯产率明显下降。进一步说明了在香蕉果实成熟过程中,O2可能是引起EFE活性及乙烯产生迅速上升的原因之一,而过氧化氢（H2O2）则被证明与EFE活性及乙烯产生没有直接的关系。     

挥发性香气物质和乙烯生产在"湖景蜜露"桃果实发育过程中的变化

以"湖景蜜露"水蜜桃(Prunus persica L.)为试材,检测了果实从未成熟到成熟发育过程中乙烯生成、呼吸速率及挥发性香气性物质的变化;同时对果实大小、果皮色泽、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸进行了测定;对与果实乙烯产生密切相关的1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)含量、ACC合成酶活性、ACC氧化酶活性也进行了测定.结果表明,随果实成熟度的增加,果实大小、果皮L*值、可溶性固形物含量增加,而果实硬度、果皮h°值、可滴定酸含量减少.在未成熟的果实中,C6的醛类(反式-2-己烯醛)和醇类(顺式-3-己烯醇)是主要的成分;乙烯生成量很低;呼吸速率较高.到跃变阶段C6～C12的内酯类物质明显增加,尤其是γ和δ-内酯类成为果实主要的香气挥发性物质.推测果实乙烯、呼吸作用等基本的生理变化可能调节着内酯类物质的生成.在乙烯跃变上升时果肉中ACC氧化酶的活性下降,ACC含量和ACC合成酶活力的变化与乙烯生成量变化的趋势一致.根据以上结果可以认为桃果实主要的香气挥发性物质的形成与乙烯、呼吸跃变的开始密切相关.香气物质形成速率动态变化可能是桃果实发育过程中成熟度的另一个生理学指标.     

干旱对大豆叶片脂氧合酶活性及乙烯,乙烷释放的影响

缓慢干旱时大豆叶片的脂氧合酶活性升高,乙烯,乙烷及１－氨基环丙烷－１－羧酸水平均无明显变化。外源ＡＣＣ可使乙烯释放速率增加,快速干旱及离体叶脱水后ＬＯＸ活性、乙烯和ＡＣＣ水平均表现先上升后下降的趋势。乙烷与乙烯具此消彼长的关系,但严重损伤乙烷释放亦降低。叶片的游离脂肪酸含量在３种方式处理中均有增加。离体叶用自由基清除剂预处理可抑制脱水刺激的ＬＯＸ活性,同时也抑制乙烯的生成,但对乙烷有促进作用。     

硬肉桃果实成熟前后几种与果实软化相关的生理指标的变化

比较桃品种'川中岛白桃'(一般常规桃)和'双久红'(硬肉桃)成熟前后20 d内果肉硬度、乙烯释放量和活性氧代谢有关指标的变化结果表明:两品种桃成熟前后20 d内O2产生速率、H2O2含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性均持续上升,'双久红'果实明显低于'川中岛白桃';在成熟前20 d内两者的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物~(POD)活性均呈下降趋势,果实成熟后20 d内SOD活性先上升后下降,而POD活性则持续上升;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在成熟前20～10 d内上升.以后呈下降趋势.果实成熟后'双久红'的SOD、POD和CAT活性均明显的高于'川中岛白桃'.     

1-MCP处理对黄花梨果实采后生理的影响

以黄花梨为试验材料,研究常温(26～33℃)条件下1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)延缓果实后熟衰老和膜脂过氧化的效应。结果表明:0.5、1.0、1.5μL.L-11-MCP处理可以不同程度地延缓果实采后品质下降,其中以1.0μL.L-1的处理作用效果最明显。1.0μL.L-11-MCP处理明显抑制过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的下降和脂氧合酶(LOX)活性、MDA含量的增加,降低果实呼吸速率,推迟呼吸峰和乙烯峰的出现,从而延缓果实的成熟衰老。     

乙酰水杨酸和乙烯处理对猕猴桃果实后熟软化的影响

以猕猴桃(Actinidia deliciosa(A.Chev.)C.F.Liang et A.R.Ferguson cv.Bruno)果实为试材,研究乙酰水杨酸(ASA)与乙烯处理对果实内源水杨酸(SA)含量变化以及后熟软化相关因子的影响,探讨SA在果实成熟衰老进程的作用.研究结果表明:果实后熟软化进程中,内源SA水平呈下降变化,组织中SA水平与果实硬度变化呈极显著正相关关系(r=0.969 4**),ASA处理可显著地维持组织中较高的SA水平,抑制脂氧合酶(LOX)和丙二烯氧合酶(AOS)活性增加,减低O-.2生成速率,维持细胞膜稳定性,进而抑制了乙烯生物合成或推迟乙烯跃变的到来,延缓了果实后熟软化进程,这些效应主要表现在乙烯跃变之前或乙烯跃变前期;相反,外源乙烯处理则显著降低果实组织中内源SA水平,促进LOX和AOS活性的增加,促使O-.2积累,增加了细胞膜透性,促使乙烯跃变的提前到来,加速了果实的后熟软化.推测组织中的内源SA水平与细胞膜脂过氧化作用密切相关,外源ASA可能作为一种O-.2等自由基的清除剂或是细胞膜稳定剂在组织成熟衰老过程中起作用.     

苹果果实花青素形成与乙烯释放的关系

新红星苹果果实在盛花后１１０ｄ以前花青素含量较低,以后随果实进一步发育而迅速增加,盛花后１１０￣１２０ｄ内为花青素积累高峰,果实乙烯释放与花青素积累过程变化规律一致。果实伤害处理明显刺激果皮乙烯及花青素形成,花青素出现时期晚于乙烯已明显开始增加期。Ａｇ＾＋能部分抑制伤害果实花青素的形成,果实阴、阳面果皮的乙烯释放速率在果实成熟期间差别不大。     

香蕉一个Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶基因与果实成熟关系的研究

为了解Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶基因(MaCHⅢ)与香蕉果实采后成熟过程的相互关系,对经乙烯和1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)处理的巴西香蕉果实采后乙烯释放量、Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶基因(MaCHⅢ)表达以及几丁质酶活性进行了测定.结果显示:(1)乙烯催熟处理的香蕉果实,乙烯释放量比对照处理的果实提前15 d达到高峰;1-MCP处理的香蕉果实,乙烯生物合成和果实成熟明显受到了抑制.(2)外源乙烯加速了MaCHⅢ基因的下调表达和Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性的下降,MaCHⅢ表达量和Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性分别在采后第3天和第4天下降到最小值.(3)1-MCP处理使MaCHⅢ基因呈现上调表达,Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性上升,MaCHⅢ基因表达量和Ⅲ类酸性几丁质酶活性分别在采后18 d和25 d达到高峰.研究表明,MaCHⅢ基因可能与香蕉果实采后成熟呈负相关.     

香蕉ASR的特征和采后表达分析

从香蕉cDNA文库中获得香蕉ASR全长cDNA序列,命名为MaASR。构建遗传进化树发现MaASR与单子叶植物中的芭蕉科植物的亲缘关系较近。对正常成熟和乙烯处理的香蕉果实各时期内源ABA的含量进行测定,结果表明,在正常成熟的香蕉果实中,成熟早期(0-2 d),内源ABA含量相对较低,第8天ABA含量达到最大,随后迅速下降。在乙烯处理的香蕉果实中,ABA含量急剧上升,第3天ABA含量达到高峰,随后逐渐下降。利用荧光定量RT-PCR对MaASR在正常成熟和乙烯处理后的果实中的表达情况进行分析,在自然成熟的果实中,MaASR在采后2 d达到高峰,而后迅速下降,在6-16 d时一直保持较低水平。在经外源乙烯诱导的果实中,MaASR表达水平没有表现出剧烈变化的趋势,整体表达量较低。表明MaASR对乙烯信号有应答,但应答强度较低,其表达趋势与ABA的含量或者信号强度呈负相关。     

A role for jasmonates in climacteric fruit ripening

Jasmonates are a class of oxylipins that induce a wide variety of higher-plant responses. To determine if jasmonates play a role in the regulation of climacteric fruit ripening, the effects of exogenous jasmonates on ethylene biosynthesis and color, as well as the endogenous concentrations of jasmonates were determined during the onset of ripening of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Cobra) fruit. Transient (12 h) treatment of pre-climacteric fruit discs with exogenous jasmonates at low concentration (1 or 10 μM) promoted ethylene biosynthesis and color change in a concentration-dependent fashion. Activities of both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase and ACC synthase were stimulated by jasmonate treatments in this concentration range. The endogenous concentration of jasmonates increased transiently prior to the climacteric increase in ethylene biosynthesis during the onset of ripening of both apple and tomato fruit. The onset of tomato fruit ripening was also preceded by an increase in the percentage of the cis-isomer of jasmonic acid. Inhibition of ethylene action by diazocyclopentadiene negated the jasmonate-induced stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis, indicating jasmonates act at least in part via ethylene action. These results suggest jasmonates may play a role together with ethylene in regulating the early steps of climacteric fruit ripening. Received: 14 August 1997 / Accepted: 4 October 1997     

Indole-3-acetic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid metabolism in developing muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit

Hormonal metabolism associated with fruit development in muskmelon was investigated by measuring IAA, ABA, and ACC levels in several tissues at various stages of development. In addition, levels of conjugated IAA and ABA were determined in the same tissues. Ethylene production, which is believed to signal the ripening and senescence of mature fruit, was also measured. Ethylene production was highest in the outer tissue near the rind and gradually declined during maturation, except for a dramatic increase in all fruit tissues at the climacteric. In contrast to ethylene production, ACC levels increased during maturation and remained equal throughout the fruit until the climacteric, when levels in the outer tissues increased nearly 5-fold over levels in the inner tissues. The consistent presence of ACC indicates that ACC oxidase rather than the availability of ACC regulates ethylene production in developing fruits. ABA and ABA esters generally declined during maturation, however an increase in ABA esters associated with the outer mesocarp tissue was observed in fully mature, climacteric fruit. IAA and IAA conjugates were only found in the outer tissue near the rind, and their levels remained low until the fruit was fully mature and entering the climacteric. At that time, increased levels of conjugates were detected. The late burst of hormonal metabolism in the outer mesocarp tissue appeared to signal its degeneration and the deterioration that typically occurs in ripening fruit. The tissue-specific conjugation of IAA and ABA, in addition to the production of climacteric ethylene, may represent part of the signaling mechanism initiating ripening and eventual deterioration of tissues in muskmelon fruits.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - ACC 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid - DAP days after pollination - IAA indole-3-acetic acid     

Limitations in the Use of Cycloheximide in Studies of Apple Ripening

In order to discover whethor the production of aroma volatilesby apple fruits is dependent on the synthesis of appropriateenzymes during ripening, excised peel, excised cortical tissue,and whole apples were treated with cycloheximide (CH). Volatilerelease, ethylene production, respiration, flesh softening,and peel chlorophyll degradation were measured. The ethylene and volatile compounds produced by excised peelapparently resulted from wounding rather than processes analogousto fruit ripening. Excised cortical tissue was capable of autonomousripening with ethylene production, respiration, and softeningcomparable to that in intact fruits. After infiltration withsucrose solution the same changes occurred, but they were delayedby up to 4 d. Cycloheximide inhibited respiration although theextent of this inhibition decreased after 3 d. Cycloheximideprevented the onset of rapid ethylene production but stimulatedproduction of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and other volatiles. Softeningof CH-treated cortical discs was associated with progressivenecrosis. When whole apples were infiltrated with CH through hypodermicneedles inserted into the core, [¹⁴C]valine incorporation wasinhibited from the core to the mid-cortex but not in the peeland outer cortex. Infiltration with sucrose solution delayedmany ripening changes although the time of maximum [¹⁴C]valineincorporation was unaffected. Early effects of CH on respirationwere masked by the effects of infiltration, but after 5 d CH-infiltratedfruit contained higher CO₂ concentrations and respired morerapidly than controls. Internal ethylene concentrations wereusually lower in CH-treated apples than in controls. CH stimulated release of ethanol and ethyl acetate but inhibitedrelease of higher molecular weight esters such as propyl andbutyl acetates. Cycloheximide-treated fruit softened, but thiswas apparently due to internal necrosis. Peel chlorophyll degradationwas inhibited by CH treatment of whole apples although the tissuehad apparently received no inhibitor.     

Role of Ethylene in the Biosynthetic Pathways of Aroma Volatiles in Ripening Fruit

During the past decade, fruit aroma biosynthetic pathways were established in some climacteric fruits, such as tomato, apple, and melon. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis or its action in these fruits can reduce the production of fruit volatiles. Furthermore, ethylene partially regulates expression of a few important enzyme genes in fruit volatile biosynthetic pathways. The aim of this review is to bring together recent advances for understanding the regulatory role of ethylene in the biosynthesis of aroma volatiles in some fruits.     

Availability of assimilates and formation of aroma compounds in apples as affected by the fruit/leaf ratio

Availability of assimilates in apple trees ( Malus domestica cv. Jonagored) was affected by removing young fruits to obtain 3 ranges of fruit/leaf ratios with average values of 130, 268 and 381 fruits per kg leaf dry matter. Fruit analyses were carried out at fruit harvest and 4 times during a 3-week ripening period. The analyses included detection of volatile aroma components from the juice by headspace gas chromatography. At a low fruit/leaf ratio, higher concentrations of total dry matter, soluble solid and titrateable acids were found. The flesh was also firmer, and ethylene development proceeded at a lower rate and reached a lower maximum value. Aroma compounds consisted of ca 20% esters, 73% alcohols and 6% C-6 aldehydes. The production of butylacetate and hexylacetate, which were the dominating esters, peaked during the ripening period and was most pronounced at the lowest fruit/leaf ratios. At the last sampling date this was also the case for butanol, which was the dominating alcohol. Other esters and alcohols behaved similarly, while C-6 aldehydes showed no significant differences in the fruit/leaf ratio. We suggest that the greater availability of assimilates when internal competition is relieved at a low fruit/leaf ratio causes increased accumulation of fatty acid aroma precursors and aroma compounds as well as of sugars, acids and other compounds in the fruits.     

Role of Brassinosteroids, Ethylene, Abscisic Acid, and Indole-3-Acetic Acid in Mango Fruit Ripening

Rapid ripening of mango fruit limits its distribution to distant markets. To better understand and perhaps manipulate this process, we investigated the role of plant hormones in modulating climacteric ripening of ??Kensington Pride?? mango fruits. Changes in endogenous levels of brassinosteroids (BRs), abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and ethylene and the respiration rate, pulp firmness, and skin color were determined at 2-day intervals during an 8-day ripening period at ambient temperature (21?±?1°C). We also investigated the effects of exogenously applied epibrassinolide (Epi-BL), (+)-cis, trans-abscisic acid (ABA), and an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), on fruit-ripening parameters such as respiration, ethylene production, fruit softening, and color. Climacteric ethylene production and the respiration peak occurred on the fourth day of ripening. Castasterone and brassinolide were present in only trace amounts in fruit pulp throughout the ripening period. However, the exogenous application of Epi-BL (45 and 60?ng?g^?1 FW) advanced the onset of the climacteric peaks of ethylene production and respiration rate by 2 and 1?day, respectively, and accelerated fruit color development and softening during the fruit-ripening period. The endogenous level of ABA rose during the climacteric rise stage on the second day of ripening and peaked on the fourth day of ripening. Exogenous ABA promoted fruit color development and softening during ripening compared with the control and the trend was reversed in NDGA-treated fruit. The endogenous IAA level in the fruit pulp was higher during the preclimacteric minimum stage and declined during the climacteric and postclimacteric stages. We speculate that higher levels of endogenous IAA in fruit pulp during the preclimacteric stage and the accumulation of ABA prior to the climacteric stage might switch on ethylene production that triggers fruit ripening. Whilst exogenous Epi-BL promoted fruit ripening, endogenous measurements suggest that changes in BRs levels are unlikely to modulate mango fruit ripening.