笼养0～15周龄黑颈长尾雉生长曲线拟合与分析

为了探讨黑颈长尾雉Syrmaticus humiae雏鸟的生长发育规律,本研究对0~15周龄黑颈长尾雉的体重、跗跖长、嘴峰长、体长和翅长进行了测定,利用Logistic、Gompertz和von Bertalanffy三种非线性模型对黑颈长尾雉的各量度指标进行了拟合和分析。结果表明,体重、跗跖长、嘴峰长和体长的生长过程用Logistic模型拟合效果更佳(R20.97),而翅长更适合用von Bertalanffy模型拟合(R2=0.9899),其生长拐点分别为:体重(16.31 w,439.552 g)、跗跖长(7.70 w,38.519 mm)、嘴峰长(2.52 w,8.810 mm)、体长(5.01 w,180.020 mm)和翅长(1.82 w,81.055 mm)。运用三种模型对黑颈长尾雉雏鸟生长曲线的拟合是可行的,黑颈长尾雉的体重、跗跖长、嘴峰长、体长和翅长之间的相关性均极显著(P0.01),其中跗跖长与其他各指标间的相关性最好(R2均在0.94以上),跗跖长可作为衡量黑颈长尾雉雏鸟生长发育的参考指标。     

笼养条件下朱鹮雏鸟的饲养管理和生长发育

2002~2004年,通过对人工繁殖的103只朱(Nipponia nippon)雏鸟的饲喂和护理,系统测量了1~35日龄雏鸟的体重、体长、翅长、嘴峰、跗、中爪、尾长生长发育情况,并与野外朱雏鸟的生长发育作了对比分析。结果表明,人工条件下的朱雏鸟生长发育良好,在不同日龄期,基本达到甚至超过野外朱雏鸟生长发育指标的水平。35日龄雏鸟出飞,比野外雏鸟出飞提前了一周。     

陕西汉中野生朱鹮雏鸟的生长发育特征

2014年和2015年监测朱鹮保护区野生朱鹮(Nipponia nippon)15只雏鸟的生长发育,拟合其生长发育数据的生长曲线和相对生长公式,与1989年研究结果进行对比。结果显示,野生朱鹮雏鸟的生长发育不受孵化顺序的影响,雄性体长的生长速度快于雌性。目前朱鹮雏鸟体重、体长、翅长、嘴峰长、跗跖长和中趾长的生长均符合逻辑斯谛生长曲线,雏鸟体重生长率在13日龄左右达到最大。与1989年的研究结果比较发现,目前野生朱鹮幼鸟总体生长发育有所放缓。这可能与近年野生朱鹮种群的增长和扩散导致的环境压力加大以及繁殖期食物资源不足有关。     

人工育雏大紫胸鹦鹉生长发育的观察

对2000～2002年成都动物园人工孵化及人工育雏的8只大紫胸鹦鹉的生长发育情况进行了125天的观察分析.经回归分析表明,大紫胸鹦鹉雏鸟的平均出壳重为12.4±0.4 g,人工饲育下56日龄体重达到最高值,平均体重为259.55±2.45 g;鹦鹉体重(W)与日龄(D)的关系为W=259.55/(1 45.2227e-0.1297D).出壳时,嘴峰短于嘴裂,长度分别为7.75±0.25 mm和10.0±1.0 mm;35日龄时,嘴峰长度超过嘴裂,其长度分别为19.0±1.0 mm和18.75±0.75 mm;110日龄时,嘴峰和嘴裂的长度达生长期峰值,其长度分别为29.0±1.5 mm和25.0±1.5 mm;嘴峰长和嘴裂长与日龄的关系分别为L=29/(1 4.1023e-0.0636D)和L=25/(1 1.7967e-0.0473D).出壳时,跗跖长于中趾,长度分别为8.25±0.25 mm和7.25±0.25 mm;15日龄时,中趾长度超过跗跖,其长度分别为13.5±0.5 mm和13.0±0.5 mm;100日龄时,中趾与跗跖的长度达到峰值,其长度分别为24.5±0.5 mm和30±1.0 mm;跗跖和中趾长与日龄的关系分别为L=24.5/(1 1.4536e-0.0569D)和L=30/(1 2.941733e-0.0638122D).雏鸟孵化时,翅长10.5±0.5 mm;30日龄长出飞羽羽芽,平均翅长40.5±2.5 mm,35日龄羽鞘破樱,120日龄平均翅长201.0±6.0 mm;翅长与日龄的关系为L=201/(1 30.0624e-0.0780D).30日龄生出尾羽羽芽,125日龄时尾长为190.0±8.0 mm;尾长与日龄的关系为L=190/(1 177.1306e-0.07533D).     

白琵鹭雏鸟的生长和恒温能力的发育

1994年和 1995年 4～ 6月在扎龙自然保护区 (4 7°2 9′N ,12 4°0 2′E)测定了 13只白琵鹭 (Platalealeucorodia)雏鸟的体重、体长、翅长、跗长和体温 ,以及环境温度。雏鸟生长符合逻辑斯谛模型 ,而 4～ 8日龄相对生长率最大。随着雏鸟日龄增大 ,体温稳步增加而且不随环境温度局部波动改变 ;冷暴露 2 5min后体温下降的幅度减小。孵出至 2 8日 ,雏鸟的体重与在巢内和冷暴露后的体温正相关 ,其体重和体长也与恒温指数正相关 ,雏鸟身体生长和恒温能力发育有某种同步关系 ,体现了晚成鸟的发育特点。     

灰冠鹤雏鸟的生长发育

1999~2000年对哈尔滨动物园8只灰冠鹤(Balerica regulorum)雏鸟的生长发育进行了观察,并对雏鹤恒温能力的发育进行测定。发现灰冠鹤体重、嘴峰、跗跖和翼4个生长指标的增长曲线均呈“S”型。利用Logistic、Gompertz和Von Bertalanffy生长曲线分别对其进行回归分析,发现3种曲线的回归效果均较好,其中Logistic曲线的回归效果最佳。显示出雏鹤外部体征发育呈现一定的顺序,符合重要功能优先发育的原则。灰冠鹤雏鸟的体温调节能力在5~10日龄发育最快,到40日龄体温基本恒定,达到成鸟体温。根据灰冠鹤的发育规律,可将其生长分为4个阶段:(1)0~5日龄,体重下降,体温调节能力很低;(2)6~30日龄,体重开始增长,嘴峰增长速度达到顶峰,体温调节能力明显增强;(3)31~80日龄,体重、跗跖和翼快速生长,体温基本恒定;(4)81~135日龄(离巢),体重及各外部体征的生长都很缓慢,体型已接近成体,不断完善身体各部的机能。     

四川发现毛腿沙鸡

1991年12月30日、1992年1月7日,在四川省金堂县赵镇朱家林河漫滩小麦地中采到毛腿沙鸡(Syrrhaptes paradoxus)3只(3♀,2♂)。1♂体重232克,体长402,嘴峰11,翅长242,尾长210,跗蹠21mm。1♀体重207克,体长348,嘴峰10,翅长231,尾长168,跗蹠18mm。     

黄腹山鹪莺育雏行为和雏鸟生长

2007年3~9月,在广东省肇庆市江溪村对黄腹山鹪莺(Prinia flaviventris)的育雏行为和雏鸟生长进行了研究。通过取食行为观察、育雏食物分析和雏鸟身体量度的测量来研究黄腹山鹪莺亲鸟繁殖投资和雏鸟的生长规律。研究期间,利用隐蔽帐观察窗进行行为观察,观察距离在5 m以内;在雏鸟身体上用无味彩笔标号以区别雏鸟个体:10日龄前,标记于雏鸟背部,10~12日龄,标记在雏鸟跗跖处;对部分数据进行双变量相关分析,利用Logistic曲线拟合雏鸟形态增长,并比较每个回归方程斜率间的差异。结果显示:1)黄腹山鹪莺育雏由雌雄共同承担,育雏期(11.9±0.4)d(n=7巢)。幼雏出壳后亲鸟早晚暖雏,第7天起亲鸟白天不再暖雏;2)随雏鸟的生长,喂食次数和食物种类逐渐增加,雏鸟日龄与喂食次数极显著相关(r=0.995,P0.01);3)育雏期雏鸟食物皆为动物性食物,以蜘蛛目物种所占比例最大(40.95%),其他包括幼虫及直翅目、鳞翅目、鞘翅目、蜻蜓目等节肢动物;4)Logistic曲线方程中,体重的生长率常数k值最大,与其他k值之间存在显著性差异(P0.05);5)黄腹山鹪莺体重、体长、尾长、翼长、嘴峰、嘴裂、第三根初级飞羽(简称为P3)、跗跖及爪各参数间的相关系数均为0.9以上(P0.01),参数之间在一定程度上可相互代替;6)黄腹山鹪莺雏鸟的发育遵循最重要的功能优先发育的原则,符合能量分配假说。黄腹山鹪莺喂食次数、雏鸟生长速率(k值)相对较高,可能与当地丰富的食物资源有关,也可能是对巢址环境多变的适应。     

树麻雀表型的环境适应进化

树麻雀(Passer montanus)分布范围广、海拔梯度大,也是人类活动的伴随物种。对中国837个样本的10个形态特征与温度、日照、海拔和风速等4个主要环境因子进行相关分析,结果显示:树麻雀的体重、嘴裂、翅长、尾长、跗跖长、脑骨宽、眼间距与日照因子显著相关(P0.05),体重、体长、翅长、尾长、跗跖长与海拔因子显著相关(P0.05),体重、嘴峰、翅长、脑骨长与温度因子显著相关(P0.05),表明树麻雀的形态指标易随环境因子的变化而变化。通过控制经度和海拔两个变量,对形态指标与纬度的偏相关分析表明,体重、翅长、脑骨长和脑骨宽与纬度呈显著正相关(P0.05),体表突出部分嘴峰、嘴裂与纬度呈显著负相关(P0.05),即随着纬度的升高,树麻雀身体逐渐变大,符合贝格曼规律;体表突出部分嘴峰和嘴裂随纬度升高变短,符合阿伦规律。飞行能力与海拔因子呈极显著正相关(n=92,r=0.217,P=0.038),表明树麻雀在高海拔地区具有更强的飞行能力,这也许是它成为广布种的重要原因。     

中国大陆地区白头鹎两个亚种的表型特征分析

选取体长、翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴峰长、嘴宽、嘴高共7个量度指标,对在我国大陆地区分布的白头鹎Pycnonotus sinensis两个亚种共331号标本(指名亚种P.s.sinensis 239个,两广亚种P.s.hainanus 92个)进行了测量,运用统计软件SPSS 13.0对测量数据进行了比较分析,结果表明:指名亚种的翅长、跗蹠长、嘴宽和嘴高均大于两广亚种.指名亚种性别间的翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴高和体长差异显著,而两广亚种性别间翅长、尾长、跗蹠长、嘴峰长和嘴宽差异显著,均是雄性个体大于雌性个体.将两个亚种的各量度性状与纬度进行相关分析,发现指名亚种雄性个体的体长与纬度呈弱的负相关,两广亚种的嘴高与纬度呈弱的正相关,其雄性个体的跗蹠长与纬度呈正相关.此外,对白头鹎指名亚种枕部白斑的宽窄度进行了等级划分并数量化,发现其宽度随季节而变化,在繁殖季节达到最大,支持其起饰羽作用的假说.     

A Mathematical Model for the Effect of Water Pollutants on the Growth Pattern of Pollen

The heavy metals as water pollutants had some adverse effects on the growth pattern of pollen grains of the aquatic macrophytes viz. Ottelia, Vallisneria, Hyderilla and Eichhornia. The germination of pollen grains were inversely proportional and the abnormality of pollen tube and the flowering time were directly proportional to the concentration of the heavy metal. In this paper we have presented a mathematical model that is the germinability and the abnormality changes with the log-value of concentration in a straight line fashion. Also the flowering time changes with treatment time in an exponential pattern.     

Structure activity studies of the serine-AIB dipeptide domain in 2,3-dihydroisothiazole based growth hormone secretagogues

A series of growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) based on 2,3-dihydroisothiazole has been synthesized in the search for a potential treatment of growth hormone deficiency or frailty in the elderly. This paper describes the evaluation of the SAR of the benzyl-d-Ser-aminoisobutyric acid dipeptide fragment. Introduction of substituents in the peptide backbone and in the phenyl ring has been investigated, as well as replacements for the benzyl group and for the AIB residue. A number of modifications resulted in enhanced potency over the parent benzyl-d-Ser-AIB derivative.     

生长激素促分泌素受体(GHS-R)的发现及影响

生长激素的分泌不仅受到GHRH、SRIF的调节 ,还受到GHS R及其配体GHS的作用。本文综述了GHS R的发现背景、结构特点以及生理功能 ,讨论了GHS R促GH分泌的分子机制及其对多种组织器官可能影响 ,同时还探讨了除Ia和Ib亚型外还存在其它GHS R亚型的可能性。     

生长因子及其受体在淋巴瘤中异常表达的研究进展

生长因子是一类与受体结合后可以促进细胞增殖和调节细胞多项功能的多肽分子。生长因子及其受体信号通路包括Ras/MAPK、PI3K/AKT和STAT等不仅调控正常细胞的生物学行为,对恶性肿瘤细胞增殖、分化、转化和迁移也具有重要意义。研究发现多种生长因子如VEGF、PDGF和IGF及其受体在多种实体肿瘤如肺癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌中发现有异常表达,在淋巴瘤如DLBCL、PTCL、ML和NL中也存在异常的共同表达,提示在淋巴瘤中可能构成生长因子及其受体的自分泌/旁分泌环路。生长因子及其受体的表达对淋巴瘤患者的预后有一定指导意义,临床研究发现表达生长因子或其受体阳性患者比表达阴性患者有较差的临床预后。这可能与生长因子及其受体对淋巴瘤细胞的增殖、转移和耐药调控有关。目前生长因子及其受体已成为潜在的药物靶点,多种生长因子及其受体抑制剂在开发和临床试验中。本文就近年来生长因子及其受体在淋巴瘤中异常表达研究进展作简要综述。     

Effect of genetic background on growth of mice hemizygous for wild-type or dwarf mutated bovine growth hormone transgenes

The effects of a high-growth genetic background on the growth of mice hemizygous for one of two growth hormone transgenes were examined. Male mice hemizygous for wild-type (W) and dwarf mutant (M) bovine growth hormone (bGH) transgenes were crossed with females of a high-growth selected (S) and control (C) line as follows: W x S, W x C, M x S and M x C. Body weights of progeny were recorded weekly from 2 to 10 weeks of age. F₁ progeny were classified as carriers (P) or non-carriers (N) of the transgene by assaying tail DNA for bGH using the polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis. A deficiency in the number of f₁ progeny carrying the W (P<0.05) and M (P<0.01) bGH transgene was most likely due to differential prenatal and early postnatal mortality. Bodyweight means of wild-type transgenic mice were larger (P < 0.05) than those of non-transgenic littermates by 3 weeks of age in a C background in contrast to 5 weeks in S. The wild-type bGH transgene increased adult body weights more in the C (155%) than in the S (136%) background, indicating transgene expression by selection background interaction (P < 0.05). However, the growth response to the wild-type transgene in the S background was still large. The dwarf mutant transgene had a greater effect on growth reduction in the S (70%) than in the C (84%) background, thus causing transgene expression by selection background interaction (P < 0.05). Gender by wild-type transgene effect interactions (P < 0.001) for adult body weight were caused by the transgene reducing the gender difference for body weight in C and eliminating it in S. The dwarf mutant caused a larger negative effect on growth in males than in females, resulting in a gender by dwarf mutant transgene interaction (P < 0.001) for adult body weights. Results indicate that the effect of a GH transgene on growth can be affected both by a high-growth genetic background and the gender of progeny.     

抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冰晶生长速率的研究

在分析了溶液中抗冻糖蛋白与冰晶表面的相互作用的基础上,提出了在抗冻糖蛋白溶液中冰晶沿c轴方向生长的理论。给出了冰晶在抗冻糖蛋白溶液中生长速率的定量计算,而且理论值与实验结果有较好的符合,解释了冰晶在抗冻糖蛋白溶液中生长速度和生长习性的各向异性。     

Use of Growth Indices in Yield Forecast

A model has been developed for forecasting of crop yields in which growth indices of biometrical characters based on two or more periods simultaneously have been utilised. The growth indices are obtained as weighted accumulations of observations on biometrical characters in different periods, weights being respective correlation coefficients between yield and biometrical characters. This model has been found better than the models in use.     

The Ontogenetic Interpretation of the Growth Curve of Vertebral Organisms

The growth curve of vertebral organism can be resolved into four different phases according to four different states of ontogenesis.     

Testing differences in relative growth rate: A method avoiding curve fitting and pairing

A method is discussed to test differences in relative growth rates. This method is based on an analysis of variance, with In-transformed plant weight as dependent variable. A significant Group × Time interaction indicates differences in relative growth rates between groups. The advantages over the "classical" and "functional" growth analyses are: (1) No pairing procedure is required. (2) More than two groups may be evaluated in one analysis. (3) No decision is required about the polynomial used to fit the data. (4) By partitioning the interaction effect using orthogonal polynomials insight is gained into the nature of differences in relative growth rate. (5) By concentrating attention on the lower order terms of the polynomials, the influence of extraneous variation on conclusions may be minimized.