云南马铃薯地方彩色品种“剑川红”和“转心乌”的花色苷主成分分析

彩色马铃薯富含花色苷,是一种天然抗氧化食品.本研究采用高效液相色谱质谱联用技术以引进品种“黑美人”为对照分析了云南马铃薯地方特色品种“剑川红”和“转心乌”花色苷的主要成分.结果表明:“剑川红”色素主要为酰化天竺葵色素类花色苷,其主要成分为天竺葵素3-[ 6-O-( 4-O-E-p-香豆酰-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷]-5-O-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷.“转心乌”和“黑美人”所含色素相似,主要为酰化矮牵牛色索、锦葵色素、芍药色素类衍生物,主要成分均为矮牵牛花色素3-[ 6-O-( 4-O-E-p-香豆酰-O-α-吡喃鼠李糖苷)-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷]-5-O-β-D-毗喃葡萄糖苷.     

黑果枸杞中花色苷的提取与结构鉴定

采用紫外-可见光谱法并结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱对黑果枸杞中花色苷的组成及结构进行了鉴定。结果显示:(1)黑果枸杞花色苷在0.1%盐酸-甲醇溶液中呈紫红色表明花色苷中的主要成分可能是飞燕草色素、牵牛花色素、锦葵色素及其衍生物中的一种或几种;向提取溶液中加入5%Al Cl3甲醇溶液后无红移现象表明花色苷结构B环上无邻位酚羟基;A440nm/Aλmax比值小于20%表明该色素是3,5位均带有糖苷键的双取代花色苷;在304 nm处有一最大吸收峰表明该色素分子内含有酰基;色素水解后主要生成葡萄糖。由上述可初步推测出黑果枸杞色素中主要为酰基化的锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷;(2)经紫外分光光度法、质谱和文献报道综合分析鉴定出黑果枸杞中含有8种花色苷,分别是:飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-5-O-葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)芸香糖苷-5-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰-3-O-乙酰)-5-O-二葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-(6-O-乙酰)葡萄糖苷、锦葵色素-3-O-(6-O-对香豆酰)葡萄糖苷和锦葵色素-3,5-二葡萄糖苷,其含量依次为0.86%、1.17%、2.38%、11.79%、68.35%、0.63%、5.24%、9.58%。花色苷是黑果枸杞中重要的组成成分,该试验可为黑果枸杞的质量控制提供依据。     

彩色马铃薯色素相关基因座的种类、功能与染色体定位(英文)

综述了与彩色马铃薯色素产生与分布相关基因座的观念起源、种类、功能和染色体定位。与彩色马铃薯色素相关基因座的观念起源于试图解释四倍体和二倍体马铃薯块茎和其他部位颜色呈现遗传行为的两个遗传模式。与彩色马铃薯色素相关的13个基因座可划分为4类,第1、第2和第3类分别与马铃薯花色苷的合成、酰化和分布有关,第4类与马铃薯类胡萝卜素的产生相关。基因座I,P,R和Y分别编码一个MYB结构域转录因子、类黄酮3′,5′-羟化酶、二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶和β-胡萝卜素羟化酶。基因座之间复杂多样的互作综合决定了彩色马铃薯色素特别是花色苷的产生与分布。基因座D和R定位在马铃薯的2号染色体上,E,F,I和PSC在10号染色体上,P在11号染色体上,Y在3号染色体上。可为彩色马铃薯颜色呈现的遗传机理探索提供参考。     

香雪兰花瓣的花色苷组成

为研究不同品种香雪兰的花色苷组成、含量及与花色表型之间的关系,阐明香雪兰花色形成机理,该研究以不同花色的香雪兰(Freesia hybrida) 11个品种为材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡(RHSCC)和色差仪进行花色描述,利用特征颜色反应初步确定色素类型,通过pH示差法测定花瓣中总花色苷的含量,进而利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析各品种花瓣中花色苷种类和相对含量。结果表明:11个所选品种涵盖香雪兰四大色系,即白色系、黄色系、红色系、蓝紫色系;所选品种都含有黄酮类化合物,不含或含有极低量的类胡萝卜素,除‘White River’‘Fragrant Sunburst’‘Gold River’‘Tweety’外,均含有花色苷;‘Red Passion’花瓣中总花色苷含量最高,最低是‘Lovely Lavender’,其含量仅为‘Red Passion’的24%;在香雪兰花瓣中共检测出10个花色苷组分,分别为飞燕草-二葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-二葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-二葡萄糖苷、飞燕草素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-二葡萄糖苷、锦葵素-二葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、锦葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷;红色系品种‘Red Passion’和‘上农红台阁’花瓣中主要成分为矢车菊素类化合物,蓝紫色系品种‘Pink Passion’‘Castor’‘上农淡雪青’和‘上农紫玫瑰’花瓣中主要成分为矮牵牛素类和锦葵素类化合物,‘Lovely Lavender’花瓣仅含飞燕草素类化合物。研究表明不同品种香雪兰花瓣颜色的呈现与花色苷种类有关,花瓣着色程度则与花瓣中花色苷总含量成正比。该研究结果为新品种培育、花色改良和育种工作提供理论依据。     

小苍兰花瓣主要花色苷组分研究

以6个小苍兰(Freesia hybrida)园艺品种为研究材料,采用英国皇家园艺学会比色卡进行花色描述,利用特征颜色反应确定其色素类型,进而通过UPLC-PAD结合UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析各品种中的花色苷种类及含量。结果表明,6个小苍兰品种可分为白色系、橙—黄色系以及紫—紫红—蓝紫系三大色系。小苍兰6个品种花瓣中均含有黄酮类色素,不含或含极低量类胡萝卜素,除‘上农乳香’以外,其余品种花瓣中均含有花色苷。花瓣中花色苷含量依小苍兰品种不同而各异,5个含花色苷的品种中,‘上农紫玫瑰’花瓣中花色苷含量最高,‘上农橙红’次之。在小苍兰花瓣中,共检测到6种花色苷物质,通过与已有文献比对分析,推定其成分为:飞燕草3,5-二葡萄糖苷、矮牵牛素3,5-二葡萄糖苷、飞燕草3-葡萄糖苷、锦葵素3,5-二葡萄糖苷、牵牛花素3-葡萄糖苷和锦葵素3-葡萄糖苷。‘上农紫雪青’和‘上农宫粉’花瓣中含有3种花色苷,且均含锦葵素类和矮牵牛素类,其中‘上农紫雪青’花瓣中主要成分是锦葵素单糖苷和双糖苷;而‘上农宫粉’花瓣中则均为双糖花色苷,主要成分是矮牵牛素3,5-二葡萄糖苷、锦葵素3,5-二葡萄糖苷和飞燕草3,5-二葡萄糖苷;‘上农紫玫瑰’花瓣中含矮牵牛素3-葡萄糖苷和飞燕草3-葡萄糖苷;而‘上农金皇后’和‘上农橙红’花瓣中仅含一种组分,分别为飞燕草3,5-二葡萄糖苷和锦葵素3,5-二葡萄糖苷。     

马铃薯''转心乌''块茎色素的组成和含量

马铃薯转心乌块茎的内、外韧皮部和髓为淡黄色,周皮和木质部为紫色;木质部的紫色形成一个不规则的环",并向内韧皮部蔓延.系列特征颜色反应和紫外可见光谱分析表明:‘转心乌’块茎紫色素属于黄酮类化合物,可能含有酚性邻位二羟基,并被肉桂酸酰化,不含类胡萝卜素、查耳酮、噢哢、异黄酮、儿茶素;花色苷和/或其苷元花色素奠定了‘转心乌’块茎着色的基础,其它的非红色的黄酮类化合物发挥共色素的作用.块茎的皮"紫色最浓","环"其次,"肉"最淡,这与"皮"、"环"和"肉"的色价、花色苷含量和总黄酮类化合物含量的变化趋势呈正相关.     

" 黑美人" 马铃薯中花色苷提取工艺研究

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)是一种重要的粮菜兼用型作物,马铃薯传入我国后产生了许多变种、变型和适合当地种植的地方品种,尤其是块茎的皮色和肉色出现了红色、紫色、黑色品种。"黑美人"马铃薯是甘肃省特有的经航空育种技术培育的新型马铃薯品种,经分析测定"黑美人"马铃薯中花色素含量非常丰富,其富含的花青素还具有抗癌、抗衰老、美容和防止高血压等多种保健作用。因此,"黑美人"马铃薯中花色苷提取工艺的研究,对于花色苷的应用与开发具有重要的研究意义。本研究以甘肃"黑美人"马铃薯为原料,对其所含花色苷提取工艺条件(乙醇浓度,温度,pH,提取时间,料液比,提取次数等)进行优化。研究结果显示最佳提取工艺参数为:乙醇浓度80%,温度75℃,pH 1.0,时间1 h,料液比1:20,提取3次。在优化后的提取工艺条件下,"黑美人"马铃薯的花色苷提取率得到提高,花色苷含量可达到33.05 mg/100g。     

矮牵牛新种质的花色表型及花色素分析

以27个上海交通大学自育矮牵牛新种质为研究材料,对花色这一重要观赏性状及其花色素进行了系统研究。用RHSCC比色和色差仪测色方法描述了矮牵牛的花色表型,通过特征显色反应初步判断了矮牵牛的花色素类型,以标准曲线法和pH示差法等方法测定了矮牵牛3类花色素的含量。研究表明：这27个矮牵牛种质的花色可归于5个色系,以紫红色和红色为主;矮牵牛花色在CIELab表色系统中分布较广,而且不同色系花色参数的区分度较大。矮牵牛花瓣中含有类黄酮和花色苷,不含或含少量类胡萝卜素。13个被测种质的花瓣类黄酮含量在2.5～12.2 mg·/g–1 ·FW之间,花色苷含量在0.08～3.88 mg·g–1 FWmg/g·FW之间,而类胡萝卜素在矮牵牛花瓣中含量很低,远远低于类黄酮含量,在7个被测种质中,最高仅为0.216 mg·g–1 FWmg/g·FW,最低为0.004 mg·g–1 FWmg/g·FW。以上结果显示,5个色系矮牵牛所含花色素种类不尽相同,含量也有明显差异,其中紫红色系和红色系花瓣大多不含或含极少量类胡萝卜素,黄色系、白色系和紫色系花瓣的类黄酮含量较高,紫色系和紫红色系花瓣花色苷含量较高。     

花色苷生物转化修饰的研究进展

花色苷是植物界中广泛存在的一种天然的水溶性食用色素,是植物呈现靓丽颜色的重要物质基础,具有多种重要的生理功能和生物活性,药用和保健价值较高,具有巨大的商业应用潜力。花色苷由花色素和糖类物质经糖苷键缩合而成,其结构母核是2-苯基苯并吡喃阳离子,且结构上存在多个活性羟基,稳定性较差,对酸碱度、光照、温度等因素敏感,极易导致色泽或活性的消失。此外,其亲水性较强,在疏水环境中溶解性差,不易透过磷脂双分子层生物膜,导致生物利用度较低。在保持花色苷原有基本骨架结构基础上的酰基化修饰改造,可以获得理化特性改善、稳定性增强且具有良好生物利用度的花色苷酯衍生物,是解决花色苷应用难题的一条重要途径,也是当今研究的热点和难点。目前可用于花色苷类物质生物转化酰基化修饰的方法主要植物细胞转化、酶法转化和微生物全细胞转化。综述了花色苷的稳定性、生物活性及酰基化花色苷的生物合成方法,旨在为进一步开展花色苷的结构稳定性与生理活性研究及其在药品、食品、化妆品等行业中的广泛应用提供有益参考。     

丽格海棠花青素苷成分及分布对花色的影响

以红色、红心白边、粉红、玫红、黄色、黄心红边、浅粉和白色8种花色丽的格海棠花瓣为试验材料,采用目视测色法、RHSCC比色法和色差仪测定花瓣表型,通过组织切片法观察花瓣色素细胞的显微结构和分布特点,采用双光束紫外-可见光分光光度计和高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子化-质谱连用技术(HPLC-ESI-MS)测定分析花瓣中花青素苷的成分和含量,为探讨丽格海棠花色的呈色机理和花色育种提供参考。结果显示:(1)丽格海棠的明度L*随花瓣颜色变深而降低,红度a*则表现出相反趋势,红度(a*)和彩度(C*)值与明度(L*)呈显著负相关关系,且a*和C*是影响L*的主要因素。(2)红花品种花瓣色素主要分布于上表皮细胞和海绵组织中;红白花品种花瓣色素主要分布于上下表皮中,且下表皮积累量更多;粉色花和玫红花品种花瓣色素主要分布于上下表皮细胞;黄红花和粉白色花品种花瓣上表皮中含有少量色素,而黄花和白花品种花瓣几乎没有色素积累。各花色丽格海棠花瓣上表皮细胞均为圆锥形,且红花和红白花品种锥形化程度最高,它们花瓣下表皮细胞均呈扁平的长方形。(3)8个丽格海棠品种花瓣中共检测出15种花青素苷,其中10种为芍药素苷,3种为矢车菊素苷,1种为锦葵素苷,1种为飞燕草素苷,酰化花青素苷占多数;红花品种花瓣中总花青素苷含量最高,玫红花品种次之,黄花和白花品种中未检出;除粉红花品种外,其余含花青素苷的品种中芍药素苷含量最高,均占总花青素苷含量的50%以上,是花瓣的主要呈色物质。(4)丽格海棠花瓣中总花青素苷含量与其红度(a*)、彩度(C*)值呈正相关关系、与其L*值呈负相关关系。研究表明,花青素苷的积累有利于丽格海棠花瓣红色化,并影响其花瓣彩度(C*)及明度(L*);色素分布细胞数量和上表皮细胞锥形化明显影响花瓣呈色,且花瓣主要的呈色物质为芍药素苷,酰基化修饰可能影响其明度。     

紫背天葵叶片中花青素种类及合成调控基因转录组分析

为获取紫背天葵(Cynura bicolor DC.)叶片中花青素种类及其合成调控基因等信息,该试验以紫背天葵叶背面紫色以及经处理叶背面几乎全绿(对照)的叶片为材料,进行转录组测序分析,同时进行6个相关差异表达基因的qRT-PCR分析和6种花青素苷元的HPLC检测,以揭示紫背天葵特有的花青素苷元及其合成调控关键基因信息。结果表明:(1)在紫背天葵中共获得14个花青素苷元及32个花青素合成调控基因信息,其中表达量差异显著下调的4个基因为Pg(c11692)、Cy(c42112)、ANS(c38551)和3GT(c9064),表达量差异显著上调的2个基因是D FR(c35961)和3GT(c20283)。(2)qRT-PCR检测结果显示,上述6个基因在2种紫背天葵叶中的表达趋势(上调或下调)与转录组测序结果完全一致,但转录组测序检测到的表达趋势差异倍数比qRT-PCR检测结果更加明显。(3)HPLC分析显示,紫背天葵叶中均未检测到Dp、Pt、Pn及Mv等4类花青素苷元,但紫背天葵叶中富含Cy花青素苷元,且背面紫色的叶中Cy类花青素苷元含量(62.21 mg/kg)显著高于绿色叶对照(6.86 mg/kg);背面紫色和全绿叶中的Pg花青素苷元含量均低于0.43 mg/kg。研究推测,Cy和Pg花青素苷元在绿叶紫背天葵(对照)中含量显著降低可能是因为存在1个ANS和1个3GT正调控以及1个DFR和1个3GT负调控所致。     

Superoxide radical- and peroxynitrite-scavenging activity of anthocyanins; structure-activity relationship and their synergism

Antioxidant activities of 15 purified bilberry anthocyanins together with pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and 4'-O-methyl delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (MDp 3-glc), the major metabolite of delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Dp 3-glc), were evaluated in order to study the structure-antioxidant activity relationship and any synergism among them in the mixture. Both aglycone structure and the attached sugar moiety affected the O*2- and ONOO- -scavenging activities, although the effect of the attached sugar moiety was smaller than that of the aglycone structure. The potency of activity toward the superoxide radical was in the following order: delphinidin > petunidin > malvidin =approximately cyanidin>(+)-catechin > peonidin > pelargonidin. The activity toward ONOO- was: delphinidin > cyanidin =approximately petunidin > malvidin =approximately (+)-catechin > peonidin > pelargonidin. It was confirmed that methylation of 4'-OH markedly reduced the antioxidant activity of anthocyanin. Further, it was revealed that synergism occurred in both - and ONOO- -scavenging activities among the anthocyanins in the mixture.     

Delphinidin accumulation is associated with abnormal flower development in petunias

The relative floral anthocyanidin contents of 195 commercial petunias with floral colours other than white and yellow were determined using HPLC, and the presence of five anthocyanidins (cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin) was confirmed. Pelargonidin was not detected, and delphinidin was not a major component. Using a principal component analysis of the relative anthocyanidin contents, the petunias were classified into three phenotype-groups accumulating cyanidin, peonidin, or malvidin, (plus petunidin) as the major anthocyanidin. A fourth phenotype was segregated in the progeny obtained by self-pollinating an F1 hybrid of the malvidin group; this accumulated delphinidin 3-glucoside in a markedly crumpled corolla-limb (delphinidin group). Such inferior floral traits, associated with the accumulation of delphinidin 3-glucoside, are thought to be the driving force that removed the delphinidin group from commercial petunias. A comparison of flowers of the delphinidin group and those of the other groups may provide a useful tool towards a deeper understanding of how anthocyanin biosynthesis relates to normal development of the corolla.     

Isorhamnetin 3,7-disulphate from Flaveria bidentis

3-Glucosides and 3,5-diglucosides of pelargonidin, cyanidin, peonidin, delphinidin, petunidin and malvidin have been identified as flower pigments in Fuchsia species. These pigments in varying admixture appear to be solely responsible for different flower colours in this genus. Their production and inheritance seems to be under a complex system of genetic control.     

Human tumor cell growth inhibition by nontoxic anthocyanidins, the pigments in fruits and vegetables

Anthocyanidins, the aglycones of anthocyanins, impart brilliant colors in many fruits and vegetables. The widespread consumption of diets rich in anthocyanin and anthocyanidins prompted us to determine their inhibitory effects on human cancer cell proliferation. Five anthocyanidins, cyanidin (1), delphinidin (2), pelargonidin (3), petunidin (4) and malvidin (5), and four anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-galactoside, delphinidin-3-galactoside and pelargonidin-3-galactoside were tested for cell proliferation inhibitory activity against human cancer cell lines, AGS (stomach), HCT-116 (colon), MCF-7 (breast), NCI H460 (lung), and SF-268 (Central Nervous System, CNS) at 12.5-200 microg/mL concentrations. The viability of cells after exposure to anthocyanins and anthocyanidins was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric methods. The anthocyanins assayed did not inhibit cell proliferation of cell lines tested at 200 microg/mL. However, anthocyanidins showed cell proliferation inhibitory activity. Malvidin inhibited AGS, HCT-116, NCI-H460, MCF-7 and SF-268 cell growth by 69, 75.7, 67.7, 74.7 and 40.5%, respectively, at 200 microg/mL. Similarly, pelargonidin inhibited AGS, HCT-116, NCI H460, MCF-7 and SF-268 cell growth by 64, 63, 62, 63 and 34%, respectively, at 200 microg/mL. At 200 microg/mL, cyanidin, delphinidin and petunidin inhibited the breast cancer cell growth by 47, 66 and 53%, respectively. This is the first report of tumor cell proliferation inhibitory activity by anthocyanidins.     

Survey of bioactive components in Western Canadian berries

Berries native to Western Canada were analyzed for total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC). Values ranged from 1.60 to 9.55 mmol trolox equivalent per 100 g fresh mass. Anthocyanin content ranged from 41.6 (in red twinberries) to 1081 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents per 100 g fresh mass (in honeysuckle fruits). Honeysuckle fruits contained the highest amount of total polyphenols, 1111 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g, among analyzed fruits. Additionally, anthocyanins in the investigated berries were identified and characterized by HPLC - electrospray ionization - tandem mass spectrometric method coupled with diode array detection. The number of anthocyanins varied from 4 in saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) to 20 in bilberries (Vaccinum myrtilloides Michx.). In all the samples analyzed, 6 common anthocyanidins:, cyanidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin, were found. Half the analyzed berries contained acylated anthocyanins, but a significant amount was found only in bilberries. The analyzed berry seed oils contained high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (over 90%), but only the golden currant seed oil contained gamma-linolenic acid.     

三七块根紫色素的花色苷本质及其含量和总皂苷含量的正相关性

三七是中国云南省的"第一药材",云南文山三七是三七的道地药材。三七块根的横截面为黄白色至紫色。紫色块根约占研究块根总数的28 .21 %,其中柱鞘、内皮层、皮层或表皮为紫色。特征颜色反应和紫外——可见光谱表明:三七块根紫色素属于黄酮类化合物,可能含有酚性邻位二羟基,不含类胡萝卜素、查耳酮、噢哢、异黄酮、儿茶素。花色苷和/或其苷元花色素奠定了紫色块根着色的基础,其他的非红色的黄酮类化合物起共色素的作用。块根的平均花色苷含量和平均总皂苷含量均以纯紫色块根的为最高,其次是黄紫混合色块根的,纯黄色的最低。块根的花色苷含量差异达到极显著水平,但总皂苷含量差异却没有达到显著水平。每个块根都含有不同量的花色苷,随花色苷量的增加,块根的紫色一般逐渐明显。块根的花色苷含量与其总皂苷含量之间呈显著正相关,相关系数r=0 .355。本文可为三七块根颜色呈现的机理探索及其色素的分子结构鉴定提供参考。     

Sodium borohydride reduction of anthocyanidins

The reduction of anthocyanidins with NaBH₄ in EtOH or MeOH produces inter alia racemates of epicatechins. Thus, the (±) racemates of 3′,5′-di-O-methylepigallocatechin, 3′-O-methylepigallocatechin, and 3′-O-methylepicatechin have been identified as the reduction products of malvidin, petunidin, and peonidin, respectively, by their UV, MS and NMR spectra.