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1.
融合标签技术在膜蛋白结构研究中的应用   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
膜蛋白高级结构的研究包括不同的层次,即膜蛋白拓扑学结构的研究、利用核磁共振技术和蛋白质晶体衍射技术对三维结构的研究,以及膜蛋白复合体的研究。在研究过程中,如果能够基于膜蛋白的拓扑学结构预测,选择合适的蛋白质或多肽融合标签,利用基因融合技术在基因水平上对膜蛋白进行改造,可以产生含有融合标签的重组膜蛋自,不仅具有原有膜蛋白的功能活性,还具有融合标签所特有的生理生化特性,将会极大地促进膜蛋白结构和功能的研究。我们就目前膜蛋白结构研究中所涉及的融合标签技术及其应用策略和所取得的进展做一简述。  相似文献   

2.
1研究内在膜蛋白的三维结构的重要性象水溶性蛋白质一样,要深入了解膜蛋白的功能必须解析它们的三维结构。第一个水溶性蛋白质-肌红蛋白的三维结构的解析是由英国Kendrew于1957年用X-射线衍射法完成的,从而使他获得了诺贝尔奖。由于各种技术的日益发展与...  相似文献   

3.
生物膜中与脂双层结合的蛋白质称为膜蛋白.由于它们具有很大的疏水表面以及既亲水又疏水的两性特点致使其纯化与结晶都十分困难.在膜蛋白晶体生长系统中引入小分子去污剂与小的两性分子获得突破性进展.迄今为止,结晶出来的膜蛋白为数不多.其中只有光合细菌绿色红假单胞菌及球型红假单胞菌的反应中心得到3分辨率的晶体结构与解析.一系列膜蛋白形成二维晶体,可用电子显微镜与像重构技术获得三维结构信息.  相似文献   

4.
目的:利用X线衍射技术解析孕烷X受体(PXR)配体结合结构域(LBD)蛋白晶体的3维结构。方法:对PXR蛋白LBD(130~434氨基酸残基)序列进行密码子优化并化学合成后克隆至pRSFDuet-1表达载体,再将载体导入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),对PXR-LBD蛋白进行原核表达与分离纯化;采用晶体筛选试剂盒筛选蛋白结晶条件,采用悬滴法获得目标蛋白的晶体;对获得的蛋白晶体进行X线晶体衍射检测,并收集相关数据建立PXR-LBD的三维结构。结果:获得了PXR-LBD的高质量晶体并利用X线衍射解析了该蛋白质晶体的结构数据,使用Phenix.refine软件和COOT软件等对结构进行修正,最终获得了高分辨率的3维结构数据。结论:完成了孕烷X受体配体结合结构域蛋白晶体的X线衍射结构解析,为研究和开发PXR相关药物奠定了基础。  相似文献   

5.
李鑫 《生物学通报》2007,42(11):61-62
概述了膜蛋白结构研究的重要性。介绍了应用X射线晶体学技术解析大肠杆菌乳糖通透酶LacY三维结构取得的重要进展——发现磷脂含量在膜蛋白结晶中所起的关键性作用。为未来膜蛋白结构的解析提供了新的思路。  相似文献   

6.
解析蛋白质的三维结构具有重要的生物学意义,更是蛋白质功能研究和理性药物设计的基础。目前解析蛋白质结构最重要的方法是X-射线衍射晶体学解析技术。但是运用该技术解析蛋白质结构的关键是获得高质量的蛋白质晶体。然而,据统计仅有42%的可溶纯化蛋白质能够得到晶体,即不同蛋白质的可结晶性表现不同。由于实验方法验证蛋白质的可结晶性耗时耗力,因此,有研究者运用计算机模拟的方法预测蛋白质的可结晶性,从而节省资源与成本并且提高实验的成功率。本文结合我们的研究工作,介绍了几种目前较为成功的蛋白质可结晶性预测方法及其研究途径。  相似文献   

7.
制备高质量蛋白质晶体是通过X射线衍射解析蛋白质分子三维结构的关键环节,是结构生物学领域中的瓶颈问题之一。蛋白质的结晶受多因素控制,其中蛋白质样品自身的质量是影响蛋白质能否结晶及晶体质量好坏的关键因素。我们从蛋白质纯度、可溶性、均一性及表面修饰等方面介绍了如何获得适于结晶的蛋白质样品,以及如何借助相关仪器检测蛋白质样品的质量,预测蛋白质的可结晶性。  相似文献   

8.
X射线晶体衍射是解析出青蒿素三维结构的唯一方法  相似文献   

9.
膜蛋白的拓扑学   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
膜蛋白的拓扑学是研究膜蛋白三维结构的出发点.利用融合蛋白和化学修饰等实验技术已确定了很多膜蛋白的拓扑学.对膜蛋白的转运与插膜的研究确定可能存在两类插膜元件.对已知拓扑学的膜蛋白的统计分析以及蛋白质工程的研究表明存在膜蛋白拓扑学的内正规则.目前已形成预测膜蛋白的拓扑学的比较可靠的策略,这在反向生物学上具有重要意义.但要进行三维结构的预测还有许多路要走.  相似文献   

10.
G蛋白偶联受体结构生物学进展   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1  
G蛋白偶联受体(GPCR)是具有7次跨膜螺旋的细胞整合膜蛋白,它们广泛地参与感光、气味、神经传递以及细胞增殖、分化、迁移等各类生理活动的调控.是现代药物研发的重要靶点.然而,GPCR结构生物学研究却受到高质量蛋白制备、稳定性以及结晶方法等方面的限制.近年来,随着新型膜蛋白表达体系、新型去污剂、膜蛋白纯化及结晶技术的发展.使得G蛋白偶联受体结构解析工作取得了可喜的进展,也为进一步解析更多GPCR精细结构及相关药物研发奠定重要基础.  相似文献   

11.
《Molecular membrane biology》2013,30(7-8):445-453
Abstract

An important factor in the crystallization, and subsequent structural determination, of integral membrane proteins is the ability to produce a stable and monodisperse solution of the protein. Obtaining the correct purification detergent to achieve this can be laborious and is often serendipitous. In this study, high-throughput methods are used to analyze the suitability of eight different detergents on the stability of 12 inner transmembrane proteins from Escherichia coli. The best results obtained from the small-scale experiments were scaled up, the aggregation state of the proteins assessed, and all monodisperse protein solutions entered into crystallization trials. This resulted in preliminary crystallization hits for three inner membrane proteins: XylH, PgpB and YjdL and this study reports the methods, purification procedures and crystallization conditions used to achieve this.  相似文献   

12.
Protein perdeuteration approaches have tremendous value in protein NMR studies, but are limited by the high cost of perdeuterated media. Here, we demonstrate that E. coli cultures expressing proteins using either the condensed single protein production method (cSPP), or conventional pET expression plasmids, can be condensed prior to protein expression, thereby providing high-quality 2H, 13C, 15N-enriched protein samples at 2.5–10% the cost of traditional methods. As an example of the value of such inexpensively-produced perdeuterated proteins, we produced 2H, 13C, 15N-enriched E. coli cold shock protein A (CspA) and EnvZb in 40× condensed phase media, and obtained NMR spectra suitable for 3D structure determination. The cSPP system was also used to produce 2H, 13C, 15N-enriched E. coli plasma membrane protein YaiZ and outer membrane protein X (OmpX) in condensed phase. NMR spectra can be obtained for these membrane proteins produced in the cSPP system following simple detergent extraction, without extensive purification or reconstitution. This allows a membrane protein’s structural and functional properties to be characterized prior to reconstitution, or as a probe of the effects of subsequent purification steps on the structural integrity of membrane proteins. We also provide a standardized protocol for production of perdeuterated proteins using the cSPP system. The 10–40 fold reduction in costs of fermentation media provided by using a condensed culture system opens the door to many new applications for perdeuterated proteins in spectroscopic and crystallographic studies.  相似文献   

13.
Efficient multiple- or single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (MAD/SAD) techniques that use tunable X-ray sources at third-generation synchrotrons exploit the anomalous scattering of certain heavy atoms for determination of experimental phases. Development of methods for the in vivo substitution of methionine by selenomethionine (SeMet) has revolutionized the process for determination of structures of soluble proteins in recent years. Herein, we report methods for biosynthetic incorporation of SeMet into induced intracytoplasmic membrane proteins of two species of the Rhodobacter genus of purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacteria. Amino acid analysis of a membrane protein complex that was purified to homogeneity determined that the extent of SeMet incorporation was extensive and approached quantitative replacement. Diffraction-quality crystals were obtained from SeMet-labeled membrane proteins purified from 2 l of culture. These methods augment the potential utility of photosynthetic bacteria and their inducible membrane systems for the production of foreign membrane proteins for structure determination.  相似文献   

14.
To fully describe the fold space and ultimately the biological function of membrane proteins, it is necessary to determine the specific interactions of the protein with the membrane. This property of membrane proteins that we refer to as structural topology cannot be resolved using X-ray crystallography or solution NMR alone. In this article, we incorporate into XPLOR-NIH a hybrid objective function for membrane protein structure determination that utilizes solution and solid-state NMR restraints, simultaneously defining structure, topology, and depth of insertion. Distance and angular restraints obtained from solution NMR of membrane proteins solubilized in detergent micelles are combined with backbone orientational restraints (chemical shift anisotropy and dipolar couplings) derived from solid-state NMR in aligned lipid bilayers. In addition, a supplementary knowledge-based potential, E z (insertion depth potential), is used to ensure the correct positioning of secondary structural elements with respect to a virtual membrane. The hybrid objective function is minimized using a simulated annealing protocol implemented into XPLOR-NIH software for general use. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

15.
Recent progress in structure determination techniques has led to a significant growth in the number of known membrane protein structures, and the first structural genomics projects focusing on membrane proteins have been initiated, warranting an investigation of appropriate bioinformatics strategies for optimal structural target selection for these molecules. What determines a membrane protein fold? How many membrane structures need to be solved to provide sufficient structural coverage of the membrane protein sequence space? We present the CAMPS database (Computational Analysis of the Membrane Protein Space) containing almost 45,000 proteins with three or more predicted transmembrane helices (TMH) from 120 bacterial species. This large set of membrane proteins was subjected to single‐linkage clustering using only sequence alignments covering at least 40% of the TMH present in a given family. This process yielded 266 sequence clusters with at least 15 members, roughly corresponding to membrane structural folds, sufficiently structurally homogeneous in terms of the variation of TMH number between individual sequences. These clusters were further subdivided into functionally homogeneous subclusters according to the COG (Clusters of Orthologous Groups) system as well as more stringently defined families sharing at least 30% identity. The CAMPS sequence clusters are thus designed to reflect three main levels of interest for structural genomics: fold, function, and modeling distance. We present a library of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) derived from sequence alignments of TMH at these three levels of sequence similarity. Given that 24 out of 266 clusters corresponding to membrane folds already have associated known structures, we estimate that 242 additional new structures, one for each remaining cluster, would provide structural coverage at the fold level of roughly 70% of prokaryotic membrane proteins belonging to the currently most populated families. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.  相似文献   

16.
Membrane proteins constitute ~30% of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes but comprise a small fraction of the entries in protein structural databases. A number of features of membrane proteins render them challenging targets for the structural biologist, among which the most important is the difficulty in obtaining sufficient quantities of purified protein. We are exploring procedures to express and purify large numbers of prokaryotic membrane proteins. A set of 280 membrane proteins from Escherichia coli and Thermotoga maritima, a thermophile, was cloned and tested for expression in Escherichia coli. Under a set of standard conditions, expression could be detected in the membrane fraction for approximately 30% of the cloned targets. About 22 of the highest expressing membrane proteins were purified, typically in just two chromatographic steps. There was a clear correlation between the number of predicted transmembrane domains in a given target and its propensity to express and purify. Accordingly, the vast majority of successfully expressed and purified proteins had six or fewer transmembrane domains. We did not observe any clear advantage to the use of thermophilic targets. Two of the purified membrane proteins formed crystals. By comparison with protein production efforts for soluble proteins, where ∼70% of cloned targets express and ∼25% can be readily purified for structural studies [Christendat et al. (2000) Nat. Struct. Biol., 7, 903], our results demonstrate that a similar approach will succeed for membrane proteins, albeit with an expected higher attrition rate.  相似文献   

17.
The structural characterization of small integral membrane proteins pose a significant challenge for structural biology because of the multitude of molecular interactions between the protein and its heterogeneous environment. Here, the three‐dimensional backbone structure of Rv1761c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been characterized using solution NMR spectroscopy and dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles as a membrane mimetic environment. This 127 residue single transmembrane helix protein has a significant (10 kDa) C‐terminal extramembranous domain. Five hundred and ninety distance, backbone dihedral, and orientational restraints were employed resulting in a 1.16 Å rmsd backbone structure with a transmembrane domain defined at 0.40 Å. The structure determination approach utilized residual dipolar coupling orientation data from partially aligned samples, long‐range paramagnetic relaxation enhancement derived distances, and dihedral restraints from chemical shift indices to determine the global fold. This structural model of Rv1761c displays some influences by the membrane mimetic illustrating that the structure of these membrane proteins is dictated by a combination of the amino acid sequence and the protein's environment. These results demonstrate both the efficacy of the structural approach and the necessity to consider the biophysical properties of membrane mimetics when interpreting structural data of integral membrane proteins and, in particular, small integral membrane proteins.  相似文献   

18.
Membrane proteins constitute >30% of the proteins in an average cell, and yet the number of currently known structures of unique membrane proteins is <300. To develop new concepts for membrane protein structure determination, we have explored the serial nanocrystallography method, in which fully hydrated protein nanocrystals are delivered to an x-ray beam within a liquid jet at room temperature. As a model system, we have collected x-ray powder diffraction data from the integral membrane protein Photosystem I, which consists of 36 subunits and 381 cofactors. Data were collected from crystals ranging in size from 100 nm to 2 μm. The results demonstrate that there are membrane protein crystals that contain <100 unit cells (200 total molecules) and that 3D crystals of membrane proteins, which contain <200 molecules, may be suitable for structural investigation. Serial nanocrystallography overcomes the problem of x-ray damage, which is currently one of the major limitations for x-ray structure determination of small crystals. By combining serial nanocrystallography with x-ray free-electron laser sources in the future, it may be possible to produce molecular-resolution electron-density maps using membrane protein crystals that contain only a few hundred or thousand unit cells.  相似文献   

19.
Integral membrane proteins have become the focus of interest of many laboratories and structural genomics consortia, but their study is hampered by bottlenecks in production, solubilization, purification and crystallization. In our laboratory we have addressed the problem of high-level protein expression in the membrane of Escherichia coli by use of Mistic, a novel Bacillus subtilis protein, as a fusion partner. In this study we examine the effect of Mistic on protein expression and membrane integration levels of members of the E. coli histidine kinase receptor family. We find that Mistic fusion invariably increases the overall yield by targeting the cargo proteins more efficiently to the membrane and may even replace the signal sequence. Mistic fusion methods will likely be instrumental for high-level expression of other integral membrane proteins.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

Aquaporins are water facilitating proteins embedded in the cellular membranes. Such channels have been identified in almost every living organism – including humans. These proteins are vital molecules and their malfunction can lead to several severe disorders and diseases. Hence, an increased understanding of their structure, function and regulation is of the utmost importance for developing current and future drugs. Heading towards this goal, the first problem to overcome is to acquire the proteins in sufficient amounts to enable functional and structural characterization. Using a suitable host organism, large amounts of target molecules can possibly be produced, but for membrane proteins limitations are frequently encountered. In the work described here, we have produced the 13 human aquaporins (hAQPs) in one of the most successful hosts for recombinant overproduction of eukaryotic proteins; the yeast Pichia pastoris, in order to explore the underlying bottleneck to a successful membrane protein production experiment. Here we present exceptional yield of hAQP1, whereas some other hAQPs were below the threshold needed for scaled up production. In the overproduction process, we have established methods for efficient production screening as well as for accurate determination of the initial production yield. Furthermore, we have optimized the yield of low producing targets, enabling studies of proteins previously out of reach, exemplified with hAQP4 as well as the homologue PfAQP. Taken together, our results. present insight into factors directing high production of eukaryotic membrane proteins together with suggestions on ways to optimize the recombinant production in the yeast P. pastoris.  相似文献   

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