典型产纤维小体梭菌的遗传改造及其在纤维素乙醇中的应用研究进展简

以解纤维梭菌（ Clostridium cellulolyticum）和热纤梭菌（ Clostridium thermocellum）为代表的产纤维小体梭菌可以直接完成从木质纤维素原料到乙醇的生物转化,是用于通过整合生物加工技术生产纤维素乙醇的优良候选菌株。然而,这些产纤维小体梭菌的纤维素降解效率及乙醇产量尚不能满足工业化生产的要求,其遗传改造技术的不成熟严重制约了通过定向代谢工程改造提高生产性能的进程。针对这些典型的产纤维小体菌株,各国科学家近年来在基于二类内含子的嗜中温及嗜高温遗传改造平台建立方面取得了较大突破,并通过靶向代谢工程改造,显著提高纤维素乙醇的产量。笔者对这些前期研究工作以及国内外相关研究成果进行系统的总结,并对构建的遗传改造工具的应用前景进行展望。     

典型产纤维小体梭菌的遗传改造及其在纤维素乙醇中的应用研究进展

以解纤维梭菌(Clostridium cellulolyticum)和热纤梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)为代表的产纤维小体梭菌可以直接完成从木质纤维素原料到乙醇的生物转化,是用于通过整合生物加工技术生产纤维素乙醇的优良候选菌株。然而,这些产纤维小体梭菌的纤维素降解效率及乙醇产量尚不能满足工业化生产的要求,其遗传改造技术的不成熟严重制约了通过定向代谢工程改造提高生产性能的进程。针对这些典型的产纤维小体菌株,各国科学家近年来在基于二类内含子的嗜中温及嗜高温遗传改造平台建立方面取得了较大突破,并通过靶向代谢工程改造,显著提高纤维素乙醇的产量。笔者对这些前期研究工作以及国内外相关研究成果进行系统的总结,并对构建的遗传改造工具的应用前景进行展望。     

重组人抗血栓蛋白在大肠杆菌中的自诱导表达及纯化

旨在优化重组人抗血栓蛋白(rHAP)工程菌的自诱导培养基,以提高菌体产量及可溶性的重组rHAP蛋白含量.选取蛋白胨、酵母提取物、甘油、葡萄糖为因素,各取4个水平,采用正交表L16(45)进行试验设计,时影响菌体生长和可溶性rHAP表达水平的乳糖浓度进行了优化.结果表明自诱导培养基碳氮源的最优配比:2％蛋白胨,1.5％酵母,0.5％甘油,0.03％葡萄糖,0.2％乳糖.此时表达菌密度OD600和可溶性rHAP目标蛋白表达量分别是未优化前的2.04倍和2.85倍.在20 L发酵表达时,rHAP工程菌OD600值高迭93,菌体温量为1 620 g/20L.利用Q-Sepharose和SP-Sepharose纯化,Western blotting结果表明表达蛋白为目的融合蛋白.     

产氢细菌Enterbacter sakazakii HP的分离及产氢特性

在自然环境中分离到一株具有高产氢活性的微生物菌株,经细菌鉴定仪及16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为Enterbacter sakazakii HP。分析了起始pH值、反应温度、碳源、起始糖浓度、起始氧浓度及菌体密度等因素对菌株产氢活性的影响。研究表明,该菌株发酵产氢较适合的条件为:以葡萄糖为产氢底物,起始pH值8.0,菌体密度OD600=0.7,反应温度35℃,糖浓度为0.1mol/L,氧浓度为0%的条件下,此时产氢菌株的最高产氢活性为5.34μmolH2/h.mgdw,氢的得率为1.94molH2/mol葡萄糖。     

毕赤酵母表达重组牛胰脏羧肽酶A的响应面法优化

采用Central Composite Design(CCD)实验设计及响应面分析相结合的方法,对毕赤酵母表达牛胰脏羧肽酶A的表达条件进行优化,旨在获得牛胰脏羧肽酶A的最佳表达条件。单因素实验结果显示,诱导时间为96 h时,最佳甲醇含量为0.5%、最佳p H值为4、诱导时最佳菌体OD600值为7。在此基础上,利用CCD实验设计及响应面分析法进行回归分析,获得最优表达参数为:甲醇含量0.5%、诱导pH为5.90、接种前种子培养基OD600为6.54。在优化后的条件下进行验证实验,得到牛胰脏羧肽酶A的表达量为0.325 mg/m L,与理论值(0.326 mg/m L)相比,相对误差较小,为0.38%。同时,对表达产物进行了Western Blot鉴定。研究表明,采用响应面法分析优化牛胰脏羧肽酶A的表达条件准确可靠,有助于找出最佳条件,为指导其在发酵罐中进行高密度发酵生产牛胰脏羧肽酶A奠定基础。     

重组大肠杆菌共表达亮氨酸脱氢酶和甲酸脱氢酶发酵条件优化

在摇瓶中对共表达亮氨酸脱氢酶(Leu DH)和甲酸脱氢酶(FDH)的重组大肠杆菌(E.coli)的发酵条件进行优化。首先考察基础培养基中碳、氮源种类和浓度及初始p H等因素对重组大肠杆菌生长和产酶的影响,实验结果表明甘油和酵母膏为最佳碳源和氮源,最适质量浓度均为10 g/L,培养基最适初始p H为8.0。然后对诱导条件进行优化,确定最适的诱导时机为菌体密度(OD600)达到0.6时,最适的诱导温度、诱导剂IPTG浓度和诱导时间分别为25℃、0.2 mmol/L和20 h。在优化后的培养条件下,菌体密度(OD600)可达8.6,Leu DH和FDH酶比酶活分别达1 543.3和2 572.4 U/L,是优化前的2.0和3.1倍。     

丛梗孢酵母发酵产赤藓糖醇的响应面优化

为了提高丛梗孢酵母发酵产赤藓糖醇的产量,在前期单因素实验结果的基础上,利用Plackett-Burman实验设计对影响其产赤藓糖醇的发酵条件进行评估并筛选出了影响显著的3个因素:葡萄糖、初始pH和温度.采用响应面法进行实验方案设计,利用SAS软件对其结果进行二次回归分析,确定了优化后的发酵条件为:葡萄糖260g/L、酵...     

出芽短梗霉Aureobasidium sp. SRF的菌株特性分析及胞外多糖结构鉴定

菌株SRF是1株从意大利树莓(Rubus corchorifolius)果实表面分离、可产胞外多糖的新菌株。在鉴定其分类归属的基础上,对其产生的胞外多糖进行了结构分析和发酵条件优化,为寻找微生物多糖提供新的菌株,为开发利用资源微生物提供借鉴。通过形态学和ITS序列对比分析进行菌株鉴定;通过薄层层析和红外光谱分析,确定胞外多糖结构;通过单因素检测试验,确定影响产糖量的主要因素;响应面Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken设计筛选发酵产胞外多糖的最优条件。结果表明,出发菌株SRF隶属于出芽短梗霉属,命名为Aureobasidium sp. SRF;SRF所产胞外多糖为普鲁兰多糖;单因素检测表明,对多糖产量影响最大的因素为碳源浓度、氮源浓度、无机离子浓度,其次是碳源、氮源、无机离子、pH值;根据响应面结果确定最优发酵条件为麦芽糖8%(质量分数)、酵母提取物3%(质量分数)、钙离子0.3 g/L、pH 6,产糖量达5.93 g/L。SRF是1株来源于树莓浆果表面,可产胞外普鲁兰多糖的出芽短梗霉新菌株,是1株产微生物多糖的候选菌株。     

响应面-满意度函数优化重组大肠杆菌产NMN转移酶发酵条件

重组大肠杆菌Escherichaia coli能高效表达NMN转移酶,以此为出发菌株,以菌体生长量OD600和NMN转移酶的活力为响应值,对重组大肠杆菌产NMN转移酶的发酵条件进行优化.首先以Plackett-Burman实验设计优化筛选出3个主要影响因子:胰蛋白胨、甘油、MgSO4;随后以Box-Behnken中心组合设计建立上述3个因子对OD600和NMN转移酶活力水平的数学模型;最后通过满意度函数获得最佳发酵条件为:酵母粉30 g/L,胰蛋白胨10.5 g/L,甘油3.49 mL/L,MgSO40.45 g/L,K2 HPO440.5 g/L,KH2 PO46.0 g/L,NH4 Cl 1.5 g/L,NaCl 0.6 g/L,接种量1.5%,诱导时间12 h.在该优化条件下,菌体生长和产酶水平均获得了显著的提升.重组NMN转移酶的活力水平从8.85 U/mg提高到15.48 U/mg,菌体生长量OD600从4.85提高到6.01,提高幅度分别为74.92%和23.92%.     

利用响应面法优化巴卡亭III生成10-DAB的工艺条件

10-脱乙酰基巴卡亭III(10-DAB)是紫杉烷类抗肿瘤药物多烯紫杉醇的前体物质。采用响应面法优化成团泛菌P2-A-8转化巴卡亭III生成10-DAB的工艺条件。利用Box-Behnken试验和方差分析,从菌体培养时间、菌体浓度OD600、底物终浓度、转化温度、转化时间5个方面优化成团泛菌P2-A-8转化巴卡亭III生成10-DAB的工艺条件。结果表明,获得最佳转化工艺条件为:菌体经过二级培养12 h,转接后调节初始OD600为3.0,此时,加入溶解于甲醇的巴卡亭III溶液,使其终浓度为0.007 mg/m L,32℃,200 r/min下转化4 d,此时10-DAB的生成率达到24.5%,比优化前提高了446.8%。实验结果表明,响应面法优化成团泛菌P2-A-8转化巴卡亭III生成10-DAB的工艺条件合理可行。该研究成果对于多烯紫杉醇生物合成具有重要的应用价值。     

Production of xylitol from D-xylose by Candida tropicalis: optimization of production rate

The effect of culture conditions on xylitol production rate was investigated using Candida tropicalis IFO 0618. From the variance analysis of xylitol production rate, it was found that initial yeast extract concentration was highly significant (99%), while the interaction between D-xylose concentration and aeration rate was significant (95%). These results show the importance of initial yeast extract concentration and of the balance between D-xylose concentration and aeration in the production of xylitol. It was also clearly shown that C. tropicalis needed more yeast extract concentration for efficient xylitol production than for its growth. In order to enhance xylitol production rate, culture conditions were optimized by the Box-Wilson method. In this respect, initial D-xylose concentration, yeast extract concentration, and K(L)a were chosen as the independent factors in 2(3)-factorial experimental design. As the result of experiments, a maximum xylitol production rate of 2.67 g/L . h was obtained when initial D-xylose concentration and yeast extract concentration were 172.0 and 21.0 g/L, respectively, and K(L)a was 451.50 h(-1) by 90% oxygen gas. (c) 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

一株香蕉枯萎病拮抗菌HQB-1的分离鉴定及其发酵条件优化

【背景】香蕉枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,Foc)引起的一种真菌毁灭性土传病害,近年来施用生防菌被认为是一种有效的防治手段。【目的】从香蕉根际土壤中分离筛选具有良好防效的生防菌,并通过优化培养基及发酵条件,提高生防菌数量及抑菌效率。【方法】以福建省漳州蕉园中根际土壤为样品,以香蕉枯萎病致病菌(4号生理小种)为指示菌,通过稀释涂布、平板对峙法筛选得到一株具有较强抑菌活性的拮抗菌株HQB-1。通过形态观察、生理生化检测及16SrRNA基因序列分析,初步鉴定其种属,并采用单因素试验及正交设计优化菌株的发酵培养基及发酵条件。【结果】初步鉴定HQB-1菌株为Burkholderiastagnalis;最适培养基为:牛肉膏5.0 g/L,酵母浸粉10.0 g/L,NaCl 5.0 g/L;最佳发酵条件为:温度27°C,pH 7.0,转速200 r/min,接种量1%,培养时间36 h。【结论】使用该条件培养获得的有效活菌数及抑菌率较优化前明显提高,其中OD600由优化前的1.251提高至1.881,抑菌率由优化前的9.18%提高至34.60%。     

Response surface optimization of the critical medium components for carbonyl reductase production by Candida viswanathii MTCC 5158

Culture conditions were optimized for the growth and carbonyl reductase production by a novel yeast strain Candida viswanathii. Response surface methodology was applied for the critical medium components (initial pH, mannitol, yeast extract and calcium chloride) identified earlier by one-factor-at-a-time approach. Central composite design was used for the optimization studies. Using this methodology, the optimal values for the concentration of mannitol, initial pH, yeast extract and calcium chloride were 1.9, 7.5, 1.6 and 4, respectively. This medium was projected to produce, theoretically, growth having an optical density of 1.1 (600 nm) and an enzyme activity of 81.5 U/ml. Using this optimized medium, an experimental growth of 1.1 OD (600 nm) and enzyme activity 80.9 U/ml verified the applied methodology. This approach for medium optimization led to an enhancement of the growth and enzyme activity by 1.3 and 2.3 times higher, respectively, as compared to the unoptimized media.     

Statistical media optimization for the biomass production of postharvest biocontrol yeast Rhodosporidium paludigenum

A cane molasses-based medium for the biomass production of biocontrol agent Rhodosporidium paludigenum was statistically optimized. Molasses concentration (after pretreatment), yeast extract, and initial pH were identified by the Plackett-Burman design to show significant influence on the biomass production. The three factors were further optimized by central composite design and response-surface methodology. The statistical analysis indicated the optimum values of the variables were 89.98?g/L for cane molasses, 2.35?g/L for yeast extract and an initial pH of 8.48. The biomass yield at the optimal culture achieved 15.89?g/L in flask fermentation, which was 2.1 times higher than that at the initial NYDB medium. In a 10-L fermenter, 18.97?g/L of biomass was obtained after 36?hr of cultivation. Moreover, the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast was investigated after culture optimization. The results showed the yeast harvested in the optimal medium maintained its initial biocontrol properties by reducing the percentage of decayed apples to below 20%.     

STATISTICAL MEDIA OPTIMIZATION FOR THE BIOMASS PRODUCTION OF POSTHARVEST BIOCONTROL YEAST Rhodosporidium paludigenum

A cane molasses-based medium for the biomass production of biocontrol agent Rhodosporidium paludigenum was statistically optimized. Molasses concentration (after pretreatment), yeast extract, and initial pH were identified by the Plackett–Burman design to show significant influence on the biomass production. The three factors were further optimized by central composite design and response-surface methodology. The statistical analysis indicated the optimum values of the variables were 89.98 g/L for cane molasses, 2.35 g/L for yeast extract and an initial pH of 8.48. The biomass yield at the optimal culture achieved 15.89 g/L in flask fermentation, which was 2.1 times higher than that at the initial NYDB medium. In a 10-L fermenter, 18.97 g/L of biomass was obtained after 36 hr of cultivation. Moreover, the biocontrol efficacy of the yeast was investigated after culture optimization. The results showed the yeast harvested in the optimal medium maintained its initial biocontrol properties by reducing the percentage of decayed apples to below 20%.     

Optimization of alkaline protease production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus clavatus</Emphasis> ES1 in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mirabilis jalapa</Emphasis> tuber powder using statistical experimental design

Medium composition and culture conditions for the bleaching stable alkaline protease production by Aspergillus clavatus ES1 were optimized. Two statistical methods were used. Plackett-Burman design was applied to find the key ingredients and conditions for the best yield. Response surface methodology (RSM) including full factorial design was used to determine the optimal concentrations and conditions. Results indicated that Mirabilis jalapa tubers powder (MJTP), culture temperature, and initial medium pH had significant effects on the production. Under the proposed optimized conditions, the protease experimental yield (770.66 U/ml) closely matched the yield predicted by the statistical model (749.94 U/ml) with R (2)=0.98. The optimum operating conditions obtained from the RSM were MJTP concentration of 10 g/l, pH 8.0, and temperature of 30 degrees C, Sardinella heads and viscera flour (SHVF) and other salts were used at low level. The medium optimization contributed an about 14.0-fold higher yield than that of the unoptimized medium (starch 5 g/l, yeast extract 2 g/l, temperature 30 degrees C, and pH 6.0; 56 U/ml). More interestingly, the optimization was carried out with the by-product sources, which may result in cost-effective production of alkaline protease by the strain.     

水产动物益生菌乳酸杆菌LH发酵工艺的研究

目的从生产实际出发,对1株高效乳酸杆菌（Lactobacillus spp）LH进行液体发酵培养基优化及发酵条件研究。方法通过碳源、氮源、无机盐、促生长素等单因子筛选及正交试验设计获得以下最佳培养基：糖蜜12 g/L,酵母膏5 g/L,蛋白胨1 g/L,葡萄糖4 g/L,玉米浆3 g/L,乙酸钠5 g/L,NaC l 5 g/L,K2HPO42.5 g/L,KH2PO42.5 g/L,MgSO40.5g/L,MnSO40.25 g/L。在此培养基上研究了该菌株最佳发酵条件。结果培养基初始pH 6.0,接种量2%（v/v,相对装液量）,500 m l三角瓶中装液量为500 m l,发酵温度为30～35℃,静置培养。在最佳培养条件下,LH活菌量达到1.74×10^9CFU/m l。结论通过活菌平板计数法测定了乳酸杆菌LH生长曲线,24 h为最佳种龄,生产收获时间是36 h。     

Nutritional requirements of mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in submerged culture

AIMS: The nutritional requirements for mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in semi-synthetic liquid media were investigated. The results provide a basis for further physiological study and industrial fermentation of the fungus. METHODS AND RESULTS: Nutritional requirements, including 17 carbohydrates, 16 nitrogen compounds, nine vitamins, four macro-elements, four trace-elements and eight ratios of carbon to nitrogen, were studied for their effects on the mycelial growth in submerged cultures of C. sinensis by using one-factor-at-a-time and orthogonal matrix methods. Among these variables, sucrose, peptone, folic acid, calcium, zinc and a carbon to nitrogen ratio 12 : 1 were identified as the requirements for the optimum mycelial growth. The concentrations of sucrose, peptone and yeast extract were optimized and the effects of medium composition on mycelial growth were found to be in the order sucrose > yeast extract > peptone. The optimal concentration for mycelial growth was determined as 50 g l(-1) sucrose, 10 g l(-1) peptone and 3 g l(-1) yeast extract. CONCLUSIONS: Under optimal culture conditions, over 22 g l(-1) of mycelial biomass could be obtained after 40 days in submerged cultures. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Cordyceps sinensis, one of the most valued medicinal fungi, is shown to grow in axenic culture. This is the first report on nutritional requirements and design of a simplified semi-synthetic medium for mycelial growth of this psychrophilic species, which grows slowly below 20 degrees C. The results of this study will facilitate research on mass production of the fungus under defined culture conditions.     

响应面法优化灰霉病生防菌CNY-04培养条件

【目的】通过优化生防菌CNY-04的培养条件,提高其对灰霉病菌的抑菌效果。【方法】在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面法(Response surface methodology)对灰霉病生防菌CNY-04培养条件进行整体优化,并测其生长曲线。【结果】生防菌CNY-04最优培养条件为牛肉膏0.5%、蛋白胨2.0%、酵母膏0.1%、葡萄糖0.5%、时间48 h、接种量4%、温度32°C、pH 8.0、装液量75 mL/250 mL和转速150 r/min,在此培养条件下生防菌CNY-04的OD600为2.907,与模型预测值相符,对灰葡萄孢菌的抑菌圈直径为44.5 mm,较优化前提高了30.9%。【结论】从整体上确定了生防菌CNY-04的最优培养条件,为该菌扩大化生产提供理论基础。