红麻株高与茎粗性状的动态发育遗传分析

红麻株高、茎粗是两个最重要的动态发育的经济性状.发育遗传学已探明生物个体的不同发育阶段基因是按一定的时空秩序有选择地表达的.采用数量性状的加性显性遗传模型和发育遗传模型,分析了红麻株高与茎粗在不同生长发育时期的遗传规律,即估算了株高与茎粗在某一生长发育时间(0→t)或某一特定生长发育时间段(t-1→t)的遗传效应.结果表明,株高在不同生长发育时期的非条件、条件遗传效应两者基本一致,均以显性效应为主,加性效应较弱,但条件遗传效应的分析与实际更为相符;茎粗的非条件、条件遗传效应表现一致,各个生长发育时期均未检测到加性效应,而显性效应均达显著、极显著水平;在各个不同生长发育时期中,株高与茎粗均在7月28日～8月9日(旺长期)、9月2～14日(纤维累积期)之间基因表达较活跃.株高与茎粗相关分析表明,两者在各个生长发育阶段均不存在加性相关,但8月21日之后的各期株高与茎粗之间均为显著或极著显正相关,该时期后进行相关选择比较有效.     

水稻籽粒游离氨基酸含量及其产量的种子和母体遗传效应分析

本文利用朱军等提出的禾谷类作物种子数量性状平均数遗传模型,探讨了水稻籽粒游离氨基酸含量及其产量的遗传效应．结果表明：籽粒游离氨基酸含量、游离氨基酸产量除受控于种子直接加性效应外,还受母体植株加性效应和显性效应的作用,且母体效应比种子直接加性效应更重要,其中尤以母体显性效应最重要．2个性状种子直接遗传率和母体遗传率均达显著或极显著水平,狭义遗传率均较高,基因累加选择的同时不能忽视杂种优势利用．游离氨基酸含量与游离氨基酸产量细胞质效应、母体显性效应间存在极显著相关性．     

不同环境下籼稻糙米重的发育遗传研究

采用包括遗传主效应和基因型与环境互作效应的数量性状发育遗传模型和统计分析方法 ,分析了籼稻(OryzasativaL .)稻米 4个发育时期糙米重的两年资料。结果表明 ,除了三倍体胚乳和二倍体母体植株基因的加性和显性主效应以及细胞质主效应可以控制不同稻米发育时期的糙米重量外 ,基因型与环境互作效应也可明显影响不同发育时期糙米重量。基因加性主效应和加性×环境互作效应在整个稻米灌浆过程中起着主要作用 ,对糙米重的选择可以取得良好的改良效果。条件方差分量分析结果表明 ,胚乳和母体植株中控制糙米重表现的基因在多数稻米发育时期均有新的表达 ,且以稻米发育早期为主 ,开花后第 1～ 7天是控制糙米重的基因表达最为活跃的时期 ,其次为开花后第 8～ 14天。一些基因只在个别发育时期间断表达 ,这在净细胞质主效应和净细胞质×环境互作效应以及净显性主效应上表现得尤为明显。稻米不同发育时期的遗传效应预测值表明 ,V2 0和作 5等亲本可以明显提高后代的糙米重量。     

云南香型软米水稻资源农艺性状遗传效应研究

选取5份云南地方香型软米水稻种质资源和6份自育香型软米保持系按5×6不完全双列杂交设计(NCⅡ)配制成30个组合,采用加性-显性-上位性遗传模型,分析云南香型软米11个农艺性状的遗传效应。结果表明,云南香型软米多数农艺性状的遗传主要受加×加上位性效应、加性×环境效应、显性×环境效应的影响,还存在不同程度的加性效应和显性效应,单株产量受基因加性效应、显性效应、加×加上位性效应、加性×环境效应、显性×环境效应的影响;株高、有效穗的遗传率以普通狭义遗传率为主,其他性状的普通狭义遗传率和互作狭义遗传率均达极显著水平;产量构成性状之间存在不同类型和不同程度的遗传相关,多数性状之间以加×加上位性、加性×环境和显性×环境互作效应显著。     

籼稻糙米厚度的发育遗传研究

应用包括３套遗传体系基因效应的数量性状发育遗传模型,分析了１２个籼稻亲本在４个不同稻米发育时期的糙米厚性状。结果表明,三倍体胚乳、二倍体母体植株基因的加性和显性效应以及细胞质效应均可以明显影响各个稻米发育时期的糙米厚度,其中灌浆始期以二倍体母体植株效应为主,灌浆中后期以三倍体胚乳效应为主,成熟期则以细胞质效应为主。在４个不同发育时期中,控制糙米厚的基因加性效应和显性效应交替为主。胚乳显性方差和母体     

籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间不同遗传体系的条件遗传相关分析

选用稻米蛋白质含量等品质差异较大的7个籼型不育系(A)及相应的保持系(B)与5个籼型恢复系(R)杂交,组成7×5不完全双列杂交组合。应用包括胚乳、细胞质和母体植株基因的遗传主效应以及基因型×环境互作效应的数量性状遗传模型及非条件和条件分析方法,研究了籼稻稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,进一步揭示了籼稻糙米重、稻米直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间遗传相关性的影响。非条件分析的结果表明,除了与糙米厚的相关性未达到显著水平以外,蛋白质含量与其它稻米外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均达极显著水平,其中与糙米宽间的相关性表现为正值,其余为负向相关。条件分析的结果显示,糙米重和直链淀粉含量对稻米蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性均可产生较大的影响。糙米重主要通过基因型×环境互作效应影响蛋白质含量与外观品质性状间的遗传相关性,其中对蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米宽、糙米厚间遗传相关性的影响主要表现为负向作用,而对蛋白质含量与糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间遗传相关性的影响则表现为正向作用。稻米直链淀粉主要通过细胞质遗传主效应和母体加性效应影响蛋白质含量与糙米长、糙米长宽比、糙米长厚比间的遗传相关性,而对蛋白质含量与糙米宽间的相关性影响主要表现为负向作用。     

西方蜜蜂王浆产量与品质性状的配合力和杂种优势分析

对蜜蜂杂种F18个组合及其6个亲本的王浆产量和品质性状（台浆量、接受率、王浆产量、酸度）进行了配合力秘杂种优势分析。结果表明：⑴4个性状一般配合力达极显著水平、特殊配合力达显著水平,说明基因加性效应和非加性效应均起作用,但以加性效应为主。⑵乌克兰蜂一般配合力效应高;喀尔巴阡蜂、高加索蜂特殊配合力方差大,均是比较理想的亲本类型;浙农大1号意蜂在台浆量、接受率和王浆产量上一般配合力效应高,是个优良亲本;而卡尼鄂拉蜂只在提高王浆品质时可以利用。⑶4个性状高亲平均优势均为负值,因此利用杂种优质提高王浆产量和品质比较困难,但通过亲本的适当选配,可在维持高产的同时,提高王浆的品质。     

粳稻品质性状间及其与植株性状和产量性状间的遗传相关

利用朱军等提出的种子性状遗传模型,采用 3×3 NCⅡ正反交设计的亲本和部分组合F2代种子,分析了品质性状糙米率、垩白粒率、垩白面积和AC间及上述品质性状与株高、穗部性状等的遗传相关,以期为粳稻育种后代选择提供指导。结果表明,精米重与糙米率存在极显著的母体加性相关;虽然控制品质性状的主要遗传效应分量与植株性状相应遗传效应分量遗传协方差不显著,但在其他相应遗传效应分量方面存在着复杂的关系。     

不同环境条件下稻米透明度的发育遗传分析

采用条件和非条件数量遗传分析方法,研究了不同环境条件下灿稻稻米透明度的发育遗传规律。稻米4个发育时期两年数据的分析结果表明,开花受精后第8～21天的灌浆中期和后期遗传效应表达对稻米透明度的影响最大。控制稻米透明度性状表现的三倍体胚乳核基因、细胞质基因和二倍体母体植株核基因效应在不同环境下存在着表达水平上的差异。条件遗传分析的结果还表明一些遗传效应存在着发育时期间断表达的现象。基因加性效应和细胞质效应以及相应的环境互作效应在稻米透明度性状发育中起着主要作用,选择可以取得良好的改良效果。浙南3号和1391等亲本可以提高后代的稻米透明度。     

水稻亚种间杂种基因效应和性状间相关性分析

以6份籼型型不育系和6份粳型或偏粳型广亲和系配制成不完全双列杂交,将杂种F1及其亲本在三个播期（5／20,6／10,6／30）试验,应用加性、显性与环境互作摸型,分析籼粳交杂种八个主要农艺性状的遗传方差组成、杂种优势的表现以及性状间的相关性等．结果表明：1）参试性状不仅加性方差和显性方差极显著,并且加性×环境或显性×环境互作方差也显著存在;但控制不同性状的基因效应稳定性尚有明显的差异．2）基因型×环境互作效应的结果,使杂种在多数性状上其群体平均优势和群体超亲优势均随播种推迟而呈下降的趋势;F1性状的平均基因型预测值显示了早播常出现植株偏高、剑叶较披和生育期相对延长,而迟播导致主穗总粒数减少3）性状间的加性和显性相关是决定遗传相关的主要因素;在株高、抽穗天数、剑叶长、主穗长和主穗总粒数等五个性状间,杂种的表型相关和遗传相关与遗传相关的四种分量间方向相同,均为显著正相关,所以要选育大穗高产的杂交组合及其配组材料,都应保证适宜的株高、生育期和剑叶长.     

The responses of Apis mellifera jemenitica to different artificial queen rearing techniques

In the current study, we investigated if any variations exist in acceptance rate of grafted larvae and quality of queens reared in different queen cell cup sizes, between wet and dry grafting and between queen right and queen less conditions of A. m. jemenitica colonies. The acceptance rate of grafted larvae in different queen cell cup sizes (7.0 mm, 7.5 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.5 mm) were varying from 69 to 71% and the variations were not significant among the different queen cups sizes but averagely lower than the acceptances recorded for other races. Out of the 172 dry grafted larvae, only 56.4% of them were accepted while in wet grafting out of 174 grafted larvae 77.01% were accepted. Regarding the rate of sealing, 48.84% and 71.84% of them sealed for dry and wet grafts, respectively. The observed variation in the rate of acceptance and sealing were significant (N = 346, df = 1, P < 0.0001) between the two techniques. However, there was no significant difference in fresh weight of emerged queens between the two grafting methods. Out of the 324 grafted larvae given to queen right and queen less starter colonies each; 106 (32.72%) and 252 (73.68%) were accepted in queen right and queen less starter colonies, respectively and the variation was highly significant at P < 0.0001. The total number of sealed pupae were 82 (25.31%) and 216 (63.16%) for queen right and queen less colonies, respectively and the variations was significant at P < 0.0001. From the study it can be concluded that A. m. jemenitica colonies can rear significantly more queens under wet grafting and in queen less colonies conditions than dry grafting and queen right conditions     

The inhibiting effect of the queen bee (Apis mellifera L.) foot-print pheromone on the construction of swarming queen cups

Experiments were conducted to determine the rôle of population density of queenright honey bee colonies, and that of the queen bee pheromonal secretions, on the induction and inhibition of swarming queen cup construction during swarming and non-swarming seasons. Construction of queen cups was induced experimentally in overcrowded queenright colonies, during winter, which is a non-swarming season. This construction was induced by high population density of bee workers: above a threshold of 2.3 bee workers/ml there was a relationship between the number of cups constructed and the colony density. During the swarming season a relationship was established between the free volume of a hive (population density) and the number of queen cups constructed: 1.5 cups in a colony that occupied 80,960 ml, compared with 77 cups in a colony hived within a volume of 20, 240 ml. Observations of the queen's movements upon combs in colonies of high and normal population densities showed that in an overcrowded colony the queen bee was almost absent from the bottom edges of the comb, where queen swarming cups and cells are constructed. The tarsal glands of queens are located in the fifth tarsomere and the glandular oily secretion is deposited by the foot-pads upon the combs surface. The rate of secretion by the queen's tarsal glands was about 13 times higher than by those of the workers. A bioassay for testing the inhibitory effects of the queen's glandular extracts on the construction of queen cups was developed. It was based on increasing worker bee population densities, and can be used effectively throughout the year in a subtropical climate.The application of tarsal and mandibular glands' secretion to comb bottom edges in overcrowded colonies (bioassay) caused the inhibition of queen cup construction. None of these two secretions affected construction of these cups when applied separately. We presume that due to colony overcrowding the queen bee is unable to deposit the non-volatile secretions from tarsal glands along the comb edges and that the deficiency of the foot-print pheromone triggers the construction of swarming cups along the non-inhibited areas.     

Queen brood reared in worker cells by the social wasp,Vespula germanica (F.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Summary The rearing of queen brood from worker cells in the nests ofVespula germanica (F.) in Australia was found at all stages of the colony cycle from early summer to autumn. Worker cells used to rear queens were 17% wider at their open ends than cells used for worker production, and in all other respects their dimensions were greater. The volume of a worker cell used for queen nearing was 21% larger than cells used for rearing workers but half the volume of a normal queen cell. Queen pupae reared in worker cells were significantly smaller than those reared in queen cells of the same nest. The spatial distribution of queen pupae in worker comb tended to be random although some evidence of nonrandom clustering was noted.The significance of this phenomenon is discussed in relation to caste differentiation and queen-control of gyne initiation and production. It is concluded that the phenomenon is neither seasonal nor due to some intrinsic component of the colony's annual cycle, and that it is unlikely to be an emergency queen-rearing response. Development of queens in worker cells may have occurred during favourable feeding regimes, perhaps determined by the benign Australian environment.     

幼虫信息素中三种酯类对中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂工蜂哺育和封盖行为以及蜂王发育影响

为研究蜜蜂幼虫信息素中3种酯类成分（甲基棕榈酸酯、乙基棕榈酸酯和乙基油酸酯）对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana和意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica工蜂哺育行为、封盖行为以及蜂王发育影响, 在人造蜂蜡王台中加入1%和0.1%（w/w）的3种酯类作为实验组, 以不添加酯类（0%）的为对照组, 移入1日龄工蜂幼虫, 测定王台接受率、单个王台中幼虫和王浆重量; 另将分别添加1%和0.1%（w/w）3种酯类的石蜡假幼虫放入工蜂巢房中, 同样设对照组, 测定假幼虫的封盖率; 在新鲜王浆中以1%和0.1%（w/w）分别加入3种酯类作为实验组, 以不添加酯类（0%）的作为对照组, 再分别在1日龄、2日龄和3日龄幼虫王台中加入0.01 mL含有酯类的蜂王浆, 并测定蜂王初生重和卵巢管数量。结果表明: 0.1%甲基棕榈酸酯可以显著提高中蜂和意蜂幼虫重量; 意蜂的甲基棕榈酸酯和乙基油酸酯两个实验组(1.0%, 0.1%)假幼虫封盖率都极显著高于对照组; 乙基油酸酯两个实验组(1.0%, 0.1%)都显著降低了中蜂和意蜂蜂王初生重和卵巢管数量。这说明不同蜜蜂幼虫信息素具有不同的生物学效应。     

喀斯特山区粗裂地钱风兜亚种冬季芽胞杯的形态多样性特征及芽胞传播观察

芽胞杯是地钱属特有的无性繁殖器官,关于其冬季形态特征及繁殖传播的行为研究较少。现以贵州喀斯特山区常见的粗裂地钱风兜亚种（Marchantia paleacea subsp.diptera）为代表,在最冷的冬季1月份,对其芽胞杯、杯内芽胞产量及传播方式进行野外定点观察和采样分析。结果显示：（1）冬季芽胞杯形态多样。根据其颜色和杯内芽胞特点将其划分为4个生长时期：未成熟期（透明）、成熟期（绿色）、衰退期（紫色）和衰亡期（紫黑色）,反映了冬季芽胞杯生长发育的不同阶段。（2）各生长时期的芽胞杯数量不同,表现出有序的凋亡特征。在统计的708个芽胞杯中,4个时期芽胞杯数量分别为62、209、254和183个,且不同时期的芽胞杯内芽胞的平均产量明显不同,不同时期单杯芽胞的平均产量分别为42、131、87和0 个;（3）冬季芽胞杯及芽胞在配子体上的密度较高,每平方米分别达到10 139和754 889个;（4）除春夏季常见的被雨滴敲打传播外,通过重力作用传播是冬季芽胞的一种重要传播方式。冬季粗裂地钱风兜亚种配子体上的芽胞杯处在不同的生长时期,形成的芽胞仍十分丰富,这对该物种适应喀斯特山区最冷月严苛环境条件具有积极的意义。     

Epoxy Embedding of Thin-Layer Material in Commercially Available Vinyl Cups for Light and Electron Microscopy

Epoxy embedding of cell cultures, impression smears and settled cell suspensions is performed in small vinyl cups, in which the entire sequence of culture, fixation, dehydration and embedding is feasible. The cup is readily stripped from the polymerized block to allow selected areas to be marked, photomicrographed by light, and thin sections of the selected parts cut for electron microscopy. The vinyl cups were obtained from Fabri-Kal Corp., Kalamazo, Mich. 49001 in sheets of 66 cups, each cup measuring 15 mm in diameter and 10 mm deep.     

A role for myosin VII in dynamic cell adhesion

BACKGROUND: The initial stages of phagocytosis and cell motility resemble each other. The extension of a pseudopod at the leading edge of a migratory cell and the formation of a phagocytic cup are actin dependent, and each rely on the plasma membrane adhering to a surface during dynamic extension. RESULTS: A myosin VII null mutant exhibited a drastic loss of adhesion to particles, consistent with the extent of an observed decrease in particle uptake. Additionally, cell-cell adhesion and the adhesion of the leading edge to the substratum during cell migration were defective in the myosin VII null cells. GFP-myosin VII rescued the phagocytosis defect of the null mutant and was distributed in the cytosol and recruited to the cortical cytoskeleton, where it appeared to be enriched at the tips of filopods. It was also localized to phagocytic cups, but only during the initial stages of particle engulfment. During migration, GFP-myosin VII is found at the leading edge of the cell. CONCLUSIONS: Myosin VII plays an important role in mediating the initial binding of cells to substrata, a novel role for an unconventional myosin.     

The polymerization of actin. III. Aggregates of nonfilamentous actin and its associated proteins: a storage form of actin

When echinoderm sperm are treated with the detergent Triton X-100 at pH 6.4 in 10 mM phosphate buffer, the membranes are solubilized, but the actin which is located in the periacrosomal region remains as a phase-dense cup. These cups can be isolated free from the flagella and chromatin and can be solubilized by increasing the pH to 8.0 and by changing the ionic strength and type of buffer used. Since the actin does not exist in the "F" state in unreacted sperm, and since the actin remains as a unit that does not diffuse away, it must be present in the mature sperm in a bound or storage state. The actin is, in fact, associated with a pair of proteins whose mol wt are 250,000 and 230,000. When the isolated cups are digested with trypsin, these high molecular weight proteins are digested, thereby liberating the actin. The actin will polymerize if heavy meromyosin or subfragment 1 is added to a preparation of isolated cups. Evidence is presented that this pair of high molecular weight proteins is similar in molecular weight and properties to erythrocyte spectrin. Attempts at transforming the storage form of actin in the cup into filaments were only moderately successful. The best conditions for filament formation involve incubating the cup in ATP and divalent salts. Careful examination of these cups reveals that the actin polymerized preferentially on either end of oriented filaments that already exist in the cup, indicating that self-nucleation is inefficacious. I conclude that the actin can exist in the storage form by its association with spectrin-like molecules and that the actin in this state polymerizes preferentially onto existing filaments.     

The ultrastructure of the nauplius eye ofSapphirina (Crustacea: Copepoda)

Summary The ultrastructure of the specialized nauplius eye of three species of the copepod genusSapphirina was investigated. The gross morphology described earlier (Elofsson, 1966a) was confirmed. The ventral cup is covered by a red pigment and the lateral cups by a red and a black pigment. The ultrastructural configuration of the pigment granules was found to differ in the two kinds of pigment cells. The black pigment cell, moreover, contains a large number of transversely banded fibrils and is able to produce reflecting crystals. The pigment granules of the black pigment cell show a variation in electron density. An intimate connexion exists between the black pigment cell and large retinula cells in the lateral cups, indicating an exchange of material. The tapetal cells present in all three cups form crystal platelets contained in two sets of membranes. It is suggested that the ventral cup and part of the lateral cups function as thePecten-eye (Land, 1965). The rhabdomeres of the retinula cells are composed of microvilli measuring 400 Å. The orientation of these seems to exclude polarotactic behaviour. The ventral cup and the four small cells of the lateral cups contain some retinula cells with microvilli arranged parallel to the incoming light. The retinula cells further develop an intricate system of membrane-invaginations penetrating deep into the cell and associated with numerous mitochondria. Retinula cells of the ventral cup and part of the lateral cups contain clear portions filled with granular material only. Retinula and other cells contain attenuated mitochondria with parallel tubuli. The proximal lens in front of each lateral cup consists of one cell. A development from the conjunctival cells is suggested. The results are evaluated in terms of function and evolution.This work has been supported by a grant from the Swedish Natural Science Research Council (2760-2).