基于土地破坏的矿区生态风险评价:理论与方法

矿区生态风险评价已成为区域生态风险研究的热点领域。如何合理选择和表征区域生态风险源和风险受体,量化多风险源和多风险受体的交互作用,是目前区域生态风险评价研究的焦点。为此,在总结矿区生态风险评价研究成果的基础上,构建了矿区生态风险源、风险受体及作用对象与过程的因果链模型,结合矿区生态环境问题产生过程的独特性,将土地挖损、占用及塌陷等土地破坏作为矿区的直接生态风险源。基于土地破坏类型提出了适宜矿区的区域生态风险评价流程、指标体系与计算方法;并专门在定量化多风险源与多风险受体交互作用上做出探讨,构建了生态系统单元暴露指数和土地破坏累积作用指数来评价矿区土地破坏与生态系统单元间的暴露与危害作用关系。为矿区生态风险评价的实证研究提出了理论基础与方法框架,未来可结合实证研究对此方法及相关指标参数做出完善与改进,为矿区生态环境管理与生态安全建设提供科学的参考依据。     

基于GIS的渭河下游河流沿线区域生态风险评价

以渭河下游河流沿线区域为研究区,基于风险度量的基本原理和区域生态风险评价的流程框图,构建了综合生态风险值的计算模型,即综合生态风险值是综合风险概率、综合生态损失度和综合社会经济易损度的叠加.在研究区历史资料考证和2002年ETM+遥感影像景观分类的基础上,通过选取干旱、洪水、污染和水土流失,利用地理信息系统和现代地理学中的大量数学方法,按照评价步骤和计算模型,将研究区4种生态风险源综合评价结果划分为低风险区,较低风险区,中等风险区,较高风险区和高风险区5个级别.研究结果为环境管理和生态风险决策提供数量化的理论依据和数据支持.     

太湖流域生态风险评价

随着城镇的急剧扩张和经济的快速增长,流域生态环境遭到极大冲击和破坏,致使生态系统出现资源退化、环境恶化与灾害风险加剧的趋势,生态环境面临前所未有的挑战.从复合生态系统入手,深入分析流域内各生态系统要素之间的相互作用与影响机制,综合考虑多风险源、多风险受体和生态终点共存情况下的风险大小,从风险源危险度、生境脆弱度及受体损失度三方面构建了流域生态风险评价技术体系,并选取太湖流域为实证区域,对太湖流域2000年、2008年两个时期生态风险的时空演化特征进行评价与分析.结果表明:太湖流域生态风险指数介于0.015-0.253之间,以中等和较低生态风险为主.至2008年,高、较高生态风险所占面积逐渐扩大,已由2000年的5.66％、13.42％增加至6.05％、18.42％,主要集中在流域北部的常州市区、江阴市大部分地区以及无锡市区.     

鄱阳湖流域土地利用生态风险格局

以鄱阳湖流域土地利用数据为基础,定量分析2005年以来鄱阳湖流域土地利用变化特征;借助空间自相关、地统计分析等方法,揭示了鄱阳湖流域土地利用变化下生态风险时空演变特征。结果表明:2005—2013年,鄱阳湖流域土地利用转移非农化趋势明显;土地利用生态风险呈小幅上升趋势,在空间分布上具有显著相关性,生态风险"北热南冷"空间分异及等级扩散特征明显;依据空间差值结果可将研究区划分为低生态风险区(ERI0.15)、较低生态风险区(0.15≤ERI0.25)、中等生态风险区(0.25≤ERI0.35)、较高生态风险区(0.35≤ERI0.45)、高生态风险区(ERI≥0.45)5类;高风险区域主要分布在滨湖区、南昌、九江及赣中部分地区。生态风险等级分布与地形存在显著相关性,随着生态风险等级提高,分布区域表现出明显的地形指向性。以土地利用结构对生态风险进行表征,尝试从宏观上把握大尺度区域生态安全格局,为鄱阳湖流域土地利用格局优化提供了相关借鉴及建议。     

基于土地利用变化的玛纳斯河流域景观生态风险评价

摘要：随着人类活动范围日益扩张和强度增加,景观生态风险评价已经成为预测和衡量生态环境质量和动态演化的重要手段。本文以玛纳斯河流域（简称玛河流域）为研究区,选取2000、2005、2010和2015年4期Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,运用ENVI软件对研究区土地利用类型进行解译,定量分析流域近15年来土地利用动态变化特征,基于景观格局指数,采用地统计学方法,探究玛河流域景观生态风险程度及时空分异特征。结果表明：（1）2000—2015年,玛河流域景观格局发生了较大变化,耕地景观面积增加最多（2638.31 km^2）,主要由草地和未利用地转入;未利用地景观面积减少最多（2559.99 km^2）,主要转化成了草地、耕地和林地;（2）将流域景观生态风险划分为5个等级,研究期内流域低、中风险区面积增加而较高、高风险区面积减少,整体景观生态风险指数减小,所以研究区生态环境在整体上呈现好转;（3）2000—2005年、2010—2015年玛河流域在景观风险分布格局上发生较小变化,但2005—2010年流域景观风险分布格局发生较大变化,主要是中、较高和高风险区向流域南北方向分散并转移,低风险区向流域北部转移。     

基于景观格局的甘肃白龙江流域生态风险评价与管理

流域生态风险评价是流域生态保护与环境管理的重要研究内容.开展以人类活动为风险源的生态风险评价,揭示流域生态风险的空间变化规律,对于促进流域生态保护和环境管理及社会发展具有重要的指导意义.本文基于景观格局指数和生态环境脆弱度构建了流域生态风险综合指数,以甘肃白龙江流域2010年土地利用数据为基础,以ArcGIS和Fragstats软件为平台,通过空间采样和地统计空间插值得到白龙江流域生态风险的空间分布规律.结果表明：白龙江流域生态风险空间分布差异明显,总体而言,白龙江流域西北部和北部的生态风险高于流域的西部和南部山区;在白龙江流域各县区中,武都和宕昌县的生态风险较高,迭部县和文县的生态风险较低.今后应加强流域土地利用综合管理和人类活动调控,开展植被恢复和生态重建,降低不合理人为干扰的生态风险和危害,实现流域经济、社会与生态保护的“多赢”,促进区域可持续发展.     

流域景观结构的城市化影响与生态风险评价

以南京市九乡河流域为研究区域,以2003、2009年两期遥感影像数据为基本信息,在构建生态风险指数的基础上,利用ARCGIS的空间分析功能,揭示了城市化对研究区景观结构的影响,生态风险的时空变化以及城市化与生态风险之间的关系。结果表明：2003-2009年,城市化过程使流域的景观结构发生较大变化,建设用地大幅增加,分离度降低,而耕地则大幅减少,耕地、水域、草地等景观类型的分离度、破碎度增加;流域生态风险程度从中度/低风险向中度/较高风险转变,生态风险有增加的趋势;生态风险的空间差异明显,生态风险较低的区域主要集中在流域南部青龙山一带,较高的区域主要集中在西北部地区,中度风险区集中在流域中部的平原农业区;城市化对生态风险的正效应明显,生态风险随着城市化水平的增加而升高。     

东江下游流域突发性重金属复合污染生态风险评价

流域突发性重金属污染事件发生不确定性较高，难以预测和防控，严重威胁流域生态安全、人群健康乃至社会稳定。本研究以东江下游流域为研究区开展生态风险评价，基于“多风险源(危险性)-多胁迫因子(联合暴露)-多风险受体(脆弱性)-生态风险”的风险传递框架，运用贝叶斯网络，计算东江下游流域突发性Cr⁶⁺-Hg²⁺复合污染生态风险，概率化表征风险不确定性，进而提出流域风险防控与管理措施。结果表明：(1)东江下游深莞惠地区67家涉重金属风险源均会对其子流域造成生态风险，惠州市的生态风险明显高于深圳市和东莞市；(2)东江下游西枝江子流域的生态风险最为显著，其次是东江下游干流子流域和东江下游河网区子流域；(3)基于敏感性分析，“河流水体脆弱性”是造成东江下游流域生态风险的主导因子。研究结果可为东江下游流域生态风险防控与管理提供理论支持。     

基于多风险源胁迫的西南地区生态风险评价

西南地区生态环境复杂、人地矛盾突出,生态系统面临着多种风险胁迫,进行生态风险评价对区域生态风险的预警和防控具有重要的意义。基于西南地区的生态环境特征,将生态风险分为自然灾害风险与人类活动风险,从风险源危险性、生态系统潜在损失度、生态系统易损性3个方面构建单一风险评价模型,将单一风险评价结果进行综合分析得到西南地区综合生态风险结果。研究表明,西南高生态风险区面积为17.02万km2,占研究区总面积7.4%,主要分布在念青唐古拉山、邛崃山、哀牢山、无量山、金沙江、怒江、澜沧江、大渡河流域等地,以及成都、重庆、贵阳等人地作用强烈的大城市周边。这些地区环境复杂,灾害易发,应加强防控与监测,优化产业结构,继续推进生态保护工程,降低生态风险。     

松花江流域沿江重点监控企业水环境潜在污染风险分析

为防控松花江流域水污染风险、优化流域内沿江产业带布局,分析了松花江流域沿江企业潜在污染风险的大小和分布,并揭示导致不同区域间水环境潜在污染风险空间差异的原因。基于《2012年废水国家重点监控企业名单》,本研究将沿松花江(到三级支流)1 km范围内的45家重点废水产生企业识别为松花江流域水环境潜在污染风险源。以沿江企业和重点区域的废水产生量与对应河段的水质状况表征水环境潜在污染风险源强弱与流域水体对潜在污染风险的缓冲能力,并以区域总人口数、第二产业产值及珍稀濒危物种分布情况反映流域社会-经济-自然复合生态系统对潜在污染风险的敏感程度开展评价。结果表明:牡丹江市辖区(牡丹江中游河段)因潜在污染风险源强、水体对潜在污染风险的缓冲能力低且自然生态系统对潜在污染风险的敏感程度高,是松花江流域受沿江企业产生的水环境潜在污染风险最严重的地区;长春市辖区(饮马河、伊通河部分河段)、伊春市辖区(汤旺河全部河段)与敦化市(海浪河全部河段、牡丹江部分河段)由于较低的水体缓冲能力和较高的生态系统敏感程度,应加强水环境潜在污染风险的防治;污染风险源强的吉林市辖区(西流松花江部分河段)与七台河市辖区(倭肯河部分河段),须提高本区域对潜在污染的风险管理能力以降低污染事故发生的可能性。最后,针对不同行业类型、区域潜在污染特点与水污染风险特征,从加快污水处理研究、评估污染治理经济手段、建立产业准入机制及完善污染防治立法等多方面提出流域水环境污染风险管控的相关建议。     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.