文昌鱼的实验室繁育及子二代获得

文昌鱼特殊的进化地位、简单的器官系统和终生透明的躯体等特征,使其很有希望成为一个新型实验室模式动物。要实现文昌鱼的模式动物化,实验室内全人工条件下繁殖是关键的第一步。为此,我们于2003年9月和2004年4月两次采集产于厦门海域的2种文昌鱼,开展实验室内养殖研究。经过3年多的持续实验室养殖,继2005年夏季于实验室内繁殖出子一代文昌鱼后,又在2006年夏季成功获得了这两种文昌鱼的子二代,初步实现文昌鱼在实验室内的全人工养殖。对子代文昌鱼养殖的初步观察发现,不同水温对生长发育速度有一定影响,提示有可能通过水温控制实现文昌鱼一年多次产卵的目的。目前这两种文昌鱼子二代幼体已完成变态,进入亚成体生长发育阶段,其体长分别已达14.6mm(日本文昌鱼Branchiostomajaponicum)和6.5mm(白氏文昌鱼B.belcheri)。     

动物胚胎发育讲座（二）：文昌鱼的胚胎发生

动物胚胎发育讲座（二）──文昌鱼的胚胎发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）从无脊椎动物进化到脊椎动物的过程中,文昌鱼具有重要的位置,其成体结构和胚胎发生与无脊椎动物（如棘皮动物）有许多相似之处：如表皮为单层上皮,其外有角质层,结缔组织不发达...     

中国银藓属（Anomobryum）的分类学研究

基于形态学、解剖学、分子数据讨论了银藓属(Anomobryum)与真藓属(Bryum)及丝瓜藓属(Pohlia)的系统关系,确认银藓属为真藓科中的一个独立属。明确了银藓(Anomobryum julaceum(Schrad. ex G.Gaertn.,B.Mey.&Scherb.)Schimp.)和芽胞银藓(A.nitidum(Mitt.)Jaeg.)的有效种名,恢复了高山银藓(A.concinnatum(Spruce) Lindb.)有效种的地位。现已知中国分布有银藓属植物5种,分别是：银藓、高山银藓、芽胞银藓、金黄银藓(Anomobryum auratum(Mitt.)A.Jaeg.)和挺枝银藓(A.yasudae Broth.)。本文初步讨论了银藓属及各种的识别特征、有效种名和生境,并编制了中国银藓属分种检索表。所有研究的引证标本存放于河北师范大学植物标本室(HBNU),同时存于中国科学院植物所标本馆(PE)。     

动物分类学的研究现状和趋势

动物分类学始终是严格的动物学范畴内的一个学科,它的发展是早期自然史中的重要组成部分。分类学从种类鉴定,模式概念到种群概念已有很大的发展。分类学(Taxonomy)或称系统生物学(Systematic Biology)的范围不仅仅是编目和命名,而且还阐明生物间的演化关系,以及现生生物和过去不同时间生存过的生物的多样性。分类学是生物学各分支中最普遍存在的一门科学,生物科学中每一篇论文都要首先鉴别他们所研究的对象。但据调查在过去10～20年中分类学的教学和研究有所削弱。英国自然环境研究会组织的一个专家委员会提出的报告,认为这种情况的产生主要由于列下两方面的原因。     

白氏文昌鱼单个体基因组BAC文库的构建

隶属于头索动物亚门的文昌鱼是现存生物中最近似于脊椎动物亚门直接祖先的一个类群, 具有重要的进化地位, 是研究脊椎动物原始祖先的重要材料和模式动物。随着文昌鱼实验室连续繁殖的成功, 全基因组测序成为中国文昌鱼模式化急需完成的工作之一。文章从单条雄性白氏文昌鱼精巢组织中提取高质量的基因组DNA, 经EcoRⅠ限制性内切酶和EcoRⅠ甲基化酶酶切, 脉冲场电泳选择合适酶切DNA片段, 连接线性磷酸化的载体pCC1BAC, 转化大肠杆菌EPI300 E. coli, 构建了含有44 706个克隆的全基因组BAC( Bacterial artificial chromosome)文库, 该文库平均插入片段80 kb,具有9倍的基因组覆盖率, 基本能够满足功能基因等研究需要, 为中国文昌鱼全基因组测序打下基础。     

文昌鱼Sertoli细胞超微结构的进一步研究

用光镜和电镜技术观察厦门文昌鱼(Branchiostoma belcheri Gray)精巢中Sertoli细胞在不同发育时期的细微结构后发现:精巢发育Ⅰ—Ⅱ期,Sertoli细胞贴近基底膜,与生殖细胞相间排列;Ⅲ—Ⅳ期时,逐渐向管腔方向移动;这种细胞在核的顶部及其周围胞质中,有丰富的粗面内质网、发育良好的高尔基复合体、大量溶酶体及糖元颗粒,并可见精细胞附着在Sertoli细胞的胞质中。据此,我们认为Sertoli细胞具有营养、吞噬和释放精子的功能。本文旨在为研究这种细胞的内分泌功能提供有价值的依据。     

文昌鱼转铁蛋白及转铁蛋白的分子进化

从厦门文昌鱼分离纯化了文昌鱼转铁蛋白,物化性质与青岛文昌鱼转铁蛋白相同,其单体和二聚体的分子量分别为２６ｋＤ和５２ｋＤ,是一分子量约为脊椎动物转铁蛋白１／４的糖蛋白,测定了文昌鱼转铁蛋白完整分子和其Ｃ端分子片段的部分氨基酸序列并分析 一人务清失蛋白氨基酸序列的同源性。发现用文昌鱼转铁蛋白序列可将人血清转铁蛋白序列划分成粗略相等的４个片段,文是鱼转铁蛋白与每一片段及人血清转铁蛋白的４个片段之间存在明     

浙江省发现文昌鱼

2021年8月,在浙江省南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生动物文昌鱼。对采集到的2尾成体文昌鱼(编号:ZJ 01♂,ZJ 02♀)进行了形态测量和线粒体COI基因序列分子系统关系重建,结合形态特征和分子测定结果,确定为文昌鱼科(Branchiostomatidae)文昌鱼属(Branchiostoma)的日本文昌鱼(B.japonicum)。经查阅相关文献资料,其为浙江省首次记录种,这将对文昌鱼资源的保护提供科学资料。     

稻属植物分类研究的历史与现状

水稻 ( Oryza sativa L.)是我国乃至世界的主要粮食作物。是世界第二大谷类作物 ,目前年产量约5.8亿 t,是全球近一半人口的主要热量来源。在我国 ,其总面积、总产量和单位面积产量均居各类粮食作物的首位 〔1〕。据菲律宾国际水稻研究所 ( IRRI)的粗略估计 ,到 2 0 2 0年全世界对稻米生产量的需求将会由目前的5× 1 0 8t增加至 7.8× 1 0 8t,这是摆在稻育种家和稻农面前的艰巨任务〔2〕。水稻是世界上最古老的作物之一。我国是一个古老的农业国家 ,是世界上种稻最早的国家之一。据河姆渡与罗家角出土古稻的测定研究 ,我国至少已有 70 0 0…     

Species concept and speciation

Defining and recognizing a species has been a controversial issue for a long time. To determine the variation and the limitation between species, many concepts have been proposed. When a taxonomist study a particular taxa, he/she must adopted a species concept and provide a species limitation to define this taxa. In this paper some of species concepts are discussed starting from the typological species concepts to the phylogenetic concept. Positive and negative aspects of these concepts are represented in addition to their application.     

头槽绦虫属的分类学研究

头槽绦虫属)Bothriocephalus Rudolphi,1808)隶属绦虫纲)Cestoidea)假叶目(Pseudophyl lidea)头槽科)Bothriocephalidae),主要寄生于海水及淡水鱼类 ,偶见于两栖类[1],典型寄生部位为宿主的前肠 ,可直接影响宿主进食 ,严重时会引起宿主贫血以致死亡。该属包含的种类很多 ,仅Yamaguti[2]1959年记载的寄生于鲤科鱼类的头槽绦虫属就有71种 ,其中危害养殖鱼类健康的多数寄生于淡水鱼类 ,B. scorpii可能是惟一危害海水经济鱼类的种类[3].     

Taxonomic status and evolutionary history of the Saxicola torquata complex

We explored variation in mitochondrial ND2 gene sequences from 171 stonechats (Saxicola torquata complex) collected from 27 Eurasian and 3 African localities. We found that two widespread neighboring Eurasian subspecies of Siberian stonechat, Saxicola maura maura and S. m. stejnegeri, although very similar in appearance, are not each other’s closest relatives. Eastern Asian S. m. stejnegeri appears to have split from other Palearctic, African, and island stonechats well before differentiation occurred among the latter taxa. Our data indicate that European (S. t. rubicola), central Palearctic (S. m. maura) and eastern Palearctic (S. m. stejnegeri) are independently evolving, and could each warrant separate species status, as assumed earlier for S. rubicola, S. maura and S. torquata. However, we found three localities at which individuals from different major groups occurred. Thus, although these are likely phylogenetic species it is unclear whether they are biological species. There was little phylogeographic structure within the three major Palearctic clades, although samples from Spain might be showing incipient divergence. We maintain that the topology of a mtDNA gene tree is a valid means to discern taxonomic limits.     

狭义干蘑属(蘑菇目)概要及新的系统学处理

对狭义干蘑属(Xerulas.str.)的范围进行了重新界定,该属仅包括模式种干蘑(X.pudens)及其周围的几个种。属的特征是担子果金钱菌状,有假根;菌盖及菌柄表面干燥,被有黄色至褐色直立、披针形的刚毛;菌褶边缘无不育带;子实层有近梭形的小担子。这些特征可以将干蘑属的物种从干蘑属-小奥德蘑属复合群中分开。现知干蘑属包含六种,本文提供了这些种的检索表,并对各种进行了描述、图示或讨论。其中,硬毛干蘑(X.strigosa)是一新种,它与干蘑(X.pudens)和中华干蘑(X.sinopudens)相似,但与干蘑不同在于其担孢子较长,锁状联合稀少,侧生囊状体顶端壁薄;与中华干蘑的区别在于其侧生囊状体壁厚,顶端有头状至近头状膨大并覆盖有结晶,担孢子宽椭圆形至椭圆形。中华干蘑和小刺干蘑(X.setulosa)分别为我国和哥斯达黎加的新记录种。干蘑属虽然广布北半球,但未见东亚-美洲或欧亚广布的物种分布类型。     

Coprinopsis asiaticiphlyctidospora sp. nov., an agaric ammonia fungus from Amami and Okinawa,southern Japan

Coprinopsis asiaticiphlyctidospora (Basidiomycota, Psathyrellaceae), is a new Coprinoid ammonia fungus from Amami and Okinawa, Japan. In macro- and micro-morphology, this species is similar to C. phlyctidospora and C. austrophlyctidospora, but differs in having smaller basidiospores and spiny basidiospore ornamentation. Phylogenetic analysis with the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) data also supports this new taxon.     

陕西省赤眼蜂调查并记述—新种(膜翅目:纹翅小蜂科)

在陕西省调查采集的赤眼蜂,经制片整理共有10种,其中有1个新种。新种的模式标本保存于陕西省植保所。现列名录如下: 螟黄赤眼蜂 Trichogramna chilonis Ishii 舟蛾赤眼蜂 T.closterae Pang et Chen 松毛虫赤眼蜂 T.dendrolimi Matsumura 广赤眼蜂 T.evanescens Westwood 毒蛾赤眼蜂 T.ivelae Pang et Chen 稻螟赤眼蜂 T.japonicum Ashmead     

Taxonomy,distribution, and status of gibbons (Hylobates) in Southern China and adjacent areas

Gibbons are small and arboreal apes restricted to southeastern tropical and southern subtropical regions in Asia. They are distributed from Assam in the northwest, eastward to south China and Vietnam, south through the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and the Mentawai Islands. Twenty-two genetically distinct populations of gibbons are generally recognized. Gibbons were once widely distributed in China; however, they are now primarily restricted to southern and southwestern Yunnan and Hainan Island. Their widest distribution and greatest species diversity is in Yunnan Province. Gibbons are rare in China and are now listed as a first class endangered species. Four gibbon species inhabit Yunnan Province in southern China. They areH. hoolock, H. lar, H. leucogenys, andH. concolor. There are three subspecies ofH. leucogenys: H. l. leucogenys, H. l. siki, andH. l. gabriellae. OnlyH. l. leucogenys inhabits China. Four subspecies ofH. concolor inhabit China. These areH. c. concolor, H. c. jingdongensis, H. c. furvogaster, andH. c. hainanus. The first three subspecies inhabit Yunnan andH. c. hainanus is found only on Hainan Island.H. lar yunnanensis is the subspecies ofH. lar in southern China.H. hoolock leucogenys is the subspecies ofH. hoolock in southern China.H. concolor jingdongensis, H. concolor furvogaster, andH. lar yunnanensis are all newly proposed subspecies byMa andWang (1986). The data on southern China gibbons presented here is based on an analysis of the skeletons and skins of 49 specimens held at the Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan.     

Taxonomy, phylogeny, and distribution of Puccinia graminis, the black stem rust: new insights based on rDNA sequence data

Puccinia graminis (Uredinales) is an economically important and common host-alternating rust species on Berberidaceae/Poaceae (subfamilies Pooideae and Panicoideae) that has been spread globally by human activities from an unknown center of origin. To evaluate the taxonomic implications, phylogenetic relationships, and distribution/spread of this complex species, we sequenced and cladistically analyzed the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 regions from herbarium specimens on various host plants from Iran (17), Europe (1), and North America (4). The ITS region plus the 5.8S gene ranged from 686 to 701 bp, including the flanking partial sequences of the 18S and 28S rDNA. Our phylogenetic analysis included 54 bp of the 18S sequence, the entire ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2, and 58 bp of the 28S sequence. A second analysis used only the last 42 bp of ITS1, and all the 5.8S and ITS2, to incorporate data from additional sequences downloaded from GenBank. In addition to variation in sequence length, there was variation in sequence content. The analysis does not support classical morphology-based taxonomic concepts of the P. graminis complex. Also, host range, host taxonomy, and geographic origin provide minor information on taxonomic relationships. Puccinia graminis is most probably monophyletic. Coevolutionary aspects can hardly be discussed because of lack of sequence data from alternate host specimens. The occurrence of unrelated fungal taxa on the same host species suggests that, besides coevolution with the host, host jumps and hybridization may have played an important role in the evolution of P. graminis. From rDNA data we conclude that the pathogen was introduced to North America at least twice independently. For a new taxonomic concept, we think the complex has to be split into at least two species. New morphological features and further features other than sequence data, however, must be checked for taxonomic value first and, if necessary, be considered.     

武汉东湖轮虫种类组成及其分类讨论

作者根据Ｋｏｓｔｅ（１９７８）提出的轮虫分类系统对武汉东湖４个站１９９１年轮虫种类进行了分类。同时,对我国以往的轮虫分类中存在的若干问题进行了讨论。１９９１年作者共观察到轮虫６９种,隶属于１９个科,２９个属,新记录１２种,其中,采自水样的轮虫种类有５９种,沉积物中休卵萌发的种类４１种,两者相同种类３１种,休眠卵萌发特有种类１０种,其中的盘状鞍甲轮虫、侧刺伏嘉轮虫、侧扁棘管轮虫等在６０年代的东湖水体